Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of

Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow

Fubao Jin

1,a,*

, Jinqiang Shi

1,b,*

, Shangang Ma

1,c

, Jiuxiang Xie

2,d

and Ning Xin

1,e

College of Water Resources and Electric Power, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China

College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China

Keywords: Electricity To Faint From Stress, Wild Pea Seeds, Electric Field Biological Characteristics, Germination Rate,

Germination Potential.

Abstract: The natural environment in the high-altitude areas of Qinghai Province is harsh, and the ecology of its alpine

meadows is seriously degraded. To improve the seeds and increase their germination rate, this paper took the

wild pea seeds widely distributed in high altitude and cold areas as the research object, built an experimental

platform for the biological characteristics of the electric field, and used a multi-needle circular electrode

corona field generator to pretreat the wild pea seeds. Explore the effects of corona electric field, temperature,

and humidity on the germination characteristics of wild pea seeds. By constructing a multi-needle circular

electrode corona model and simulating the internal electric field distribution, the analysis showed that the

spatial corona electric field had a consistent effect on wild pea seeds. The results of the study showed that

under the conditions of a temperature of 20 ℃ and a humidity of 40%, changes in the electric field had two

characteristics: promoting and inhibiting the germination of seed. The electric field generated by the applied

voltage of 15 kV promoted the germination of wild pea seeds. That helped break the shells of wild pea seeds

and increases their germination rate. While the electric field generated by the applied voltage of 9 kV had the

opposite effect. Seeds treated with an electric field generated by an externally applied voltage of 15 kV for 30

min, under the same humidity and different temperature conditions, had the highest germination potential and

germination rate at 25 ℃, and the lowest germination potential and germination rate at 15 ℃. Under different

humidity conditions of 20 ℃, the seeds treated with the same electric field had the highest germination

potential and germination rate at the humidity of 60%, and the lowest germination potential and germination

rate at a humidity of 95%. Through the research of this paper, the germination rate of alpine wild pea was

improved, so as to make efforts for low-carbon agricultural ecological protection in Qinghai, China and the

world.

1 INTRODUCTION

Qinghai Province is located in the high-altitude area

of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in my country. Due to

harsh natural environment factors such as high

terrain, low temperature, and strong sunlight, the

adaptability of alpine meadows to low temperature

has become weak, resulting in low seed germination

rates and even degradation.

At present, there are relatively few studies on the

seed germination behavior of alpine meadow plants

in high altitude areas, mainly from the conventional

methods of temperature, humidity and light to

explore the growth law of meadow seeds (XU, 2014);

(WANG, 2018); (CAO, 2018); (XU, DU, LI, 2013);

(MA, 2008). High-voltage corona field is an

important means to generate low-temperature

plasma, and it is also an important method for seed

treatment under the development of new agricultural

technology. The mechanism of this physical

mutagenesis technology is still unclear, but its

mutagenic effect is remarkable. Studies have shown

that the action of electric field promotes seed

germination and has the characteristics of enhancing

stress resistance (LING, JIANGANG, MINCHONG ,

2016); (XU, SONG, LUAN, 2019); (JIAFENG, XIN,

LING, 2014). Different types of electric field

treatment seeds also have a promoting effect, such as

high-voltage DC electrostatic field, AC high-voltage

pin-plate corona field and high-voltage pulsed

electric field (WANG, 2020); (LUAN, SONG, DU,

2019). Temperature and humidity as growth factors

Jin, F., Shi, J., Ma, S., Xie, J. and Xin, N.

Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow.

DOI: 10.5220/0011193800003443

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 175-183

ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1

175

for seeds. Due to their own physiological

characteristics, there are differences in the optimal

germination temperature range for different seeds

(ZHAO, 2020); (YANG, DU, SHI, 2020). The

humidity aspect mainly focuses on the moisture in the

soil, or soaking and absorbing the seeds to meet their

demand for moisture (NOVIKOV, NOVIKOV,

ERMOLAEVA, 2015).

This paper takes the wild pea meadow seeds

widely distributed in Qinghai as the research object.

The seeds have a certain hard phenomenon and are

difficult to imbibe and germinate. In addition, the

harsh environmental factors in Qinghai also affected

the germination and growth of wild pea seeds. And

the current methods to improve the germination of

wild pea seeds are mostly mechanical breaking,

temperature adjustment and chemical reagent

treatment (WANG, WANG, CHAO, 2015); (LI,

2013); (YUAN, ZHANG, YUAN, 2018); (CHEN,

NA, WANG, 2017). There are few studies on the use

of electric field as a pretreatment condition to break

the hard seed of wild pea seeds. Therefore, the study

of corona discharge to solve the problem of hard seed

in the wild pea meadow seeds is beneficial to improve

its germination rate, thereby solving the local

meadow agro-ecological problem in Qinghai.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Materials

The test material is wild pea seeds.

2.2 Construction of Test Platform

The test uses the device shown in Fig.1, which is

mainly composed of an AC test transformer T

(10kVA/100kV), a power frequency protection

resistor R (5kΩ), a coupling capacitor divider C

(500pF), and a high-voltage corona electric field

device. Connect and debug the electric field

biological characteristics experimental platform, so

that the seeds are processed by the high-voltage

corona electric field device through the circuit.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of electric field biological experiment platform.

2.3 Consistency Analysis of Seeds

Affected by Corona Field

The multi-needle circular electrode is an important

device for treating seeds, which generates corona by

applying AC voltage. In this paper, a three-

dimensional model of the high-voltage corona device

is established and electric field simulation is carried

out. By simulating the electric field distribution

characteristics of the electrode space under the action

of a high-voltage AC power supply, the consistency

of the electric field on wild pea seeds is analyzed.

As shown in Fig.2(a), the high-voltage corona

electric field device is designed in a 1:1 ratio

according to the actual size, which is respectively the

upper plate electrode and the ground plate electrode.

The corona discharge it can produce is a self-

sustaining discharge phenomenon unique to

extremely inhomogeneous electric fields.

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

176

(a) Corona electric field device (b) Simulation assistance

Figure 2: Corona electric field device and Simulation assistance.

Due to the complexity of the time-varying electric

field and the actual simulation results, this paper

selects 9-time nodes that are relatively uniform in the

power frequency cycle for electric field analysis. Due

to the circular symmetry of the needle-plate

electrode, to simplify the analysis and to take into

account the volumetric diameter of the wild pea

seeds, an auxiliary plane was chosen to be

constructed as shown in Fig.2(b) to analyze the

electric field intensity distribution cloud diagram at

the peak time of 0.0049938s, as well as the electric

field intensity on the auxiliary straight line based on

nine-time nodes, is analyzed. In Fig.2(b), the

auxiliary straight line a is positive from point A to

point B, and the parameter z is used to represent the

distance change from point A to point B. The

reference to the volume diameter of wild pea seeds of

5 mm makes the height of point B from the ground

plate electrode 5 mm. Since the small-angle 𝛼 is

about 5°, side a and side b can be approximately

equivalent. At the same time, the electric field

intensity on the straight-line a and the straight-line b

are also approximately equivalent accordingly.

Finally, the electric field intensity distribution on the

straight line a is equivalent to the intensity of the

electric field in the rectangular box further

characterizing the range of actual wild pea seeds

being affected by the electric field.

The simulation results at voltage values (3kV and

15kV) are shown in Fig.3. By analyzing the above-

mentioned electric field intensity distribution cloud

diagram at different voltages when the peak time is

0.0049938 s, it can be qualitatively observed that

nearly half of the space above the ground plate

electrode has the characteristics of uniform electric

field distribution. Since the AC voltage fluctuates

with time, and by observing the above electric field

intensity curves, it is found that the electric field

intensity tends to be roughly the same at each time.

As shown in Tab.1, the range of the drastic change

of the electric field intensity is about 22.5~27.5mm.

The corresponding difference between the maximum

and minimum values are respectively 0.02193

kV/cm, 0.04388 kV/cm, 0.06581 kV/cm, 0.08774

kV/cm, and 0.10968 kV/cm, which shows that the

maximum difference in electric field intensity is

about 0.1 kV/cm and the smaller values have less

influence on the results of the experiment. The

average electric field strengths at each voltage are

respectively 0.880 kV/cm, 1.760 kV/cm, 2.640

kV/cm, 3.520 kV/cm and 4.400 kV/cm.

Therefore, the range of electric field acting seeds

can be set to a cylindrical space with a radius of 25

mm and a height of 5 mm.

Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow

177

(a) Electric field distribution at a voltage of 3 kV

(b) Electric field distribution at a voltage of 15 kV

Figure 3: The electric field distribution between the needle-plate electrodes at five voltage levels.

Table 1: Electric field intensity on the auxiliary line.

z[mm] 3kV[V/m] 6kV[V/m] 9kV[V/m] 12kV[V/m] 15kV[V/m]

0 87131 174262 261393 348523 435654

2.53 87177 174353 261530 348706 435883

5.06 87264 174528 261792 349056 436320

7.53 87454 174909 262363 349817 437272

10.05 88202 176405 264607 352809 441012

12.52 88721 177442 266163 354884 443605

15.05 89014 178028 267041 356055 445069

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178

Refer to Tab.1 (continued)

z[mm] 3kV[V/m] 6kV[V/m] 9kV[V/m] 12kV[V/m] 15kV[V/m]

17.52 89049 178099 267148 356197 445246

20.05 88815 177629 266444 355258 444073

22.52 88310 176621 264931 353242 441552

25.05 86856 173711 260567 347423 434278

2.4 Test Methods for Seed Germination

Characteristics

2.4.1 Corona Field Treatment and

Cultivation

Before the experiment, wild pea seeds with a uniform

particle size were laid on the bottom plate according

to the specifications with a radius of 25 mm and a

height of 5 mm. Each electric field treatment 150 wild

pea seeds, and the test voltage is 3 kV, 6 kV, 9 kV, 12

kV, and 15 kV. The treatment time was 30 minutes,

and the control group was not treated (only treated by

the electric field, and its temperature and humidity

were not controlled). Each group of experiments was

repeated three times. After the experiment, 150 wild

pea seeds were divided into three petri dishes with a

diameter of 9 cm and three layers of filter paper on

the bottom. The control and experimental groups

were placed in the same intelligent artificial climate

box The wild pea seeds were cultivated continuously

for 8 days at a constant temperature of 20 ℃, a

constant humidity of 40%, with sunlight and dark

time of 12 hours respectively, with a sunlight

intensity of 1200 LX and without placing a lid of a

petri dish. Wild pea seeds treated with an electric

field generated by an externally applied voltage of 15

kV for 30 minutes were placed in constant humidity

(RH 40%) and different temperatures (15 ℃, 20 ℃,

25 ℃, 30 ℃), and the same temperature (20 ℃) and

different humidity (40%, 60%, 80%, 95%)

environment for cultivation. The statistics of the wild

pea growth process began on the 4th day and counted

to the 8th day. The data of repeated tests are finally

averaged.

2.4.2 The Calculation Method of the

Germination Index of Wild Pea Seeds

Germination potential





𝐴



𝐴

× 100%

(1)

Where 𝐴



denotes the number of the germination on

the fourth day and 𝐴 represents the number of

experimental seeds of 50.

Germination rate





𝐴



𝐴

× 100%

(2)

Where 𝐴



denotes the number of the

germination, 𝑥 represents the number of days and 𝐴

represents the number of experimental seeds of 50.

3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Effect of Corona Electric Field on

the Germination of Wild Pea Seeds

The germination potential of wild pea seeds after

treatment with different voltages in the corona field

is shown in Fig.4.

As shown in Fig.4(a), the germination potential of

wild pea seeds was all inhibited after the action of the

electric field, showing a trend of decreasing and then

increasing with increasing voltage. The results show

that in the electric field from 0 kV (0 kV/cm) to 9 kV

(2.640 kV/cm), the increase in voltage (electric field

strength) will gradually strengthen the growth

inhibition of wild pea seeds. The effect was that the

strongest inhibition at 9 kV where the germination

potential was 4%, while the increase of electric field

from 9 kV to 15 kV made the inhibition of wild pea

growth weaker. This indicated that the difference in

the magnitude of voltage (electric field strength)

leads to different degrees of growth inhibition and the

electric field has different effects on the activities of

the correlated enzyme inside wild pea seeds.

As shown in Fig.4(b), the germination rate was

increasing with an increasing number of days at the

same voltage. The specific analysis resulted in the

following three points.

Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow

179

(

)

The

ermination

otential of wild

eas

(

)

The

ermination rate of wild

eas

Figure 4: The germination of wild peas.

(1) The germination rate of wild peas in the

control group (without electric field treatment) was

about 60%, and the germination rate of wild pea seeds

at 6 kV (1.760 kV/cm) and 9 kV (2.640 kV/cm) was

significantly lower than that of the control group from

the 4th day to the 7th day. Although the germination

rate of both the electric field of 6 kV and the control

group was 62% on the 8th day, the overall showed an

inhibition of the growth of wild pea seeds by the

action of electric fields at both 6 kV and 9 kV. And

the inhibition was more pronounced at 9 kV, with the

germination rate of 50%, which was 10% lower than

the control group. This shows that the electric field at

9 kV (2.640 kV/cm) causes a severe inhibition

towards the germination potential of wild pea seeds.

Due to the complexity of the biological effects, an

electric field at 9 kV (2.640 kV/cm) reduces the

activity of the relevant enzymes inside the wild pea

seeds, which is detrimental to growth.

(2) Although the germination rates at 12 kV

(3.520 kV/cm) and 15 kV (4.400 kV/cm) were lower

than the control group on the 4th day, they were

higher than the control group on subsequent days.

Since the germination rates were the same on the 6th,

7th, and 8th day and were higher at 15 kV than at 12

kV on both the 4th and 5th day. Although both fields

promoted the growth of wild peas, the 15 kV field had

a better effect, with a germination rate of 76%, which

was about 27% higher than the control group.

Therefore, the electric field of 15 kV was effective in

promoting the enzyme activity and growth vigor of

wild pea seeds.

(3) During the germination process, different

voltage magnitudes can cause differences in wild

peas in the time to change from inhibition to

promotion by the electric field. On the 4th day, the

germination of wild pea seeds was all inhibited by the

electric field compared to the control group.

Compared to the growth on the 4th day, the change

from inhibition to the promotion of germination by

electric field treatment of 12 kV and 15 kV was only

1 day (on the 5th day). Their germination was higher

than that of the control group and more pronounced

at an electric field of 15 kV. The germination at the

electric field of 3 kV was higher than the control

group after 3 days (on the 7th day), while the

germination at the electric field of 6 kV was the same

as the control group on the 8th day. The germination

at the electric field of 9 kV was continuously

inhibited from day 4 to day 8 and was lower than that

of the control group. This shows that the difference in

electric field shortens the time to change from

inhibition to promotion by the electric field in the

growth of wild pea, with the shortest transition time

and most effective promotion at 15 kV (4.400 kV/cm)

and continued inhibition at 9 kV (2.640 kV/cm).

3.2 Effect of Temperature and

Humidity on Germination of Wild

Pea Seeds after Electric Field

Treatment

Wild pea seeds treated with an electric field of 15 kV

(4.400 kV/cm) for 30 min were placed at room

temperature (CK) and relative air humidity of 40% a

temperature of 20 ℃ with different temperatures of

15 ℃, 20 ℃, 25 ℃, and 30 ℃. Wild pea seeds treated

with an electric field of 15 kV (4.400 kV/cm) for 30

min were placed at room temperature (CK) and a

temperature of 20 ℃ with the different relative air

humidity of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 95%. The specific

ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics

180

growth dates are shown in Fig.5(a) and Fig.5(b),

respectively.

3.2.1 Effect of Temperature on Germination

of Wild Pea Seeds after Electric Field

Treatment

The germination potential and germination rate of

wild pea seeds when incubated showed a tendency to

increase and then decrease with the increase of

temperature at 15 ℃, 20 ℃, 25 ℃, and 30 ℃. The

highest seed germination rate of 76% was achieved at

25 ℃, which was 6% higher than the control group

(which was only treated with an electric field without

controlling its temperature and allowed to grow under

natural conditions). And the highest germination

potential of 56% was also achieved for wild pea seeds

at this temperature, which was 8% higher than the

control group.

When the temperature increased to 30 ℃,

although the germination potential of the seeds was

higher, the germination rate was lower than at 20 ℃

and 25 ℃. This shows that high-temperature

conditions for a short period can promote the internal

physiological response of seeds and improve seed

vigor, but there is an inhibitory effect leading to a

decrease in seed vigor when exposed to high

temperature for a long period. The germination

potential of 32% of seeds at both 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ was

lower than that of 48% in the control group, but the

germination rate of 72% at 20 ℃ was higher than

both the germination rate at 15 ℃ and the

germination rate of 70% under the control group. At

the same time, the germination potential and

germination rate of seeds cultivated at 15 ℃ were

lower than those of the other groups, which indicated

that low temperature inhibited the activity of seeds,

resulting in a decrease in the germination rate of

seeds.

(a) The germination of wild peas at different temperatures (b) The germination of wild peas under different humidity

Figure 5: The germination of wild peas at different temperatures and humidity.

3.2.2 Effect of Humidity on Germination of

Wild Pea Seeds after Electric Field

Treatment

The germination potential showed a trend of

increasing, then decreasing, and finally increasing

again in the selected humidity range. The germination

potential of 36% at the relative humidity of 60% was

the highest, which was 10% higher than the 26% of

the control group. The germination potential of wild

pea seeds showed a trend of increasing and then

decreasing with increasing air humidity. And as

predicted by the germination potential, the highest

germination rate of 74% at the relative humidity of

60% was more suitable for the growth of wild pea

seeds.

Humidity will change the growth hormones inside

the seeds, as well as the activity of related enzymes

inside the seeds, and the increased concentration of

growth hormone will also help to promote seed

germination. As shown in Fig.5(b), the germination

potential and germination rate of wild pea seeds

under different humidity conditions were higher than

those of the control group. Compared to the

germination rate of about 60% without electric field

treatment (WANG, LIANG, WU, 2017), the

germination rate did not differ much and both

increased by about 10% within the relative air

humidity range of 40% to 80%, and the highest

germination potential of 36% and germination rate of

Effects of Corona Discharge on the Germination Characteristics of Wild Pea Seeds in High Altitude Alpine Meadow

181

74% at a relative humidity of 60%. This shows that

the increase in air humidity does promote the

germination of wild pea seeds, breaks the dormancy,

and reduces the hardening rate.

Proper air humidity can provide a better growing

environment for seed germination, soften the seeds

for water uptake, thereby increasing the activity of

relevant enzymes inside the seeds and promoting

germination. However, too high humidity will cause

seeds to become moldy and inhibit the internal

respiration of the seeds, while too low humidity can

make it difficult for seeds to absorb water and

germinate. The relative humidity of 95% certainly

promotes germination of wild pea seeds, but

excessive air humidity compared to 60% and 80%

will cause wild peas to mold, resulting in reduced

germination rates. Therefore, the relative air humidity

of 95% inhibited wild pea seeds germination most

significantly.

4 CONCLUSION

In this paper, corona field was used to treat wild pea

seeds in the high-altitude alpine meadow. Through

the study of its biological characteristics, the

conclusions are as follows:

(1) Different voltage (electric field strength)

magnitudes both promoted and inhibited seed

germination. The electric field of 15 kV (4.400

kV/cm) helped wild peas seeds to break their shells

and promote germination, with germination potential

and germination rate of 50% and 76%, respectively.

In contrast, the electric field at 9 kV (2.640 kV/cm)

inhibited germination, with germination potential and

germination rate of 4% and 50%, respectively.

(2) Wild pea seeds treated with an electric field of

15 kV (4.400 kV/cm) for 30 min are best suited for

germination at a relative air humidity of 40% and a

temperature of 25 °C, with germination potential and

germination rate of 56% and 76%, respectively. The

optimum relative air humidity for germination of wild

pea seeds treated with the same electric field at a

temperature of 20 °C was 60%, and the germination

potential and germination rate are 36% and 74%,

respectively.

(3) The difference in the electric field during

germination shortens the time for the effect of electric

field on wild peas from inhibition to promotion.

During the germination period from the 4th day to the

8th day, the shortest transition time and most

effective promotion were observed in the electric

field of 15 kV (4.400 kV/cm), and the inhibitory

effect persisted in the electric field of 9 kV

(2.640kV/cm).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work is supported by The Open Project of State

Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,

Qinghai University (No. 2019-ZZ-13).

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