The Correlation between Personality Trait and Social Curiosity

Rani Agias Fitri

, Lounafarsha Wielyanida

Psychology Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480

Keyword: Social curiosity, personality traits, big five

Abstract: Social curiosity is a form of curiosity that has significant roles in establishing and maintaining human

relationship. Curiosity is frequently related with personal trait. The previous study about variety of

curiosities finds correlation with openness to experience. However, there is correlation with extraversion in

social curiosity. The previous study only correlates with three traits of Big Five personality trait, which are

Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Agreeableness. Therefore, previous study does not discover the correlation

of other traits than those three. This study aims to discover the correlation between five traits of Big Five

personality trait. This study spreads two questionnaires to collect the research data, which are Social

Curiosity Scale (SCS) and Big Five Inventory (BFI) 44. There is correlation between social curiosity with

extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience in 136 participants in this research.

1 INTRODUCTION

Social curiosity is desire to achieve new information

about how other people behave, think, and feel

which is representing basic motivational behavior

system (Hartung and Renner, 2011; Hartung and

Renner, 2013; Renner, 2006). Social curiosity has

significant role in social interaction and human

relationship (Han, Li, Warren, Feng, Litman and Li,

2013). Interpersonal relation is the basic and theme

of human life, that is most human behavior

happened in the context of relationship with other

people (Kasdhan, Stiksma, Disabato, McKnight,

Bekier, Kaji and Lazarus, 2013). Therefore,

information about other people is indispensable in

daily life.

Social curiosity is one form one form of curiosity

that originated from internal motivation (Peterson

and Seligman, 2004). Curiosity happened because

human has congenital desire to handle uncertainty

(Hsee and Ruan, 2016). This makes curiosity

considered as powerful basic human motive

(Kasdhan, Stiksma, Disabato, McKnight, Bekier,

Kaji and Lazarus, 2013). As powerful basic human

motive, curiosity is frequently related with

personality trait. Personality trait is being assumed

as mindset and acquired behaviour, which is only

found in organism with sophisticated cognitive

system (McCrae, Costa, Ostendorf, Angleitner,

Hrebickova, Avia, Sanz, Sanchez-Bernardos, Kusdil,

Woodfield, Saunders and Smith, 2000). Trait has

significant role to predict and understand the variety

of human behaviours (Fleeson and Gallagher, 2009;

Paunonen, 2003; Paunonen and Ashton, 2001). It

also can be used to understand the variety of

exploration behaviours in satisfying general

curiosity as well as social curiosity.

Generally, traits that are related with curiosity

are openness to experience, neuroticism, and

conscientiousness (Hunter, Abraham, Hunter,

Golberg and Eastwood, 2016; Kashdan, Afram,

Brown, Birbeck and Drvoshanov, 2011; Kashdan,

Rose and Fincham, 2004; Kashdan and Steger,

2007). Among the traits that are correlated with

curiosity, neuroticism correlated negatively with it

(Kashdan, Rose and Fincham, 2004; Kashdan and

Steger, 2007). The type of curiosity that is correlated

with personality trait shows different results such as

the correlation between entrepreneurial curiosity

with openness to experience (Jeraj, Maric,

Todorovic, Cudanov and Komazee, 2015), the

correlation between epistemic curiosity with

extraversion (Hunter, Abraham, Hunter, Golberg

and Eastwood, 2016) the weak correlation between

interpersonal curiosity with personality trait, and

neuroticism as the highest correlation with

interpersonal curiosity among other traits (Litman,

Robinson and Demetre, 2016).

Social curiosity has correlation with

extraversion, whereas the sub scales of general

Fitri, R. and Wielyanida, L.

The Correlation between Personality Trait and Social Curiosity.

DOI: 10.5220/0010003100002917

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social Sciences, Laws, Arts and Humanities (BINUS-JIC 2018), pages 92-98

ISBN: 978-989-758-515-9

social curiosity correlated with extraversion and the

sub scales of covert social curiosity correlated with

neuroticism (Paunonen, 2003). However, the result

of correlation between social curiosity with personal

trait cannot be determined because the previous

study is only correlating social curiosity with three

out of five traits in Big Five personality trait, which

are extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness.

Based on the result of this study, it cannot be as

certain that social curiosity is only correlated with

extraversion. Social curiosity is potentially having

correlation with openness to experience and

conscientiousness. The correlation between curiosity

with openness to experience is highly possible

because curiosity is attached to openness to

experience (Kasdhan, Stiksma, Disabato, McKnight,

Bekier, Kaji and Lazarus, 2013). Openness to

experience characterizes people who are willing –

often excited – to deal with any kind of ideas,

feelings, and activities; preference towards variety

and novelty (McCrae and Greenberg, 2014; Woo,

Chernyshenko, Longley, Zhang, Chiu and Stark,

2014). Openness to experience has a role in

friendship and social relationship by searching

similarity with others. The problem between

interpersonal relationship is related with lack of

openness to experience. Closed individuals are hard

to understand and adapt towards others perspective,

which is representing no flexibility (McCrae, 1996).

Openness indicates the readiness of people to adapt

their attitude and behaviour when dealing with new

idea and situation (Onraet, Van Hiel, Roets and

Cornelis, 2011).

Conscientiousness reflects mindset, feeling, and

behaviour that relatively settled, automatically

differs one person to another, and appears through a

situation that will encourage the trait (Paunonen and

Ashton, 2001). Conscientiousness has proactive and

inhibitive aspects. Proactive aspect related with the

behaviour of successful work, whereas inhibition

related with self-control and restriction (Costa and

McCrae, 1998; Costa, McCrae and Dye 1991). Even

though conscientiousness is frequently related with

academic achievement and work performance, it can

be also associated with social curiosity, because of

the significant role in developing and maintaining

successful relationship (Baker and McNully, 2014).

Conscientiousness is also associated with better

interpersonal relationship and great motivation to

solve the relationship problem (Jensen-Campbell,

Knack and Gomez, 2010).

Openness to experience and conscientiousness

have correlation potential with social curiosity. To

prove what trait that is correlated with social

curiosity, it is necessary to do a study to see the

correlation of social curiosity with five traits of Big

Five personality trait. This topic will be the focus of

this study.

2 METHOD

2.1 Participant

Participant in this study consist of 136 participants

in emerging adulthood group. This age group is

being used in this research because according to the

previous study, they show high level of social

curiosity than the older group (Renner, 2006). There

are 40 male participants (29.4%) and 96 female

participants (70,6%). The age of participants ranged

between 18-25 years old (M:20.31, SD: 1.93).

2.2 Procedures

This study uses quantitative method and spreads

research questionnaire to gather the data. Research

questionnaire spreads by online to the students of

Bina Nusantara University and for general

population between 18 until 25 years old, that

matched with emerging adulthood age group

(Arnett, 2007).

Therefore, there are only participants who are

willing to fill the research questionnaire. Research

questionnaire consist of two parts, which are firstly,

the profile of participants (age and gender) and the

second part contains two research questionnaires

that had to be filled

2.3 Measurements

2.3.1 Social Curiosity

Social Curiosity Scale (SCS; α:.764) that is

developed by Renner (Renner, 2006) to measure

social curiosity being used in this study. SCS

consists of two sub scales, which are General Social

Curiosity (SCS-G; α: .725) and Covert Social

Curiosity (SCS-C; α: .805) sub scale that contains 5

questions of each. SCS-G explains curiosity in

others’ habits, feeling, and thought. For example,

“I’m interested in people’. SCS-C consists items

such as overheard others’ conversation or observing

others quietly. For example, ‘I like to look into

others’ lit of windows”. SCS uses Likert scale from

1 (strongly disagree) – 4 (strongly agree) (Hartung

and Renner, 2013).

The Correlation between Personality Trait and Social Curiosity

2.3.2 Personality Trait

Big Five Inventory (BFI) 44 that is developed by

John and Srivastava (John and Srivastava, 1999)

being used to measure the personality trait. BFI 44

consist of 44 items with Likert scale from 1

(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Example of

its items are ‘is talkative’, ‘is helpful and unselfish

with others’, ‘does a thorough job’, ‘is depressed,

blue’, ‘is original, comes up with new ideas’.

Reliability of BFI 44: α Openness: .657, α

Conscientiousness: .746, α Extraversion: .840, α

Agreeableness: .702, and α Neuroticism: .732.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

There is correlation between social curiosity with

extraversion in this study (p < .05, r: .215),

conscientiousness (p < .05, r: .209), and openness to

experience (p < .05; r: .207). General sub scales of

social curiosity correlated with agreeableness (p <

.05, r: .369), extraversion (p < .05, r: .322),

conscientiousness (p < .05, r: .289), and openness to

experience (p < .05, r: .001). Covert sub scales of

social curiosity correlated with conscientiousness (p

< .05, r: -.182) and neuroticism (p < .05, r: .225).

As predicted on research hypothesis, social

curiosity is not only correlated with extraversion, but

also with openness to experience and

conscientiousness. Similar with the result of

previous study (Renner, 2006), social curiosity

correlated with extraversion. Extraverts are being

characterized as assertive, talkative, and motivated

to involve with social contact (Tov, Nai and Lee,

2014). People with higher level of extraversion tend

to interact frequently and spend a lot of time with

others than people with lower level of extraversion

(Nezlek, Schutz, Schroder-Abe and Smith, 2011).

Extraversion has relation with positive affect

(Smillie, DeYoung and Hall, 2014). Both relations

happened because extraverts are assertive toward

others (Smillie, Wilt, Kabbani, Garratt and Revelle,

2015). Assertiveness as the characterization of

extraverts can push them to ask all information

about someone who is interacting with them. As we

know that assertive people put interest to know

others’ mind, feeling and behaviour, that can provide

positive affect. Curiosity itself have correlation with

positive affect (Quevedo and Abella, 2011).

In this research, correlation between extraversion

and social curiosity have low correlation. This

correlation happens because extraverts are assertive

and full of enthusiasm (Gottlieb, Oudeyer, Lopes

and Baranes, 2013), therefore they don’t use covert

manners, such as overhearing or observing others to

satisfy their social curiosity. On the contrary,

extraverts will participate actively in their

environment. This participation can produce positive

affect on extraverts [44], therefore they enjoy

interacting with other people directly rather than

using other ways. This can be seen by the correlation

between sub scale SCS-G with extraversion and no

correlation between sub scales SCS-C with

extraversion.

Openness to experience correlated with social

curiosity can happened because having this trait can

drive individuals to learn about other people

including their interacting partner. Individuals with

openness to experience will spend a lot of time by

observing their interaction partner and less talk

about themselves. Individuals that open about

curiosity and attentive to their surroundings, and in

the process to know new people, curiosity will make

them to give more attention toward their interacting

partner, as an effort to observe about their own

partner (McCrae and Sutin, 2009). Therefore,

individuals with openness to experience need to

improve their social curiosity. It is needed to help

people learn about how other people in a community

think, behave, and notice what will they do

afterward (Hartung and Renner, 2011).

Table 1: Personality trait and social curiosity.

Even though there is correlation between

openness to experience and social curiosity, the

correlation between them is being considered as low.

This happens because openness to experience is

more related with cognitive and creativity factors,

BINUS-JIC 2018 - BINUS Joint International Conference

such as intellectual curiosity, intellectual interest,

perceived intelligence, imagination, creativity,

artistic and aesthetic interests, emotional and fantasy

richness, and unconventional person (Onraet, Van

Hiel, Roets and Cornelis, 2011). Furthermore, from

6 facets of openness to experience (fantasy,

aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, and values) only

one facet is associated with social curiosity, which is

values. Individuals with facet openness to values

tend to be always questioning about social, political,

or religion values (Hartung and Renner, 2011).

Association between openness to experience and

social curiosity only related with people’s effort in

learning about social values and norms through other

people.

Sub scales of SCS-G correlates with

extraversion, openness to experience,

conscientiousness, and agreeableness in this study.

The explanation of relation between sub scales SCS-

G with extraversion and openness to experience is

similar with the correlation of social curiosity to

those three traits. It happened because SCS-G is

approximately had similar meaning with social

curiosity, which are curiosity to other people’s

habits, feeling, and thought (Hartung and Renner,

2013). Agreeableness is correlated with SCS-G

because it is indispensable trait in interpersonal

relationship compared with the other four traits in

Big Five personality trait. Agreeableness

characterized as cooperative, friendly, considerate,

and helpful (Jensen-Campbell, Knack and Gomez,

2010). Agreeableness people are pro social, which is

more likely to keep social harmony (Brutus and

Witenberg, 2012). Compassion facet of

agreeableness makes it related to the commitment of

long-term relationship (Kern, Duckworth, Uruzua,

Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber, 2013). People with

agreeableness discover the needs of others to show

their affection, being able to work together, as an

effort to show friendly attitude, as well as

encouragement to help others. This makes people

with agreeableness are always motivated to gain

information about others.

SCS-G also correlated with conscientiousness.

Conscientiousness will shape the quality of long-

term relationship. It is possible because people with

conscientiousness are capable to manage conflict in

a relationship. People with conscientiousness tend to

show controlled and organized behaviour, and as a

result they rarely being criticized by others

(Paunonen and Ashton, 2001). To show controlled

and organized behaviour, people with

conscientiousness need have information about

knowledge and rules on how to behave (Hartung and

Renner, 2011).

Similar with previous study (Renner, 2006), this

study finds correlation between neuroticism with sub

scales of SCS-C. Neuroticism is personality trait that

characterized with chronic negative affect, involving

sadness, worry, petulant, and self-conscientiousness,

which are easily triggered and difficult to control

(Ireland, Hepler, Li, and Albarracin, 2014). It makes

people with high neuroticism is easy to worry,

depressed, and feeling guilty. They are more self-

conscious and believing that they have experiencing

threatening and stressful event (Kandler, 2012).

Neuroticism itself is related to intolerance of

uncertainty. On the contrary, people with high

intolerance of uncertainty will encounter greater

worry in daily hassles (Chen and Hong, 2010).

Uncertain condition will encourage people to search

information (Gottlieb, Oudeyer, Lopes and Baranes,

2013) and develop curiosity (Jirout and Klahr,

2012). This uncertainty can happen because of no

access or no ways to gain expected information

directly from the source. It makes people with

neuroticism become more curious and increase the

stress. Therefore, they are encouraged to use covert

way to fulfil their social curiosity. They will

purposely overhearing other people’s conversation

or observing others secretly (Hartung and Renner,

2013).

Correlation between sub scales of SCS-C with

neuroticism is being considered as weak. This level

of correlation can happen because other than

correlating with neuroticism, SCS-C also correlated

with conscientiousness. People with neuroticism

tends to act impulsively and have difficulty in

control (Kandler, 2012). But on the hand, the

negative correlation with conscientiousness can

create an effort to control the satisfy of social

curiosity by using covert ways. This makes people

who tries to resolve the uncertainty about other

people to not fully express the satisfaction of the

curiosity about other people by eavesdropping their

conversations or observing their behaviour. People is

still trying to control their actions.

Sub scales of SCS-C is not only correlated with

neuroticism but also conscientiousness, even though

both of it have negative correlation in this study.

Conscientiousness can be defined as tendency to

follow the norms that are given socially to control

the impulse, leads to the aim, to plan, able to

postpone satisfaction, also follow the norms and

rules (Robert, Jackson, Fayard, Edmonds and

Meints, 2009). One of conscientiousness

characterizations is ability to postpone satisfaction.

The Correlation between Personality Trait and Social Curiosity

When they are desperately demand some

information, including about others, people with

conscientiousness are not using any way to satisfy

their curiosity. They are not encouraged to do covert

social curiosity, which is explained as behaviour to

observe or eavesdropping other people (Hartung and

Renner, 2013).

Correlation between sub scale of SCS-C with

conscientiousness can be classified as weak. This

also causes weak correlation between social

curiosity with conscientiousness. This correlation

can happen because SCS-C is assumed not related

with the most common domain of conscientiousness,

which is orderliness and industriousness. SCS-C

only related with self-control domain from

conscientiousness. Self-control is one of the qualities

from consciousness that related with interpersonal

relationship (Renner, 2006). Self-control represent

the tendency to control impulsiveness (Kandler,

2012). The impulse that being controlled here is the

impulsiveness to not satisfy their social curiosity

with covert ways.

4 LIMITATIONS

This study has limitation on the amounts of

participants and focus on only one group age, that is

emerging adulthood. It needs more research to

involve more people and age group. It is needed to

test the constancy of relation between social

curiosity with extraversion trait, openness to

experience, and conscientiousness. As well as the

constancy of relation between sub scales of social

curiosity with other traits that have correlation in

this study. Even though this study has weakness, it

also gives benefit to a study about the correlation

between social curiosity with personality trait. This

study is conducted on different setting of culture

with the previous study (Renner, 2006), which is in

collectivist culture. The result of this study can give

different perspective related with the relation

between social curiosity and personality trait that is

not universal.

5 CONCLUSION

The result of this study has similar and different

results from previous studies. The similarity is on

relation between social curiosity and sub scales of

SCS-G with extraversion and sub scales of SCS-C

with neuroticism. The differences are finding

relation between openness to experience and

conscientiousness with social curiosity; relation

between openness to experience, conscientiousness,

and agreeableness with sub scales of SCS-G; and

relation between conscientiousness with sub scales

of SCS-C. Different findings from previous study

induce some implications. First, lot of correlated

traits with social curiosity are showing its

complexity as applied in the setting of this study,

which is in collective culture country. It is different

with previous study (Renner, 2006) that applied on

individualist culture. Second, related with the first

implication, the study about social curiosity in

collective culture becomes very relevant. Third,

further research is necessary to deeply explore about

the form of social curiosity in collectivist culture

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BINUS-JIC 2018 - BINUS Joint International Conference