Increasing Participation in Recreation Sports Using the PAKTIF
Model
Luqmanul Hakim
1
, Toho Cholik Mutohir
2
, and Muhammad Muhyi
1
1
Sports Coaching Education Program, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya, Jalan Dukuh Menanggal XII, Surabaya,
Indonesia
2
Postgraduate Program, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Jalan ketintang, Surabaya, Indonesia
luqmanuhakim@unipasby.ac.id
Keywords: Increasing Participation, Recreation Sports, PAKTIF Model.
Abstract: This study aims to develop and assess the PAKTIF model in increasing the participation in recreation sports.
This research was conducted in two phases: preparation phase aimed at developing PAKTIF model and
tryout phase to test the model on small, medium, and large groups. This development research employed
the mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were collected using assessment sheets,
and qualitative data using observation and interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using an interactive
model. It was revealed that the average result of tryout on small group was 66.9, on medium group was
72.7, and on large group was 79.6 (can be categorized good). The results of quantitative data analysis
showed that there was a change in training provision by using PAKTIF (Indonesian: partisipasi aktif; lit:
active participation) model using PPLS (Indonesian: pendidikan, promosi, layanan, dan stakeholders; Lit:
education, promotion, service, and stakeholders) module. It was also revealed that the PAKTIF model
manifested into PPLS module can be applied and deemed practical by the executive members of Indonesia
Sport for All Federation (FORMI), club, and sports communities. It was concluded that the developed
PAKTIF model with PPLS was valid, practical, and effective tool and procedure to increase recreation sport
participation in Sidoarjo.
1 INTRODUCTION
Sports is a component to measure national fitness.
Therefore, the government, as stated in Law No. 3 of
2005 on National Sporting System, divides sports
into three categories: achievement sports, education
sports, and recreation sports in order for the society
to choose the types of sports based on their liking.
This division is also to inform the society about the
types of sports based on their purposes.
Sporting achievement can actually be seen in
how big the participation of the society is. As stated
by Pereira and Mutohir (2011) in a sports seminar
organized by the Australian Embassy in cooperation
with the Indonesian Olympic Committee, “the key to
sporting achievements is the community
participation in sports.” To compare, based on a
study conducted by Sport Development Index in
2007, 80% of Australia’s population participated in
sports, and it was only 24% in Indonesia.
Indonesians are not really aware of the
importance of healthy life. This is indicated by their
low interests in and appreciation towards sports.
Their sports participation has even been declining
over time. Studies showed that in the periods of
2003, 2006 and 2009, the community participation
in sports in Indonesia continued to decline, from
25.4% to 23.2 to 21.8% respectively. This decline
took place both in rural and urban areas. Thus, it is
necessary to increase their spots participation.
Students who participate in sports at least 1-2
times a week can improve their academic and social
achievements (Van Boekel M et al., 2015). There is
a positive correlation between sports participation
and vigilance in children (Ballester Rafael et al.,
2017). Sport participation has a positive effect on
strength parameters in elementary school students
aged 13-14 because muscle hypertrophy and
muscular strength improvement can improve the
quality of healthy life (Melekogli, Tuba, 2015).
Nambaka, et al., (2011) suggest that the elderly
sports participation in Eldoret West, Kenya is still
low (18%). Men with children, especially little
children, spend less time on sports than those
without children (Pot and Keizer, 2016). In China,
the traditional sports Tai chi, Qigong, and Yangko
provides many benefits for Chinese adults aged 50
and above (Guo, et al., 2016). According Eime et al.
Hakim, L., Mutohir, T. and Muhyi, M.
Increasing Participation in Recreation Sports Using the PAKTIF Model.
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Spor ts Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 119-123
ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
119
(2014), women's participation in sports clubs or
recreation is lower than men’s. Sports and recreation
have a positive influence on the quality of life.
Hence, the availability of sports facilities can affect
the community economy (Brown, et al., 2003).
Human factors are also very important (Kaprinis, et
al., 2013). The above studies imply the importance
of sports participation for individuals and
communities.
Considering the importance of sports, the
government obliges the community to do sports, as
stated in Law No. 3 of 2005 Article 24. Everyone is
required to do sports because it can improve health,
fitness, happiness, and work productivity.
The result of Luqman’s (2016) study, revealed
that community sports participation in Sidoarjo is
below 20%. It can be inferred that it is necessary to
raise community awareness of sports, both as doers
and observers. As firmly stated in the mid-term
development plan (RPJM), one of the 2019
development goals is to increase the sports
participation of the community aged 10 and above
from 25% to 35%.
2 METHODS
This development research employed the mixed-
methods sequential explanatory design (Abbas and
Charles, 2011; Miles, Huberman, and Saldana,
2014).
2.1 Research Procedure
The research was conducted in two phases: (a)
developing the PAKTIF model to increase
community participation in recreation sports at the
Sidoarjo FORMI and (b) testing the effectiveness,
efficiency, and practicality of the PAKTIF model in
increasing community participation in recreation
sports at the Sidoarjo FORMI.
2.2 Population and Sample
The research population were all executive members
of the Sidoarjo FORMI and of its affiliated sports,
from which 60 samples were selected.
2.3 Technique of Data Analysis
The research data were analyzed using a descriptive
quantitative analysis because the obtained data were
the assessment results from the executive members
of FORMI, sports clubs, and recreation sports
community. The result of observation and interviews
were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s (2014)
descriptive qualitative interactive model. Thus, the
research report will present a comprehensive data
analysis results.
2.4 Research Instruments
Revision sheet, Assessment sheet, Observation
sheet, and Interview guidelines.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Results
The first phase of the research was the PAKTIF
model validation. The result of validation by three
experts showed that the PAKTIF model was
applicative. The validation by five practitioners
suggested that no revision was needed. It was then
developed a PAKTIF model that was ready to be
tried out on the executive members of the Sidoarjo
FORMI and its affiliated sports club and sports
communities.
The second phase was tryouts on small, medium,
and large groups. The result of tryout on small group
is presented in Table 1. The result of tryout on
medium group is presented in Table 2. The result of
tryout on large group is presented in Table 3.
Table 1: Result of tryout on small group.
The result of this tryout was then consulted in
descriptive simple scale (Mutohir, 1985). It was
concluded that the average value of 66.9 could be
categorized “most.” Thus, the PAKTIF model was
deemed applicative.
Name
Score
M.S
74
I.H
70
F.S
69
Her
66
D.B
70
R.M
53
I.S
57
Yus
74
Kar
66
S.A
70
Average
66.9
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Table 2: Result of tryout on medium group.
Name
Score
M.M
70
S.L
74
D.H
70
R.S
82
Har
74
I.H
70
F.P
66
A.S
70
S.D
57
An
70
R.N
74
H.J
57
K.S
74
R.C
78
A.S
74
Si
82
M.F
78
A.J
74
R.R
82
Y.S
78
Average
72.7
The second tryout on the medium group showed
an improvement. This was a result of inputs from the
FORMI executive members in the previous phase.
The result of second tryout was then consulted in
descriptive simple scale (Mutohir, 1985). It was
concluded that the average value of 72.7 could be
categorized “most.” Thus, the result of tryout on the
medium group basically can help the participants
understand the PAKTIF model more accurately.
Table 3: Result of tryout on large group.
Name
Score
M.F
78
H.O
86
R.A
82
B.S
86
Mas
78
M.N
78
A.J
82
Wah
86
S.R
82
Pa
78
B.T
82
Cip
78
Ta
78
YY
70
No
90
Dh
86
D.A
82
Score
58
86
82
86
82
78
82
74
58
78
82
78
82
79.6
The third tryout on the large group showed a
sufficient improvement by the average value of 79.6.
This score could be categorized “most,” but the
scoring scale was better than the first and second
tryout so that no more revision was needed. It was
then concluded that the PAKTIF model could
improve community participation in recreation
sports in Sidoarjo.
4 DISCUSSIONS
PAKTIF, which has four dimensions: education,
promotion, service, and stakeholders, is a model
designed to increase community participation in
recreation sports. This model was designed based on
various literature studies and studies by expert
practitioners in many countries that developed sports
participation like ParticipACTION in Canada.
During the conduct of the study, many
participants were found to not really understand the
PAKTIF model. This came as no surprise as
everyone’s level of understanding was different
from each other and many initially thought that
active participation meant actively participate in
sports activities as put forward by Conyers (1991, p.
154).
Stakeholders became the most paid attention to
in the PAKTIF model implementation because
active participation of stakeholders, in this case
executive members of FORMI and its affiliated
sports clubs and communities, became a role model
for the non-executive members of its affiliated
recreation sports community. Active participation
of sports organizations is badly needed to increase
community sports participation. According to Laura
Misener et al. (2015), sports organizations are
responsible to promote sports so as to increase
community sports participation.
Increasing Participation in Recreation Sports Using the PAKTIF Model
121
Motivation in doing sports is the key. Likewise,
in this study, internal motivation became a
determinant factor in the increase of community
sports participation. Prior sports activities, physical
fitness level (Owen, et al., 2004), and social supports
can affect adults to do sports activities (Trost et al.,
2002).
This study found that women’s participation was
more than men’s. This was due to the fact that when
doing sports, women were more concerned with
social aspects like mental happiness and health
(Leone and Ward, 2013), rather than sports
outcomes like strength improvement (Hanlon and
Nabbs, 2010). Some other reasons why women
participated in sports activities were health,
appearance, weight management, personal
fulfillment, improvement of quality of life, and
social interaction (Codina and Armadans, 2012).
5 CONCLUSIONS
PAKTIF model was tried out on small group of 10,
medium group of 20, and large group of 30
participants. The first tryout average score was 66.9,
the second tryout average score was 72.7, and the
third tryout average score was 79.6. These scores
were in the range of 66-99. The results of
observation and interviews suggested that PAKTIF
model trainings could be implemented by executive
members of FORMI and its affiliated sports clubs
and community using PPLS module. During
PAKTIF material delivery session, they were
focused on the module and attentively listen to the
researcher’s guidance. During roleplay session, they
actively interacted and implemented module
materials. The study brought about consistent
results, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Thus, it
can be concluded that PAKTIF model could increase
recreation sports participation at the Sidoarjo
FORMI using PPLS.
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