Safety Evaluation of Silkworms Fed Leaves Sprayed with Commonly
Used Pesticides in Fruit Mulberry Production
Honglin Mou
1,2
, Li Chen
3
, Jiequn Ren
1,*
, Zhimin Fan
1,2
, Minghai Zhang
1
, Yi Yang
1
, Lixin Tan
1
,
Zhangyun Zheng
1
and Quan Chen
1
1
The Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404155, China
2
Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404020, China
3
Plant Protection and Fruit Tree Technology Extension Station of Wanzhou District in Chongqing, Wanzhou, Chongqing,
404199, China
Keywords: Safety Evaluation, Silkworms, Pesticides, Fruit Mulberry Production.
Abstract:
This study was to evaluate the safety of commonly used pesticides on mulberry for commonly used
silkworms in Chongqing, and to provide reference for pest control and scientific pesticides using in
mulberry orchards in silkworm areas. 5 fungicides and 5 insecticides were sprayed on mulberry, mulberry
leaves were used to feed the 3
rd
instar silkworms 15~40 days later. The results showed that there was no
symptoms of poisoning and death to the 3
rd
instar silkworms and there was no difference in economic
indexes between treatment groups and control group, the treatment groups were separately sprayed with
50% carbendazim WP, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP, 10% difenoconazole WDG, 50% procymidone WP,
50% boscalid WDG, 10% imidacloprid WP and 8% chlorfenapyr ME, this showed that these pesticides
were safe for sericulture, to avoid affecting the quality of cocoons, leaves should be picked 15 days later.
However, there had potential safety risks for silkworms when spraying with 80% cyromazine WDG and
25% thiamethoxam WDG, in order to ensure the safety of silkworms, spraying must be done more than 40
days. 2.5% bifenthrin EW had highly toxic and a long residual period to silkworms, it has been forbidden to
use in mulberry fields for sericultural production.
1 INTRODUCTION
Bombyx mori belongs to Lepidoptera and is very
sensitive to most chemical pesticides. Every year,
silkworm pesticide poisoning occurs in the
sericulture area, which is caused by improper using
of pesticides, causing great economic losses to the
silkworm farmers (Li, Zhang, Zhong. 1998), (Ma,
Wang, Wang, 2005), (Yu, Wang, Wu, 2011),
(Wang, Zhang, She. 2021). At present, chemical
control is still one of the main methods of pest
management in mulberry fields (Wang, Zhang, She.
2021), (Song, Chen, Luo. 2020). When using
pesticides to control pests and diseases in mulberry
orchards, the selection and spraying methods of
pesticides were not appropriate, pesticides will
pollute mulberry orchards and the rearing
environment of silkworms by direct spraying, which
will cause pesticide poisoning for silkworms, and
have a great impact on economic benefits of
silkworm farmers. For example, 10%
difenoconazole WDG is often used to control
mulberry fruit sclerotiniosis in mulberry production.
However, Mingxiao Lv (Lv, Zhang. 2014) found
that 400 g/L difenoconazole SC is highly toxic to
silkworms by using the leaf leaching method, and
believes that 400 g/L difenoconazole SC is not
suitable to be used in mulberry fields. Therefore,
when using pesticides to control diseases and pests,
the impacts of various pesticides on the growth and
development of silkworms should be fully
considered to ensure the sustainable development of
mulberries and silkworms. To understand the effects
of commonly used pesticides on silkworm growth
and improve the production safety awareness of
cocoon peasant households, this experiment was
carried out in 2020. Pesticides were sprayed at
commonly used concentrations in production on
mulberry, mulberry leaves were used to feed the 3rd
instar silkworms. The symptoms of poisoning, the
instar development, body weight, cocooning rate,
cocoon weight, cocoon shell rate, rate of dead
cocoons were systematically investigated, then
comprehensive effects of 10 pesticides on
Mou, H., Chen, L., Ren, J., Fan, Z., Zhang, M., Yang, Y., Tan, L., Zheng, Z. and Chen, Q.
Safety Evaluation of Silkworms Fed Leaves Sprayed with Commonly Used Pesticides in Fruit Mulberry Production.
DOI: 10.5220/0011297100003443
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 827-832
ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
827

sericulture production were known. This is
particularly significant to improve the awareness of
safety production forcocoon peasant households, to
use pesticides scientifically, and to ensure the
sustainable development of the sericulture industry.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experiment Materials
The experiment was carried out at the Ganning Base
of the Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of
Agricultural Sciences. The experimental site is 325
m above sea level. Flat terrain, uniform fertility, and
consistent field management were chosen for
experiments. The test soil is sandy loam soil, with
thickness equal to or higher than 1.0 m.
The mulberry variety used in this test was Hu
mulberry with planting density of 9 000 plants /hm
2
,
which is managed according to conventional water
and fertilizer management.
The silkworm species tested in this experiment
were Liangguang No.2, the original species were
supplied by Chongqing Sericulture Science and
Technology Research Institute.
The pesticides tested in this experiment were 10
commonly used pesticides in mulberry orchards, and
the information was shown in table 1.
Table 1: Pesticides information
Pesticides Content/Formulation Dilutiontimes Manufacturer
Darbendazi
m
50%WP 800 Sunong (Guangde) Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Thio
p
hanate-Meth
y
l 70%WP 1000 Zhen
j
ian
g
Jiansu Pesticide Chemical Co., Ltd.
Difenoconazole 10%WDG 1000 Yifan Biolo
g
ical Technolo
gy
Grou
p
Co., Ltd.
Proc
y
midone 50%WP 1000 Jian
g
xi He
y
i Chemical Co., Ltd.
Boscali
d
50%WDG 1500 Qingdao Otis Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Imidaclopri
d
10%WP 2000 Shandong Jiacheng Crop Science Co., Ltd.
Chlorfenapy
r
8%ME 2000 Guangxi Tianyuan Biochemical Co., Ltd.
Cyromazine 80%WDG 2000 Guangdong Zhongxun Agricultural Science Co.
Lt
d
Bifenthrin 2.5%EW 2000 Chengdu
K
elilong Biochemical Co. Ltd.
Thiamethoxa
m
25%WDG 2000 Jiangsu Changqing Agrochemical Co. Ltd.
2.2 Field Application Experiment
In 2020, pesticides were selected for testing listed in
table 1. The test was carried out to evaluate the
safety of the most frequently used pesticides on
mulberry for silkworms of commonly used in
Chongqing. Control was sprayed with clean water.
The shape of the plot was square with basically the
same area, around which guardrows were
established. Pesticides were sprayed thoroughly and
evenly on the mulberry trees by using electric
sprayers after the dew dried up in the morning.
2.3 Safety Evaluation of Pesticides on
Mulberry
At 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after application, the
phytotoxicity on mulberry trees was observed. The
main manifestations of phytotoxicity were
discoloration, necrosis, growth delay, wilting and
deformityetc. According to these, safety of
pesticides on mulberry was evaluated (Yang, Xie,
Liao. 2021).
2.4 Safety Evaluation of Pesticides for
Silkworms
In the autumn of 2020, the safety of the most
frequently used pesticides on mulberry for
commonly used silkworms in Chongqing was
evaluated. Five insecticides and five fungicides
which were commonly used in fruit mulberry
production were sprayed on mulberry trees, control
was sprayed by clean water. Mulberry leaves were
picked to feed the same 3rd instar silkworms at 15
days, 20 days, 30 days and 40 days later. Each
treatment had 3 replicates, and each replicate was
fed with 50 silkworms. Observed the physiological
reaction of silkworms, the number of dead
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
828

silkworms was investigated 24 hours later. The
silkworms were touched with a small brush for
different experimental treatments, if they did not
move or could not react normally, they were
regarded as dead, the surviving silkworms continued
to be fed until cocooning. The instar development,
body weight, cocooning rate, cocoon weight, cocoon
shell rate, rate of dead cocoons were investigated.
2.5 Data Analysis
Statistical analysis of data was performed by using
IBM SPSS 16.0. One-Way ANOVA was used to
conduct difference analysis, and the data was
expressed ⎯x±s (n=3).
3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1 The Safety Evaluation Result of the
Medicament on Mulberry
At 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after application, the
phytotoxicity on mulberry trees was investigated.
The results showed that there was no symptom of
discoloration, necrosis, growth retardation, wilting
and malformation in the mulberry treated with
different chemicals, and there was no significant
difference between treatment groups and control
group in the growth of mulberry trees.
3.2 Evaluation Results of Acute
Poisoning of Mulberry Leaf to
Silkworms
Acute poisoning of silkworms was shown in table 2,
the results showed that there was no symptoms of
poisoning and death to the 3rd instar silkworms,
which were fed with mulberry leaves those were
harvested after spraying with 50% carbendazim WP,
70% thiophanatemethyl WP, 10% difenoconazole
WDG, 50% procymidone WP, 50% boscalid WDG,
8% chlorfenapyr ME, 10% imidacloprid WP, 80%
cyromazine WDG at an interval of 15 to 40 days.
All the silkworms died when they were sprayed with
2.5% bifenthrin EW for 24 hours. In these
processing areas prayed with 25% thiamothoxam
WDG for 5 to 20 days, all the silkworms died after
feeding for 96 h, and spray interval of which was 30
to 40 days, death rates were 12% to 14% after
feeding for 96 h.
Table 2: Questionnaire of acute poisoning of silkworms.
Pesticides
Interval
times(d)
Medication time 24h Medication time 48 h Medication time 72h Medication time 96 h
Living
silkworm
quantity
(head)
Death
rate (%)
Living
silkworm
quantity
(head)
Death rate
(%)
Living
silkworm
quantity
(head)
Death rate
(%)
Living
silkworm
quantity
(head)
Death rate
(%)
Carbendazim
15 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
20 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
40 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Thiophanate-
Methyl
15 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
20 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
40 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Difenoconazole
15 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
20 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
40 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Procymidone
15 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
20 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
40 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Boscalid
15 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
20 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
40 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Imidacloprid
15 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
20 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Safety Evaluation of Silkworms Fed Leaves Sprayed with Commonly Used Pesticides in Fruit Mulberry Production
829

40 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Chlorfenapyr
15 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
20 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
40 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Cyromazine
15 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
20 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
40 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Bifenthrin
15 0.00
d
100.00
d
----- -
20 0.00
d
100.00
d
----- -
30 0.00
d
100.00
d
----- -
40 0.00
d
100.00
d
----- -
Thiamethoxam
15 10.00 c 80.00 c 8.67
d
82.67
d
4.67 e 90.67 e 0.00
d
100.00
d
20 33.00 b 34.00b 25.33 c 49.33 c 17.33
d
65.33
d
0.00
d
100.00
d
30 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 47.00 c 6.00 c 43.00 c 14.00 c
40 49.67 a 0.00 a 47.67 b 4.67 b 47.67 b 4.67 b 44.00 b 12.00 b
C
K
50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a 50.00 a 0.00 a
Values followed by different letters at the same column indicate significant difference (P<0.05), and those followed by the
same letters indicate no significant difference (P≥0.05), the same as below.
3.3 Effects on the Development of
Silkworms
Mulberry leaves were picked to feed the 3rd instar
silkworms 15, 20, 30, and 40 days later after
application. The results showed that there was no
significant difference between treatment groups and
control group in the development of silkworms
except for those the mulberry leaves sprayed with
2.5% biphenthrin EW and 25% thiamethoxam
WDP, and there was no acute poisoning death.
3.4 Effects on Economic Indicators of
Silkworms
The effects on economic indicators of silkworms
were shown in table 3, the results showed that
economic indexes of treatment groups which
spraying with 50% carbendazim WP, 70%
thiophanate-methyl WP, 10% difenoconazole WDG,
50% procymidone WP, 50% boscalid WDG were
similar to those of the control group. Economic
indexes of treatment groups which spraying with
10% imidacloprid WP and 8% chlorfenapyr ME
were similar to those of the control group, but the
cocooning rate of 10% imidacloprid WP and 8%
chlorfenapyr ME groups at an interval of 15 days
were slightly lower than the control, cocooning rate
of those groups whose interval time was more than
20 days was similar to that of the control group.
Economic indicators of 80% cyromazine WDG
group whose leaves were picked 15 to 30 days later
were significantly lower than that of the control
group, reared silkworms at 40 days later, the
performance of sericulture was similar to control
group. Economic indexes of treatment groups which
spraying with25% thiamethoxam WDG for 30~40
days was significantly lower than that of the control
group.
Table 3: Effects on economic indicators of silkworms.
Treatments The cocooning period Economic indicators
Pesticides
Interval
times(d)
Cocoon
Number
(heads)
Cocooning
rate (%)
Cocoon
weight(g)
Cocoon
shell
weight (g)
Cocoon
shell
rate (%)
Pupa
weight(g)
Death
pupa
Rate (%)
Carbendazim
15 146.67 ab 99.32 a 1.69 defg 0.35 bc 20.62 bc
d
1.34 def 3.41
d
20 133.00
j
99.25 a 1.66 de 0.34 bc 20.67 bc
d
1.32 de 3.77
d
30 145.33 ab 99.54 a 1.65
d
0.34 bc 20.33 bc
d
1.31
d
4.59 c
d
40 147.00 a 99.54 a 1.66 de 0.33 bc 20.29 bc
d
1.32 de 4.99 c
d
Thiophanate-Methyl
15 145.00 abc 99.09 a 1.67 def 0.34 bc 20.47 bc
d
1.33 de 3.69
d
20 134.00 ij 99.26 a 1.69 defg 0.34 bc 20.41 bc
d
1.34 def 3.48
d
30 140.67 def
g
99.30 a 1.69 def
g
0.35 bc 20.81
d
1.34 def 3.55
d
40 140.67 defg 99.53 a 1.67 def 0.34 bc 20.62 bc
d
1.33 de 4.97 c
d
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
830

Difenoconazole
15 139.00 defg 99.29 a 1.69 defg 0.35 bc 20.65 bc
d
1.34 def 3.60
d
20 138.33 def
g
99.29 a 1.70 def
g
0.35 bc 20.39 bc
d
1.35 def 4.58 c
d
30 146.00 ab 99.10 a 1.67 def 0.34 bc 20.40 bc
d
1.33 de 3.89
d
40 146.33 ab 99.32 a 1.68 def 0.34 bc 20.38 bc
d
1.33 de 5.24 c
d
Procymidone
15 136.00 hij 98.09 ab 1.68 defg 0.34 bc 20.64 bc
d
1.34 de 3.47
d
20 141.67cde 99.07 a 1.68 def 0.34 bc 20.42 bc
d
1.33 de 4.23
d
30 147.00 a 99.10 a 1.71 efg 0.36 bc 20.80
d
1.36 def 4.08
d
40 141.33 def 99.30 a 1.68 def
g
0.34 bc 20.33 bc
d
1.34 def 4.48 c
d
Boscalid
15 140.67 defg 99.06 a 1.67 def 0.34 bc 20.69 bc
d
1.33 de 3.81
d
20 145.33 ab 98.87 a 1.68 def
g
0.34 bc 20.69 bc
d
1.33 de 4.38
d
30 141.00 defg 99.29 a 1.73 g 0.35 bc 20.35 bc
d
1.38 f 4.47 c
d
40 145.67 ab 99.54 a 1.68 def
g
0.34 bc 20.55 bc
d
1.34 de 4.58 c
d
Imidacloprid
15 136.33 hi
j
96.72 bc 1.67 def 0.34 bc 20.21 bc
d
1.34 def 3.97
d
20 135.33 hij 99.03 a 1.70 defg 0.35 bc 20.36 bc
d
1.35 def 3.92
d
30 144.33 abc
d
99.09 a 1.72 f
g
0.35 bc 20.52 bc
d
1.37 ef 5.07 c
d
40 146.00 ab 99.55 a 1.66 de 0.34 bc 20.41 bc
d
1.32 de 4.79 c
d
Chlorfenapyr
15 137.67 f
g
h 97.18 bc 1.66 de 0.34 bc 20.55 bc
d
1.32 de 4.37
d
20 138.67 efgh 98.82 a 1.70 defg 0.35 bc 20.58 bc
d
1.35 def 3.82
d
30 143.00 bc
d
99.54 a 1.68 def
g
0.34 bc 20.73 c
d
1.33 de 5.13 c
d
40 147.00 a 99.55 a 1.70 defg 0.34 bc 20.24 bc
d
1.35 def 4.77 c
d
Cyromazine
15 63.33 l 76.39 e 1.38 a 0.28 a 20.47 bc
d
1.10 a 16.28 a
20 65.33 l 85.65
d
1.45 b 0.28 a 19.67 ab 1.16 b 12.78 b
30 124.67
k
95.92 c 1.46 bc 0.28 a 19.76 abc 1.18 bc 7.76 c
40 143.33 abc
d
98.17 ab 1.69 defg 0.34 bc 20.61 bc
d
1.34 def 5.81 c
d
Thiamethoxam
30 136.00 hij 98.07 ab 1.50 c 0.28 a 19.05 a 1.21 c 5.17 cd
40 137.33
g
hi 98.80 a 1.68 def
g
0.34 bc 20.49 bc
d
1.34 def 4.62 c
d
CK 142.67 ab 99.32 a 1.67 defg 0.35 bc 20.52 bcd 1.34 def 3.42 d
4 CONCLUSION AND
DISCUSSION
The last treatment for mulberry fruit sclerotiniosis
and gall midge of mulberry is 15~20 days before
mulberry ripening, which is more than 30 days for
rearing silkworm in spring. From security
considerations of silkworms, commonly used
fungicides for disease prevention in production are
50% carbendazim WP, 70% thiophanatemethyl WP,
10% difenoconazole WDG, 50% procymidone WP,
50% boscalid WDG. The leaves were picked 15 to
30 days after spraying these fungicides, and fed to
the 3rd instar silkworms. There was no symptom of
poisoning and death, and rearing performances were
similar to those of the control, which indicated these
fungicides are safe for sericulture. However, in the
paper of Mingxiao Lv
[6]
, the acute toxicity of 400
g/L difenoconazole SC on silkworm is classified as
"high toxicity", so the safety interval should be
considered when using difenoconazole in
production. In this study, it was found that the
spraying with 10% difenoconazole WDG 15 days is
safe and non-toxic to silkworms.
Five insecticides and five fungicides which were
the most frequently used in fruit mulberry
production were sprayed on mulberry to evaluate the
safety of silkworms. The results showed that there
was no symptoms of poisoning and death to the 3rd
instar silkworms which were fed with mulberry
leaves which were sprayed with the five fungicides
(50% carbendazim WP, 70% thiophanate-methyl
WP, 10% difenoconazole WDG, 50% procymidone
WP, 50% boscalid WDG) and two insecticides
(10% imidacloprid WP and 8% chlorfenapyr ME)
15 to 30 days, except that the cocooning rate of the
insecticide treatment groups were slightly lower
than the control, mulberry leaves of which picked on
15 d after pesticide application were used to feed the
3rd instar silkworms, there was no difference in the
cocooning period results and economic indexes
between the treatment groups and the control group.
However, there had potential safety risks for
silkworms when spraying with 80% cyromazine
WDG and 25% thiamethoxam WDG on mulberry,
to ensure the safety of silkworms rearing, the
interval period of spraying must be more than 40
days. 2.5% bifenthrin EW has highly toxic and has a
long residual period to silkworms, all silkworms
died when mulberry leaves were fed for 24 hours
with spraying 40 days interval. These results
indicated that mulberry leaves which were sprayed
Safety Evaluation of Silkworms Fed Leaves Sprayed with Commonly Used Pesticides in Fruit Mulberry Production
831

with the five commonly used fungicides, 10%
imidacloprid WP and 8% chlorfenapyr ME in
mulberry orchards are safe for sericulture, but 10%
imidacloprid WP and 8% chlorfenapyr ME can be
used in sericultural production, the leaves should be
picked at intervals of 15 days to avoid affecting the
quality of cocoons, and the mulberry leaves sprayed
with 80% cyromazine WDG, 25% thiamethoxam
WDG and 2.5% bifenthrin EW had potential safety
hazards for sericulture, so they have been forbidden
to use in mulberry fields for sericultural production.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was financially supported by Technical
System of Modern High-efficiency Agriculture
(Sericulture) in Chongqing's Modern Mountainous
Areas (no. 8-6).
REFERENCES
Changgui Song, Lunfu Chen, Taimin Luo. 2020. Research
progress of Pest Control Agents and Application
Instruments in Mulberry Garden. J. China Sericulture,
41: 43-47
Hui Ma, Kaiyun Wang, Hongyan Wang, 2005. Advance
of Research on Toxicology and Safety Evaluation of
Pesticides to silkworms. J. Pesticide Science and
Administration, 26: 15-17
Jing Wang, Yabei Zhang, Liutao She. 2021. The effect of
Pesticides commonly used in Farmland on the growth
and development of Bombyx mori in Rugao. J. China
Sericulture, 42: 13-16
Jifen Yang, Daoyan Xie, Pengfei Liao. 2021. Safety
evaluation of grandparent silkworm of F1 hybrid
reared with mulberry sprayed with mixed pesticides. J.
Journal of Southern Agriculture, 52: 245-252
Minxiao Lv, Qian Zhang. 2014. Toxicity and Toxicity
Evaluation of Seven fungicides to Bombyx mori and
Observation of Toxicity Symptoms. J. Biological
Disaster Science, 37: 142-143
Ruixian Yu, Yanhua Wang, Shenggan Wu, 2011. Acute
Toxicity and Risk Assessment of 21 Fungicides to the
Larvae of Bombyx mori. J. Asian Journal of
Ecotoxicology, 6: 643-648
Yuping Li, Zhengxin Zhang, Yongyu Zhong. 1998.
Symptoms and emergency treatment of different types
of pesticide poisoning in Bombyx mori. J. Northern
Sericulture, 19: 25-26
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
832