Effect of Different Harvest Periods on Dry Matter Accumulation and
Quality of Silage Maize
Lanfang Bai
1,3 a
, Xiangqian Zhang
2,3 b
, Zhanyuan Lu
1,2,3,* c
, Yufen Wang
1,* d
, Yanan Liu
2,3 e
,
Fengcheng Sun
2,3 f
, Chunlei Xue
2g
, Xiangyu Du
1,3 h
and Lirong Chen
1,3 i
1
Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Inner
Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
2
Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences/ Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage
Engineering, China
3
Technology Research Center/ Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and
Pollution Control, China
Keywords: Silage Maize, Harvest Period, Dry Matter, Quality.
Abstract: Harvest period is a key factor affecting the amount and quality of dry matter accumulation in silage maize.
To clarify the dry matter accumulation characteristics and quality changes of silage maize in medium
maturity areas of Inner Mongolia at different harvest periods, theoretical basis and practical guidance can be
provided for determining the appropriate harvesting period of silage maize. In this study, we systematically
analyzed the dynamic changes of plant height, leaf area index, dry and fresh weight accumulation and whole
plant quality indicators of four maize varieties, Xianyuea 335, Lihe 1, Jinchuang 998 and Zhongxing silage
1, at six different harvest periods. The results showed that there was no significant effect of different harvest
periods on silage maize plant height, while leaf area index, fresh weight, dry matter quality and nutritional
quality had some differences between harvest periods. The quality of silage maize was excellent from 1/2 to
3/4 of the kernel milk line position, with dry matter quality ranging from 0.68% to 96.71% higher than other
harvesting periods and RFV ranging from 15.46% to 49.83% higher than other harvest periods.
1 INTRODUCTION
1
Silage maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main
silages. Silage maize is rich in nutrients, high in
sugar, carotene and vitamins, and preserves protein
and vitamins more effectively, with a sour smell and
good palatability. It can be used as feed for the
whole plant and has the advantages of high yield,
rich nutrition, good quality and high feeding value
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7862-2844
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-7646
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9169-0518
d
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1995-5793
e
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5057-4844
f
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-1091
g
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6242-216X
h
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7189-8845
i
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-8074
compared with other silages, which can effectively
improve the meat quality and milk quality and milk
yield.
The harvest period is a key factor affecting the
quality of silage maize, and has a strong influence
on the dry matter accumulation and quality of
maize. It was found that the dry matter yield and
nutritional value, digestibility and potential intake of
forage maize vary with the composition of the seed
content and stover (Yu, et al., 2009). Harvesting
maize at the full-ripe stage, the corn stalk is highly
lignified and the animal digestibility of it is low,
which greatly reduces the utilization value. Pan
Jinbao
et al (Jinbao, et al, 2002) concluded that the
lower the plant ADF as well as NDF content is, the
higher the animals are fed. If the harvest period is
appropriately advanced, the utilization value of corn
stalk can be increased significantly with little impact
on maize yield (Ning, et al., 1998). Harvest period
has a significant effect on maize yield, dry matter
Bai, L., Zhang, X., Lu, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, F., Xue, C., Du, X. and Chen, L.
Effect of Different Harvest Periods on Dry Matter Accumulation and Quality of Silage Maize.
DOI: 10.5220/0011381200003443
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 1145-1152
ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
1145

contents and crude protein and fiber contents, etc.
As the growth stage of corn advances, corn stalk
changes from fresh to dry, and the stalk loses a lot
of nutrients with the evaporation of natural water
content. The maturation process of maize is
complex, the morphological structure and chemical
composition of the plant are subject to changes
during the growth stage, and the nutrient content of
the raw maize varies depending on the time of
harvest, thus affecting the silage effect. Zhao
Zunyang (Zhao 2003) showed that early harvesting
of maize resulted in lower acid and ammoniacal
nitrogen content and lower pH in silage. The current
research on silage maize at home and abroad mainly
focuses on the screening of silage maize varieties
and the influence of water and fertilizer, density and
other planting methods on the quality of silage
maize. The hot spots of foreign research are the
mechanization of the whole process of planting and
the study of nutrients in the process of silage maize.
Fewer studies have been conducted on the effects of
different harvest periods on dry matter accumulation
and quality variability of silage maize varieties.
Therefore, it is important to study the dynamics of
dry matter accumulation and quality characteristics
of silage maize under different harvest periods.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Overview of the Experiment Plots
The experimental plot is located at the research base
of modern agricultural science and technology park
in Heling County Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia. The
average annual temperature is 6.7℃, the frost-free
seasons are 113-134d, and the altitude is 1,040m.
From May to September in 2018 in Hailing County,
the maximum temperature was 38°C and the
minimum temperature was 3°C; the total rainfall
was 852.80 mm. The previous crop was maize, soil
PH was 8.26; fast-acting phosphorus was 34.34
mg/Kg; organic matter was 26.9 g/Kg; effective
potassium content was 343.00 mg/Kg; and
ammonium nitrogen content was 11.53 mg/Kg.
2.2 Tested Varieties and Experimental
Design
The trial was conducted with varieties as treatments,
with a total of four variety treatments, namely: Lihe
1, Xianyu 335, Jinchuang 998 and Zhongxing silage
1. It was conducted in 2018, and arranged in a
randomized blocks with a plot area of 30 m
2
, a
sowing density of 333.33 plants/ha with three
replications and the same field management as in
the field. The sowing time was on May 8th, and the
emergence date was on May 17th. Sampling and
observation of the position of the seed mast line
were carried out every 7 days after the tassel stage
on August 7th (tassel stage), August 27th (one-
quarter of the seed mast line position), September
3rd (one-third of the seed mast line position),
September 10th (one-half of the seed mast line
position), September 17th (three-quarters of the seed
mast line position), and September 24th (completion
stage). ), and September 24th (completion stage),
with the male stalking stage used as a control.
2.3 Measurement Indexes and Methods
2.3.1 Determination of Leaf Area
leaf area index = leaf length x maximum leaf width
x 0.75, the leaf area of each unit will be found out
and summed up to get the total plant total area.
2.3.2 Determination of Plant Height, Fresh
Weight and Dry Matter
Three silage maize plants of uniform growth were
randomly selected from each treatment, and the
height and fresh weight of the silage maize plants
were measured after mowing in the same place, then
the maize was chopped and put into the oven,
blanched at 105°C for 30 min, and dried at 80°C to
constant weight. An electronic balance is used to
weigh and record corresponding data.
2.3.3 Determination of Quality
Ten silage maize plants with uniform growth were
randomly selected from each treatment, crushed
with a grinder (to ensure that the ears were
completely crushed), stirred well, from which 1 kg
of well-stirred silage maize samples were placed in
a cloth bag, blanched at 105°C for 30 min, dried at
60°C to a constant weight, fully crushed with a
small grinder, passed through a 40-mesh sieve, and
placed in a plastic sealing bag to be sealed.
The nutritional quality of the samples, including
crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), starch (Starch),
neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent
fiber (ADF) was determined using NIR diffuse
reflectance spectrometry.
Relative feed value (RFV) is calculated by:
RFV = (DDM × DMI)/1.29
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DDM = 88.9 - 0.799 × ADF; DMI=120/NDF;
DDM is the digestible dry matter (%);
DMI is the Ad libitum food intake of roughage
dry matter (%).
2.4 Experimental Data Processing
Excel 2010 was used to organize the data; statistical
analysis software SPSS 25.0 was used to conduct
ANOVA and factor significance analysis; the least
significant difference (LSD) method was used for
multiple comparisons among different treatments;
SigmaPlot 12.5 was used to analyze the regression
equations between different harvest periods and
fresh weight and dry matter accumulation.
3 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
3.1 Effect of Different Harvest Periods
on the Height of Silage Maize
Plants
The difference in harvest period had no significant
effect (p>0.05) on the plant height of each silage
maize variety (Table 1).
Table 1: Dynamic changes of plant height of silage maize in different harvest periods (cm).
Sampling
period
Month/day
Xianyu335 Lihe1 Jingchuang998 Zhongxing silage 1
8/7 315.83±14.95a 354.33±8.39a 294.90±10.56a 363.57±3.54b
8/27 366.50±3.24a 364.73±10.65a 308.40±4.23a 372.47±7.14ab
9/3 366.50±2.86a 359.00±3.24a 303.40±3.10a 373.93±4.21ab
9/10 365.45±2.60a 356.37±1.68a 303.83±3.14a 375.73±3.66a
9/17 361.23±6.81a 356.13±3.12a 300.27±6.34a 371.63±3.11ab
9/24 371.17±5.20a 352.40±2.41a 303.00±9.02a 379.20±5.63a
P 0.37 0.43 0.52 0.10
F 1.20 1.05 0.89 2.43
The plant heights of Xianyu 335, Lihe 1, Jinchuang
998, and Zhongxing silage 1 ranged was 315.82 cm
~ 371.17 cm, 354.33 cm ~ 364.73 cm, 294.90 cm ~
308.40 cm, and 363.57 cm ~ 379.20 cm,
respectively. Among them, from the stalking stage
to the maturity stage, there were no significant
differences among Xianyu 335, Lihe 1, and
Jinchuang 998 at different harvest periods. And the
highest plant height of 375.73 cm was achieved on
September 24 for Zhongxing silage 1, which was
significantly higher than that on August 7th (p <
0.05).
3.2 Effect of Different Harvest Periods
on Leaf Area Index of Silage Maize
The difference in harvest period significantly
affected the leaf area index of each silage maize
variety (p < 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2: Dynamic changes of leaf area index of silage maize in different harvest periods.
Sampling period
Month/day
Xianyu335 Lihe1 Jingchuang998 Zhongxing silage 1
8/7 4.86±0.88a 5.45±0.65a 3.89±0.11a 6.24±0.41a
8/27 4.53±0.32a 5.99±0.09a 4.07±0.36a 5.80±0.53ab
9/3 4.34±0.33a 3.97±0.97b 3.89±0.54a 5.21±0.01b
9/10 3.15±0.21b 3.89±0.20b 2.67±0.02b 3.83±0.69c
9/17 2.99±0.53b 2.94±0.38bc 2.60±0.19b 3.32±0.13cd
9/24 0.00±0.00c 2.10±0.46c 1.27±0.66c 2.48±0.20
d
P ** ** ** **
F 29.71 13.72 15.82 26.96
Effect of Different Harvest Periods on Dry Matter Accumulation and Quality of Silage Maize
1147

With the extension of the growth stage, the leaf area
index of Xianyu 335 and Zhongxing silage 1
showed a gradual decrease in the trend, with the
highest of 4.86 and 6.24 on August 7th,
respectively. The leaf area index of Lihe 1 and
Jinchuang 998 showed a trend of increasing and
then decreasing with the extension of the growing
period, and the highest leaf area index was 5.99 and
4.07 on August 27th, respectively. The leaf area
index of each maize variety was not significantly
different on August 7th and August 27th, and was
significantly higher than on September 10th,
September 17th and September 24th.
3.3 Effect of Different Harvest Periods
on the Fresh Weight of Silage
Maize
The difference in harvest period significantly
affected the fresh weight of Xianyu 335 and Lihe 1
(p < 0.05) (Table 3). With the extension of the
maize harvest period, the fresh weight of all
varieties of maize showed the pattern of single peak
curve, with the lowest fresh weight on September
24th (full-ripe stage).
Figure 1: Regression equation analysis of fresh weight of silage maize under different harvest periods.
Figure 2: Regression equation analysis of dry matter of silage maize under different harvest periods.
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
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Table 3: Dynamic changes of fresh weight of silage maize in different harvest periods (g).
Sampling period
Month/day
Xianyu335 Lihe1 Jingchuang998 Zhongxing silage 1
8/7 899.02±29.00ab 1043.51±22.65bc 867.62±23.71a 1155.00±27.69ab
8/27 982.60±55.22a 1379.08±35.16a 1136.70±46.03a 1189.35±37.31ab
9/3 1094.54±31.34a 1262.33±28.78ab 1233.80±38.07a 1275.80±48.63a
9/10 1051.43±23.70a 1095.57±4.17bc 1072.98±50.84a 1143.88±10.69ab
9/17 1025.13±22.94a 962.53±17.40c 1061.90±1.92a 1026.71±37.68ab
9/24 715.20±23.91b 958.40±82.11c 849.25±47.95a 968.90±64.00b
P **
** 0.50 0.15
F 5.24 5.11 1.00 1.99
The highest fresh weights were 1094.54 g, 1233.80
g and 1275.80 g on September 3rd for Xianyu335,
Jinchuang 998 and Zhongxing silage 1, which were
4.10% to 53.04%, 8.54% to 45.28% and 7.27% to
31.66% higher than the other harvest periods,
respectively. From August 27th to September 17th,
there was no significant difference in the fresh
weight of each harvest period; the highest fresh
weight of Lihe 1 was 1379.08 g on August 27th,
which was 9.25% to 43.89 % higher than that at
other harvest periods.
The relationship between harvest period and
fresh weight of each maize variety is shown in
Figure 1. Fresh weight (Y) increased with harvest
period (X) in a cubic correlation curve.
The regression equations between fresh weight
(Y) and harvest period (X) of maize for Xianyu335,
Lihe1, Jinchuang998 and Zhongxing silage 1,
respectively, were as follows:
Y
Xianyu 335
=-0.028X
3
+1.609 X
2
-17.517X+915.153
(R
2
= 0.966)
Y
Lihe 1
= 0.033X
3
-3.018 X
2
+67.321X+978.617
(R
2
= 0.999)
Y
Jinchuang 998
=-0.003X
3
-0.346X
2
+23.897X+
843.144 (R
2
= 0.924)
Y
Zhongxing silage 1
=0.001X
3
-0.347 X
2
+11.435X+
1140.12 (R
2
= 0.863)
3.4 Effect of Different Harvest Period
on the Dry Matter Quality of Silage
Maize
The difference in harvest period significantly
affected the dry matter quality of Xianyu 335and
Lihe 1 (p < 0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4: Dynamic changes of dry matter of silage maize in different harvest periods (g).
Sampling period Month/day XianYu335 Lihe1 Jingchuang998 Zhongxing silage 1
8/7 223.58±46.03c 257.03±27.13b 306.99±25.12a 371.49±13.69a
8/27 307.72±24.56b 432.89±0.64a 356.79±35.03a 407.84±16.61a
9/3 420.13±40.65a 438.20±3.99a 364.59±10.30a 426.53±16.04a
9/10 430.33±0.21a 447.75±12.59a 374.76±1.84a 439.12±6.57a
9/17 439.79±38.20a 424.12±7.11a 396.93±4.51a 442.09±8.80a
9/24 430.67±0.26b 423.13±30.73a 354.03±36.44a 420.77±29.22a
P **
** 0.72 0.80
F 16.40 14.23 0.60 1.99
Effect of Different Harvest Periods on Dry Matter Accumulation and Quality of Silage Maize
1149

Note: A, B, C, D, E, F respectively indicate the dynamic changes of crude protein, ether extract, starch, acid detergent fiber,
neutral detergent fiber and relative feed value under different harvest periods.
Figure 3: Dynamic changes of silage maize quality under the same harvest period.
With the extension of maize harvest period, the dry
matter quality of each variety of maize showed a
trend of increasing and then stabilizing, with the
maximum value in September 10-17th, which was
0.68%-96.7% higher than that at other harvest
periods. The highest dry matter mass of Xianyu335
was 439.79 g on September 17th, which was
significantly higher than that of the control, on
August 27th and September 24th. The highest dry
matter mass of Lihe1 was 447.75 g on September
10th, which was significantly higher than that of the
control, but not significantly different from other
harvesting periods; the dry matter quality of
Jinchuang998 and Zhongxing silage 1 were not
significantly different from each other during
harvest periods, and the order of dry matter quality
was: September 17th>September 10th>September
3rd>August 27th>September 24th>August 7th,
September 17th>September 10th>September
3rd>September 24th>August 27th>August 7th. The
dry matter quality of Jinchuang998 and Zhongxing
silage 1 was the highest on September 17th, with
5.91%-29.30% and 0.68%-19.00% higher than other
nitrogen fertilization treatments, respectively.
The relationship between harvest period and dry
matter mass for each maize variety is shown in
Figure 2. The dry matter mass (Y) increased with
the harvest period (X) and showed an “S” shaped
cubic positive correlation.
The regression equations between dry matter
mass (Y) and harvesting period (X) for Xianyu335,
Lihe1, Jinchuang998 and Zhongxing silage 1,
respectively, were as follows:
Y
Xianyu 335
= -0.008X
3
+0.508 X
2
-1.747X+223.246
(R
2
= 0.959)
Y
Lihe 1
= 0.004X
3
-0.490 X
2
+17.739X+239.761
(R
2
= 0.995)
Y
Jinchuang 998
=-0.003X
3
+0.193 X
2
-0.425X+
307.945 (R
2
= 0.908)
Y
Zhongxing silage 1
= -0.003X
3
+0.187X
2
-0.74X+ 372.118
(R
2
= 0.999)
3.5 Effect of Different Harvest Periods
on the Quality of Silage Maize
With the extension of harvest period, EE, CP,
showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing,
Starch showed a trend of gradually increasing, ADF
and NDF showed a trend of decreasing and then
increasing for each silage variety (Figure 3). EE, CP
maxima were distributed from September 3rd to
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September 17th, ranging were 2.3 5% DM ~ 2.67%
DM, 5.08% DM ~ 6.97% DM, respectively, and on
September 24th, the Starch content of silage maize
variety ranged were 41.3% DM ~ 43.69 % DM. The
lowest ADF and NDF levels were found from
September 10th to 17th, ranged were 17.88% DM ~
20.47% DM, 34.36% DM ~ 37.29 7% DM,
respectively. The RFV of each maize variety ranged
from 125 to 203 in different harvest periods, with
the highest RFV from September 10th to 17th,
which was 15.46% ~ 49.83% higher than the other
harvest periods.
4 DISCUSSION
Bal and Coors et al (1997) concluded that obtaining
high dry matter yield of whole plant maize and
feeding it to dairy cows for higher milk yield
depends on harvesting maize at the right fertility
period. In this study, it was found that the maximum
dry matter mass of all silage varieties was
concentrated from September 10th to 17th, at the
1/2-3/4 position of the kernel milk line of grains,
while the maximum fresh weight of the whole plant
was mainly concentrated from August 27th to
September 3rd. This is due to the gradual decrease
in whole-plant fresh matter weight as the water
content of stalks and kernels decreases as the maize
kernels mature (
Yu, et al., 2009). Previous studies
also found that harvesting at 2/3 milk line stage can
realize the highest whole-plant maize dry matter
yield (Ganoe, et al., 1992). In this study, both fresh
weight and dry matter mass increased with harvest
period (X) in a cubic term correlation, and the dry
matter mass increased with the extension of
harvesting period in an “S” curve. Ding Xiquan
(1984) showed that the accumulation of assimilated
products in storage organs of cereal crops, like other
crops, showed an “S” shaped curve. This is due to
the fact that whole maize dry matter is the result of
the joint action of the root system and
photosynthesis, and the rate of accumulation
gradually becomes slower with the extension of the
growth stage and the aging of various organ
functions. There is no significant difference in plant
height among maize varieties in this study at
different harvest periods. The leaf area index
gradually decreases with the extension of the growth
stage, and the dry matter accumulation capacity
weakens, so the rate of dry matter accumulation
slows down after the 1/2 position of the maize
kernel milk line.
As feed, the main indicator of the merit of the
product of silage is the feeding quality. Proper
harvest period is an important measure to improve
high yield and quality of maize (Zhu, et al., 2015).
The results of this study showed that EE, CP, and
RVF showed an overall trend of increasing and then
decreasing with the increase of harvest period. Wang
YH et al. (2005) determined the yield and quality of
silage maize at different maturity stages and also
obtained the same variation characteristics. Hallauer
(2001) studied the chemical composition of whole
maize plants at different maturity stages and showed
that from 1/3 milk line stage to finish maturity, the
plant dry matter content, neutral detergent fiber
content, and lignin contents increased rapidly due to
stalk aging, and the total sugar, starch, and total
digestible nutrient content decreased significantly,
and crude protein content decreased with the
extension of the growth stage. The accumulation of
assimilation products in the kernels is not yet
complete when silage maize is harvested, and
therefore, assimilation products accumulate rapidly
as the morphology of maize storage organs is built
up
(Oikeh et al., 1998). Ma Cunjin et al. (Ma 2012)
showed that the CP and EE content gradually
increased and ADF and NDF gradually decreased
with the extension of harvest period. Fan Lei (Fan
2007) also showed that the accumulation of each
nutritional quality increased with the extension of
the growth stage, as influenced by the accumulation
of dry matter. The results of the present study were
not consistent. This may be due to the decline in leaf
area index and chlorophyll content of ears position
Lihe 1 in the late growth stage of maize, which
makes the Lihe 1 senescent and the stalk to leaf ratio
decreases, thus affecting its quality and yield.
Besides, the nutrients of maize are mainly enriched
in the seeds, and silage maize is harvested as a
whole plant. When the position of the seed milk line
is in the 3/4 to full-ripe stage, the dry matter is still
accumulating in the stalk. As the fertility stage of
maize advances, the stalks change from fresh to dry.
The stover also loses a lot of nutrients with the
evaporation of the natural water content (
Fan, 2020),
thus affecting the quality of maize later in the
harvest. RFV is a very important indicator to
evaluate roughage, the higher this indicator, the
greater the nutritional value of the feed. When RFV
index exceeds 100, it indicates that the feed has an
overall good nutritional value (Wang, 2020). The
results of this study showed that the RFV of all
varieties of maize showed a trend of increasing and
then decreasing with the extension of harvest period.
RFV was 15.46% ~ 49.83% higher, ADF and NDF
were the lowest, EE, CP and Starch were at high
Effect of Different Harvest Periods on Dry Matter Accumulation and Quality of Silage Maize
1151

levels compared to other harvesting periods at 1/2 to
3/4 of the kernel milk line position, thus making it
suitable for silage maize harvest.
5 CONCLUSION
There was no significant effect of different harvest
periods on silage maize plant height, while leaf area
index, fresh weight, dry matter quality and
nutritional quality had some differences between
harvest periods. With the extension of the harvest
period, the fresh weight of silage maize all showed
the pattern of single peak curve, with the maximum
value concentrated at the tassel stage to the 1/4 of
the milk line position of the grains. The dry matter
mass showed a trend of increasing and then
stabilizing, with the maximum value concentrated in
1/2 to 3/4 of the milk line position, which was
0.68% ~ 96.71% higher than the other harvest
periods. The EE, CP, and Starch contents were at
higher values in the 1/2 to 3/4 of the kernel milk line
position, with the lowest ADF, and NDF, and the
highest RFV, which was 15.46% ~ 49.83% higher
than the other harvest periods. Therefore, the
suitable harvesting period for silage maize in the
medium maturity zone of Inner Mongolia is from
1/2 to 3/4 of the grain milk line position.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was financially supported by the National
Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0300305-3),
and Major Science and Technology Projects of Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region (2019ZD009).
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