Effect of Covid-19 on the Tourism Industry:

Opportunities and Threats in Covid-19 Era

Angelos Ntalakos

, Dimitrios Belias

, Athanasios Koustelios

and Nikolaos Tsigilis

Department of Business Administration, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Geopolis, 41500, Greece

Department of Journalism and Mass Media Communication,

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Egnatia 46, Thessaloniki, Greece

Keywords: Covid-19, Tourism Industry, Impact, Opportunities, Threats.

Abstract: Covid-19 pandemic has been spread rapidly world-wide during the last two years. Apart from the negative

results in the health department – 290.959.019 confirmed cases and 5.446.753 deaths as at 4 January 2022

(WHO, 2022) – coronavirus pandemic creates a global negative impact on trade and economic world, causing

problems, including unemployment and poverty. Unfortunately, one of the major economical markets that

was heavily “injured” is the Tourism Industry. More than 100.8 million of people, working in the hospitality

industry, have lost their jobs in the last two years (Statista, 2021), whereas a lot of businesses (such as hotels,

restaurants, café-bars and airlines) are close to bankrupt. The aim of the current paper is to study the

relationship between Covid-19 and its effect on the tourism sector. The methodology which will be used is

literature selection of papers, studies, articles, journals retrieved from online bibliographic databases (such as

Science Direct and Google Scholar). Finally, although there is a serious number of threats due to the decrease

on the tourist industry, there are a lot of opportunities which could come up (for the tourism sector) after

Covid-19 era. Both of them will be investigated in the current paper.

1 INTRODUCTION

Covid-19 pandemic has been changing the world’s

economy during the last two years. One of the

economic sector that was mostly hurt by the

coronavirus pandemic, is the tourism industry. Due to

the worldwide rapid spread of the Covid-19

pandemic, there has been a rapid increase in

cancellations of trips, flights, holiday reservations,

and hotel and restaurant reservations because of the

insecurity that was created on travellers (Jim, et al.,

2021). In order to prevent the spread of the pandemic

some measures were taken by a lot of governments

worldwide. For example: the introduction of national

and international travel restrictions, the closing of

border gates mutually in many countries, the use of

quarantine practices, and the cancellations of events.

As a result, all these measures have negatively

affected the national as well as the international

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3409-6875

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0318-2183

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-959X

tourism industry and have brought tourism activities

to a halt (Baum & Hai, 2020).

Although there is no doubt that Covid-19

pandemic has brought a large financial decline to the

tourism industry, it challenges scholars to investigate

the opportunities that could arise for the hospitality

field. Developing ecotourism, establishing health and

safety travel and hospitality protocols not only for the

travellers but also for the employees, training

managers and employees, developing the use of

technology and robotics for the hospitality and travel

industry, could be some of the positive aspects that

can be brought into surface after Covid-19 era.

The main purpose of the current study is to

investigate the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the

tourism industry not only on a global level but also

focusing on the effects on European region. In

addition, Covid-19 era brings the necessity to

investigate how the hospitality and the travel section

can benefit from all this damaging situation.

Ntalakos, A., Belias, D., Koustelios, A. and Tsigilis, N.

Effect of Covid-19 on the Tourism Industry: Opportunities and Threats in Covid-19 Era.

DOI: 10.5220/0011065200003206

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business (FEMIB 2022), pages 107-114

ISBN: 978-989-758-567-8; ISSN: 2184-5891

107

This paper is a literature review which will

examine the current research findings, through a

selection of papers, studies, articles retrieved from

online bibliographic databases. Finally, this study

hopes to give the trigger for future research in the

field of the tourism industry.

2 COVID-19 IMPACT ON THE

TOURISM SECTOR

(WORLDWIDE)

Apart from the general economical market, Covid-19

pandemic has led tourism industry on a huge

decrease. The rapid spread of the virus has forced

many government policies to adopt strong

containment, often referred to as lockdown. Hale et

al. (2021) introduced a measurement (Containment

and Health Index – CHI) of intensity of closure and

containment policies (for example school closings,

restaurant dining closings, stay – at – home measures)

and policies towards disease surveillance (for

example testing and contact tracing). Figure 1 shows

CHI measure by country on the first day of each

months. As anyone can notice in a few months the

world had changed and intensive policy responses

had become a global phenomenon (Hale et al., 2021).

Figure 1: CHI by country on the first day of each month.

The colour scale bar indicates the CHI score, from <20

(pale yellow) to >80 (dark red) (Hale et al., 2021).

These restrictions have caused the breaking of the

links of tourism industry, including: transportation,

hospitality or hotel businesses, tourist attractions,

café – bar and restaurants, travel agencies etc.

(Universitas Terbuka, 2021). As a result a lot of

million people working in tourism industry have lost

their jobs unexpectedly (100.8 million worldwide).

Figure 2, shows the millions of jobs per continent that

have been lost during 2020. The biggest damage has

been caused in Asia Pacific region with almost 63.4

million of jobs loss, followed by Europe with 13

million of jobs loss (Statista, 2021).

Figure 2: Million of employment loss in tourism industry

by region, due to Covid-19 pandemic worldwide in 2020

(Statista, 2021).

Although is it not the first time that the world

experiences a pandemic outbreak during the last 20

years (SARS 2004 and Ebola 2014) (Khan, Janjua &

Yu, 2020), it is the first time that the tourist sector

seems to deal with this amount of financial decline.

According to Behsudi (2020), tourism – dependent

countries will likely feel the negative impacts of the

crisis for much longer than other economies. Contact

– intensive services key to the tourism as well as

travel sectors are disproportionately affected by the

pandemic and will continue to struggle until people

feel safe to travel again (Behsudi, 2020). Similarly,

Rahman et al. (2021) researched the effect of Covid-

19 on tourist’s travel risk and management

perceptions. The findings of their study indicated that

Covid-19 has affected tourists’ travel risk and

management perceptions and its impact on risk

management, service delivery, transportation

patterns, distribution channels, avoidance of

overpopulated destinations, hygiene and safety. From

tourists’ point of view, coronavirus pandemic has

created tourists’ health anxiety and reduce their travel

plans for destinations (Rahman et al., 2021). In

addition, Ulak (2020) argues that global mobility has

spread the pandemic to all countries and for that

reason the tourism intention among the global tourists

has dropped significantly for safety and healthy

related reasons. Hoque et al. (2020) discovered that

tourists were extremely cautious when making

travelling plans during outbreaks of the pandemic.

According to these scholars, psychological impacts of

Covid-19 pandemic on tourist’s travel intentions and

experiences seems to be their major concern.

Another threat that was created by Covid-19

pandemic is the decline of the gross domestic product

(GDP). More thoroughly, there are a lot of studies

(Ongan & Demiroz, 2005; Selimi, Sadiku & Sadiku,

2017; Dash, Tiwari & Singh, 2018) explain the

positive impact of the tourism sector on the

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108

worldwide economy. Figure 3 shows that tourism

industry contributes around 10% on average on the

worldwide GDP during 2000 – 2019. However,

because of the coronavirus pandemic, travel and

tourism sector contributed to global GDP only by

5.5%. In other words, travel & tourism sector

contribution to GDP dropped by the staggering 49.1%

compared to 2019 (WTTC, 2021; Statista 2021b).

Figure 3: Total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) generated

by the tourism industry worldwide from 2000 to 2020

(Statista, 2021b).

In order to understand the enormous drop of the

contribution of tourism sector to GDP, figure 4

exhibits the contribution of travel & tourism industry

to a) GDP and to b) employment, by region in the year

2020. More thoroughly, in 2019 tourism industry has

a positive contribution to GDP of every region from

6.9% (in Africa region) to 14.1% (in Caribbean)

(WTTC, 2021). However, Covid-19 pandemic has

caused the huge drop of the contribution of tourism

industry to GDP in every region. This fall ranges from

-41.1% (Latin America) to -58.0% (Caribbean).

One of the major sector of the tourism industry

that was “injured” the most due to Coronavirus

pandemic is airline industry. Airline industry remains

fragile and one of the biggest casualties of the global

pandemic (Sun, Wandelt & Zhang, 2020). According

to Xuan et al. (2021) air traffic declines due to social

isolation, and travel restrictions have grounded two-

thirds of commercial airlines. Because of this

uncertain situation, 7.5 million flights are cancelled;

and customers demand refunds. According to

International Air Transport Association (IATA) all

the member countries lost $230 million on average

per day and halve annual revenues from $838 million

to $419 in 2020 – this is the largest decline in the

recent history of aviation (IATA, 2020).

Figure 4: Contribution of travel industry to GDP. Regional

overview 2020 (WTTC, 2021).

It is worth saying that in the first months of the

pandemic, there was an 80% reduction of passengers

compared to 2019 (ICAO, 2020). It is predicted that

air traffic should be back to the pre-Covid-19 position

in 2024 (IATA, 2020).

3 COVID-19 EFFECT ON THE

TOURISM INDUSTRY IN

EUROPE

Europe’s Travel and Tourism Sector came front with

the biggest economic collapse of the last decades, due

to Coronavirus situation (SchengenVisaInfo, 2021).

According to the World Travel and Tourism Council

(WTTC, 2021b), in Europe, Tourism Industry

contribution to GDP has fallen by 51%. In other

words, travel contribution to overall GDP in Europe

fell from a 9.5 share in 2019 to 4.9 in 2020.

In addition, employment in tourism fell by 9.3%.

As a result 3.6 million lost jobs in Europe, a loss

which could have been worse if European

governments had not supported employees by

introducing job retention schemes to save millions of

jobs under threat (European Parliament, 2021).

Moreover, international tourism arrivals of 2020 in

Europe dropped by 70% compared to those of 2019

(European Parliament, 2021). The highest reductions

were caused in Central/Eastern Europe (74.9%),

followed by Northern Europe (73.4%) and South

Mediterranean Europe (72.4%), while results in

Western Europe were less severe (56.2%) (UNWTO,

2021). Figure 5 diagram shows the international

tourist arrivals in Europe from January 2019 to

September 2021. As anyone can notice April 2020

has the largest decrease in the last 3 years. However,

in 2021 there is an increase in the international flights

(compared to 2020) and hopefully the prediction of

IATA, that the air traffic should be back in its earlier

position in 2024 (IATA, 2020b), seems to be an

Effect of Covid-19 on the Tourism Industry: Opportunities and Threats in Covid-19 Era

109

optimistic scenario. Last but not least, domestic travel

in Europe has been increased from 55% in 2019 to

69% in 2020.

Figure 5: Change in international tourist arrivals in Europe

duo to COVID-19 pandemic from January 2019 to

September 2021 (Statista, 2022).

As far as the accommodation is concerned, there

has been a significant lower occupancy. More

specifically, the average occupancy rates in hotel in

Europe in 2020 were 33.1% which means that they

were 54.2% lower than the average occupancy rate in

2019. As a result, hotels were forced to reduce price

so as to stimulate bookings (STR, 2021). The

Average Daily Room Rate was 93.34 Euro in 2020,

which is 18.2% lower than in 2019. Due to the drop

in occupancy and prices, there was also a reduction in

the revenues per available room to the amount of

62.5% in comparison to 2019 (STR, 2021). Actually,

the revenue per available room in 2020 (30.86 euro)

was the lowest on record (STR, 2021). Similarly,

hospitality sector (food and beverage facilities,

culture and leisure and sport activities) had also a

significant drop. More thoroughly, food and

beverages services revenues were dropped by 30% in

2020 compared to 2019 (Eurostat, 2022). Also, the

number of employees in food and beverage services

in 2020 was 16% lower than the number of employees

in 2019. Furthermore, culture and creative industries

in Europe has a huge drop due to Covid-19 pandemic.

More specifically, 31% of the revenues in culture and

creative industries were lost in 2020. Performing arts

revenues had an enormous drop (90%) as well as

music events (76%) (European Parliament, 2021) As

far as the museums, half of the European museums

reported a drop in visitors between 25% to 75%, even

though they had re-opened to the public after the first

wave of 2020 (NEMO, 2021). Finally, travel agencies

and tour operators had a huge drop (71%) in 2020 in

comparison to 2019 (Eurostat, 2022). According to

Eurostat, there was a 63% drop in employees from 2.7

million workers in 2019 to 1 million workers in 2020.

4 OPPORTUNITIES FOR

DEVELOPMENT ON TOURISM

AFTER COVID-19 ERA

4.1 Ecotourism

Although Covid-19 pandemic has serious negative

effects on world’s economy as well as the worldwide

health system, there seem to be a positive effect on

the environment due to the rapid fall of the air

pollution. More specifically, airline industry is

responsible for 2.5% approximately of the Global

emission, as well as a small amount of the

increase of the temperature worldwide (Tabushi,

2019). Because of the massive lockdown a lot of

airlines grounded their air crafts, which had as a result

the reduction of air-pollution (Khan, Janjua & Yu,

2020). Moreover, due to the lockdown situation (less

transportation pollution), the concentration of NO

emission in the air has been rapidly decreased not

only in highly industrialized countries but also in

most European countries (Khan, Janjua & Yu, 2020).

This fact can give a chance for all countries and

members of them to be environmentally “awaken”.

Covid-19 pandemic has caused a decline in

ecotourism visitation, upsurge in poaching

incidences, global economic downturn and increased

intensity of lobbying for further international hunting

and wildlife trade bans (Mudzengi et al., 2021). In

order to develop ecotourism after Covid-19 era,

Mudzengi et al. (2021) suggest the following

strategies that should be adopted in a long term basis:

broadening livelihood options, promoting domestic

visitation, aggressive marketing, capacity building,

lobbying for government support, promoting

effective stakeholder interactions, and developing an

international hunting code of ethics.

On the same point of view, after Covid-19 era

gives a great opportunity for investment in green

infrastructure. As an example, the European Green

Deal which was established by European

Commission before Covid-19 pandemic, can be used

after Covid-19 era. Its plan is to turn Europe into the

first “climate-neutral” continent by 2050 through a set

of measures to reduce Europe’s emission of

greenhouse gases (Ec.Europa, 2021). The aim of the

European Green Deal is to invest in greening the

existing tourism infrastructure (attractions,

accommodation capacities, leisure, meeting venues,

mobility) in combination with the renovation and the

improvement of energy efficiency and clean energy

transition in Europe (Europe’s renovation wave)

(Energy. Europa, 2021). As a result, this will guide to

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more sustainable buildings, creation of new jobs,

improvement of the life quality of the local

populations (renovation should consider both the

needs of tourists and locals), reduction of carbon

emissions, and shift to energy – efficient sources

(Tourism Manifesto, 2021).

4.2 Increasing Traveller’s Trust

As it is already said, Covid-19 pandemic has caused

insecurity, fear, uncertainty to a lot of tourists

worldwide. As a result tourism revenues have been

dramatically decreased. One of the major topics that

concerns the scholars of the Tourism Management is

“How can we increase traveller’s trust?”.

In order to make tourists feel more secure and

safe, the member countries of the European Union

have established a healthy protocol for travellers.

This consists of the following elements:

 EU Digital Covid Certificate: EU Digital Covid

Certificate has been operating since 1

July

2021. It is used as proof that a person: a) has

been fully vaccinated against Covid-19, b) has

recovered from Covid-19, c) has a negative test

result. The aim of EU Digital Covid Certificate

is to facilitate travelling among EU citizens.

This certificate is issued by national authorities

and travellers holding it are exempted from

quarantine and testing upon arrival in EU

countries, unless emergencies related to variants

require more strict protocols (Ec.europa,

2021b).

 European Digital Passenger Locator Form

(dPLF). It is used by public health authorities in

order to collect travel data and personal

information for the traveller. The aim of dPLF

is to facilitate contact tracking if a person is

exposed to the Covid-19 virus (Euplf, 2021).

 National Health pass (green pass). This is an

extension of the EU Digital Covid Certificate.

The national health passes are used for access to

venues, leisure activities and facilities. In most

countries it is used for enter to restaurants

(indoor), theatres, cinema, gym, indoor sport

centres, concerts, sport events, museums and

cultural sites (Euronews, 2021).

 European Tourism COVID-19 Safety Seal. The

basic use of the European Tourism Covid-19

Safety Seal is to outline a model for standardised

health and safety protocols in the tourism services

(Ec.europa, 2021c).The main purpose for this

safety seal is to increase traveller’s trust, improve

safety protocols and harmonize them in tourism

businesses (European Parliament, 2021). This

stimulates a new era for safety travel.

All these measures will probably stay in force and

continue to develop during the following years, so

as to help travellers to regain their trust in travel

as well as to enhance safety perceptions when

booking and when visiting a destination

(European Parliament, 2021), not only for the

Covid – 19 era, but also for future reference.

4.3 Organizational Culture and

Leadership

Organizational culture of a hospitality business

consists of the setting of values, rules and priorities

that are followed by the personnel and all the

individuals who are involved in it (Belias et al., 2017;

Belias et al., 2015; Belias et al., 2016).

Organizational culture is a valuable factor in

tourism industry, and it plays an important role in

employee behaviour and organizational outcomes

(Taha & Espino-Rodriguez, 2020). So it is important

for an organization to adjust its organizational culture

due to the changes of the external environment such

as the crisis of Covid – 19 pandemic. Leaders play

one of the most important role in the changes of

culture which caused by the coronavirus pandemic.

According to the research of Brown et al., (2021)

leaders should evaluate which cultural adaptations

that have emerged in their organization since the

pandemic are functional and can be a source of

strength and innovation for the future. For example,

managers should continue communicating with

employees in a very frequent way (Brown et al.,

2021). Similarly, Ngoc Su et al. (2021) suggest that

frequent communication and interactions between

management and employees was a key element which

provided mutual benefits both for business and

employees.

Another important element that management

should focus on is the safety of employees regarding

Covid-19 virus. A tourism business (such as a hotel)

should emphasize on training the employees to

comply with the safe health protocols for their own as

well as the customers’ safety (Lai et al., 2020). Also,

Coban and Ozel (2021) suggest that managers should

be trained and be prepared for scenario crisis, such as

Covid-19 pandemic.

Last but not least, according to Belal (2021),

management should take actions for things to be done

that it would not be so easy to be done when a

hospitality business, such as a hotel, is fully operated.

For example improve the skills of the employees. As

a result, employees would gain more skills in

Effect of Covid-19 on the Tourism Industry: Opportunities and Threats in Covid-19 Era

111

different positions as well as it would reduce their

sense of work insecurity (due to lockdown) as they

would feel a part of the hotel business.

4.4 Technology and Robotics

Despite of all the negative impacts, Covid-19

pandemic could be used as an opportunity for the

development of technology and robotics that can be

used in the tourist sector. Robotics applications in the

hotel and tourism industry may be a desirable

investment for start-up companies and

entrepreneurship (Belias, 2019). Some of the robots

(machines which have been designed to automatically

perform specific tasks accurately) (Revfine, 2021)

which can be used in the tourism industry are the

below: a) Robot Concierge and reception, b)

Automatic machine for self check in-out, c) Robot

assistants for hotels and airports, d) Robot in travel

agencies, e) Chatbots for flight or hotel booking, f)

Security robots for airports, g) Automatic machines

for drinks and meals

Some of the benefits that the robots have are the

following: reduction of labor costs, improvement of

guest experience (Ivanov & Webster, 2017),

improvement of the quality of service of hotels

(Parasuraman et al., 1991) and performing simple

routine tasks and reducing the workload of the

reception (Belias, 2019). Apart from the above

advantages, one of the greatest benefit of the use of

robotics in Covid-19 era, is their contactless function,

without the necessity of human interaction between

the employee and the costumer. This may increase the

sense of safety and secureness that the travellers may

feel when they visit their tourist destinations.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Covid-19 pandemic has one of the most negative

impacts on the tourism industry during the last

decades. The reduction of the world’s GDP due to the

fallout of the revenues of the tourist industry, the

reduction of the flights, the millions of jobs lost and

the fear and insecurity in the travellers decision to

organize a trip, are some of the major threats that

coronavirus pandemic has caused to the worldwide

tourism sector. However, we should try and have an

optimistic point of view of this unfortunate situation.

We should try and see the opportunities that can arise

in order to develop tourism economy. Some of them

are: investment in ecotourism, establishing health and

safe protocols in travel and hospitality businesses,

training managers and employees in crisis situations,

developing robotics’ applications in the tourism

industry. These opportunities may lead tourism to a

new innovation era.

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