Relationship between Self-confidence and Readiness to Change in

Commercial Sex Workers after Rehabilitation in PSKW “Mulya

Jaya” Jakarta

Vernando Sitinjak

, Greta Vidya Paramita

Psychology Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480

Keyword: Self-Confidence, Readiness to Change, Commercial Sex Workers

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to see the relationship between self-confidence and readiness to change in commercial

sex workers after following rehabilitation at PSWK “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. This research use quantitative

method using the help of a measuring instrument in the form of a questioner. Sampling using non

probability with purposive technique with 60 respondents. Self Confidence was measured using a measuring

instrument adapted by Stella Wong (2017). Readiness to change was measured using the University of

Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) measuring instrument adapted by Hughes, J. R. (1990). Based

on results of the Spearman correlation analysis obtained the value of r=0,326 with a significant value of 0,01

(p< 0,05). It can be concluded, that there is a relationship between self-confidence and readiness to change

in commercial sex workers after following rehabilitation at PSKW "Mulya Jaya" Jakarta.

1 INTRODUCTION

Economic problems are problems that are often

found at city and regional levels. Many people do

various kinds of jobs to meet their daily. The amount

of demand in meeting the needs makes some people

choose to work in any way, one of which is to

become a commercial sex worker (CSW). Also,

several other factors that cause them to become

commercial sex workers, namely lifestyle factors that

make a person tend to live in luxurious lifestyle,

violent factors such as rape, coercion, and

environmental influences. This is also because of the

low education factor, so that it is not possible to find

jobs that provide enough income.

Prostitution comes from the Latin language that is

pro-stituere or pro-stauree, which means letting

themselves commit adultery, sexual immorality, and

fornication. So, prostitution can be interpreted as the

sale of sexual services, such as oral sex or sex for

money (Samad, 2012). Prostitution also arises

because there is a social definition in society that

women as sex objects (Agus, 2002).

If viewed from the perspective of social life, not

all people can accept the position of commercial sex

workers (CSWs) in the community. It can affect the

personality of the community, especially children

who are developing. We can meet in everyday life,

CSWs in social relations with the community in the

surrounding environment often experience

discrimination in friendship, CSWs are often

shunned in community relationships. By getting this

treatment, making CSWs only make friends with

their fellow professionals, that is, among fellow

CSWs. This can also affect the confidence of CSWs,

where their confidence can decrease because they

feel excluded or are not seen from the community.

Based on interviews with two prostitutes at West

Jakarta, Jakarta, on March 19, 2018, the reason they

became prostitutes were the economic problem and

they did not have the skills to work. Other results

from the interviews are that they mostly come from

outside Jakarta areas such as Banten, Tangerang, and

Bekasi. As prostitutes, they set prices to have sex like

a "husband and wife" around IDR. 70,000 - IDR.

80,000 per session. So, while in Jakarta, they rent a

boarding house to be their temporary residence.

One of the two interviewees also said that hopes

for the future that she would no longer work as

prostitutes and have decent jobs. The interview

shows that some of the CSWs are motivated to get

other decent jobs. However, the second informant

said a different opinion. She was more interested in

working as a prostitute because the income she

438

Sitinjak, V. and Paramita, G.

Relationship between Self-conﬁdence and Readiness to Change in Commercial Sex Workers after Rehabilitation in PSKW “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta.

DOI: 10.5220/0010009900002917

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social Sciences, Laws, Arts and Humanities (BINUS-JIC 2018), pages 438-443

ISBN: 978-989-758-515-9

received was higher. This shows that not all CSWs

are motivated to get decent work or job that is

provided by the government.

Based on survey data conducted by JPP (2016),

overall, the number of localizations in Indonesia is

168 points. The number of CSWs who are active in

168 localizations reached 63 thousand people. In the

CNN survey (2018), of 1668 localizations, the

government has closed 122 localization points.

Ironically, compiled from various overseas sources,

Indonesia is the country with the most localization

with 40,000 prostitutes.

In this case, the Indonesian government cannot

keep silent. According to (Fandy, 2014), the

government made several efforts to reduce the level

of CSWs in Indonesia, one of which was to establish

a rehabilitation center to accommodate commercial

sex workers, namely Panti Sosial Karya Wanita

(PSKW) in every province of Indonesia. Twenty-two

PSKWs providing ex-PSK rehabilitation services in

Indonesia are in twenty-one provinces. Twenty-one

institutions are handled directly by the local

government, and one institution is handled by the

Ministry of Social Affairs, namely PSKW "Mulya

Jaya" Jakarta.

The author is interested in researching PSKW

Mulya Jaya Jakarta because this institution is the

only property of the Indonesian government which

conducts rehabilitation to CSWs in Jakarta. This

institution is a technical implementation unit within

the Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs which is

preventive, curative, rehabilitative, promotive, in the

form of physical, mental, social and social guidance,

resocialization and further guidance for prostitutes to

become independent and play an active role in

community life. The survey (Fandy, 2014) showed

that the 2014 Mulya Jaya PSKW reference data for

2014 are 162 people from various regions namely

Riau, DKI, Cianjur, Bogor, Pangkal Pinang, Kota

Tangerang, Tangerang Selatan, Karawang, Kab.

Bekasi, and Handayani Houses. The author visited

PSKW Mulya Jaya Jakarta to conduct an interview

on March 22, 2018.

The main task of PSKW "Mulya Jaya" Jakarta

(Fandy, 2014) is to guide, provide service, and social

rehabilitation that are curative, rehabilitative,

promotive, in the form of basic educational, physical,

mental knowledge guidance, social, skills training,

resocialization of further guidance for prostitute

women to be able to be independent and play an

active role in community life and study and develop

service and referral standards. The service program

of PSKW "Mulya Jaya" Jakarta

(www.mulyajaya.kemensos.go.id, 2018) is to provide

guidance on counseling, training according to their

talents, and sports and worship. The aim of the social

service and rehabilitation program for prostitutes

(www.mulyajaya.kemensos.go.id, 2018) is to restore

the physical, mental, psychological, social, attitudes

and behavior of prostitutes so that they can carry out

social functions properly in the family and the

community.

The author visited PSKW "Mulya Jaya" Jakarta

on 22 March 2018 to conduct an interview. Mrs.

Fitri, as counseling or social counselor at PSKW

Mulya Jaya, was welcomed the author. She said that

the CSWs showed a lack of confidence for

rehabilitation, when were first received at PSKW

Mulya Jaya. The lack of confidence is such as being

ashamed to try a tool during training, looking scared

or confused answering questions when counseling,

and when asked about people's home addresses their

parents, most of whom gave incorrect addresses to

PSKW Mulya Jaya.

The author was also allowed on that day to

interview two beneficiaries of PSKW Mulya Jaya.

When the writer questioned the two people, the

writer observed that there was a lack of confidence in

them and they didn't dare to look in the direction of

the writer, and they said, "Sir, our faces are not

recorded right?" Both also said that, initially, they

lied to their families regarding their job as prostitutes.

The first person said that she was framed by a friend

of her ex-boyfriend, by being offered to work in a

restaurant. In fact she was taken to a dim shop to

serve guests who stopped by. The second person

works as a prostitute is to pay for the care of her

child, who is suffering from brain cancer. Before

working as prostitutes, they had decent jobs, but

because of family problems such as divorce, being

framed, and their status as widows, they eventually

fell into prostitutes.

Based on the interview result, the confidence

level in CSWs in Jakarta's "Mulya Jaya" PSKW is

low. Self-confidence, according to (Lauster, 2002), is

an attitude or feeling of confidence in one's abilities.

So, the individual concerned is not too anxious in

every action, free to do things that are preferred,

responsible for all actions, warm and polite in

interacting with others, can accept and respect others,

have the drive for achievement and can recognize

their strengths and weaknesses. According to

(Krishna, 2006), self-confidence is also reflected in

the acceptance of all failures and too much

disappointment caused in an instant. According to

(Iswidharmanjaya, A., & Agung, 2005), with self-

confidence, a person will be able to actualize their

potential. According to (Mastuti, 2008), individuals

Relationship between Self-conﬁdence and Readiness to Change in Commercial Sex Workers after Rehabilitation in PSKW “Mulya Jaya”

Jakarta

439

who are not confident are usually caused by the

individual not educating themselves and only waiting

for people to do something about themselves. It can

be concluded, the higher the confidence, the higher

what is to be achieved. One of the characteristics of

self-confidence, according to Lauster in (Ashriati,

Alsa, 2006) is to believe in one's ability, which is a

belief in oneself towards all phenomena that occur

related to the ability of individuals to evaluate and

overcome phenomena. It can be concluded that a

confidence person can change their behavior.

In increasing self-confidence in Jakarta's "Mulya

Jaya" CSWs, authors need to measure the readiness

of CSWs to change. (Cunningham, 2002) argued that

an individual's readiness to change is readiness that

involves the need to show change, where someone

feels capable of achieving change (self-efficacy) and

can participate in the change process. According to

(Holt, 2007), an individual's readiness to change is

the degree to which individuals are cognitively and

emotionally inclined to accept and adopt certain

plans aimed at changing the status quo.

According to Proschaska and Velicer in

(Muasyaroh, 2015), to make changes, the focus is the

ability of individuals to make decisions from social

and biological influences. In changing a behavior

there are several stages - stages in which each stage

there is a decision-making process based on certain

principles. One of the stages of behavior change,

according to Proschaska and Velicher in (Muasyaroh,

2015), is maintain. It means that a person or

individual tries to prevent the old behavior that they

left behind from reappearing. It can be concluded that

confident people can leave the old behavior.

According to (Holt, 2007), one of the factors that

influence an individual's readiness to change is self-

efficacy, namely the individual's belief that they can

adapt to support changes in the organization.

2 RESEARCH METHODS

2.1 Sampling Technique

In this study, the sampling method is nonprobability

sampling. This technique does not provide equal

opportunity for each element or member of the

population to be selected as a sample. The sampling

method used was purposive sampling used by the

writer because the sample was chosen based on

certain considerations, where in the selection of

samples, conducted by selecting people who fit the

research criteria.

2.2 Research Measuring Instruments

2.2.1 Self-confidence

In measuring self-confidence, the author uses a

measuring instrument adapted by (Wong, 2017)

based on Lauster in (Ashriati, Alsa, 2006) with four

indicators, namely:

1. Believe in your abilities.

2. Acting independently in making decisions.

3. Having a positive sense of self.

4. Dare to express an opinion

The items in this measuring instrument is 24

questions using a Likert scale where the answer

choices used are very inappropriate (STS), not

suitable (TS), appropriate (S), and very appropriate

(SS).

Table 1: Blueprint of self-confidence measuring

instruments

The way to measure self-confidence is by

changing the unfavorable value to favorable value.

Then, look for the average overall items of

confidence using Microsoft Excel.

2.2.2 Readiness to Change

Table 2: Blueprint of the measuring instruments of

readiness to change

BINUS-JIC 2018 - BINUS Joint International Conference

440

The measurement of readiness to change is by

calculating the average of each dimension. Then add

up the average of contemplation, action, and

maintenance and reduce it by precontemplation (C +

A + M-P = Readiness) using Microsoft Excel.

2.2.3 Validity

Validity measures what must be measured

(Sugiyono, 2008). The type of validity used is a

construct of validity in which the resulting score

matches the variable you want to measure and the

ability of these items to measure the variable

(Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, 2012). An item is said

to be valid if it has a total item correlation of 0.30 or

more (Siregar, 2013). According to (Hair, 2010),

items with correlations below 0.2 are considered

inadequate for use.

Table 3: Validity test result of measuring instruments of

readiness to change

Based on table 3, the measuring instrument of

self-confidence can be used in research. All items

from the confidence gauge are valid.

Table 4: Validity test results of measurement tools of

readiness to change

Based on Table 4, the measurement tool of

readiness to change can be used in research. All

items from the readiness to change are valid.

2.2.4 Reliability

Reliability is the level of stability or consistency of

the measurement tool. The measurement tool can be

said reliable if the individuals are measured under

the same conditions with the same procedure, and a

similar or nearly equal measurement score will be

generated (Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, 2012). To

test the reliability of measurement tool, authors used

the Cronbach’s Alpha technique with reliability

values above 0.6 (Siregar, 2013) or based on the

Guilford coefficient category. Those categories were

shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Guildford’s reliability coefficient category

Relationship between Self-conﬁdence and Readiness to Change in Commercial Sex Workers after Rehabilitation in PSKW “Mulya Jaya”

Jakarta

441

Table 6: Reliability test results of self-confidence

Table 7: Reliability test results of readiness to change

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Hypothesis Test

Hypothesis test in this study uses Spearman's

product moment correlation method to test the

relationship between variable I (the result of self-

confidence) and variable II (readiness to change

variable). The significance level is 5% (0.05), where

p <0.05 then H1 was accepted, and p> 0.05 then H0

was accepted. Correlation test results of self-

confidence variables and readiness to change can be

seen in Table 8:

Table 8: Correlation test

Based on Table 8, the correlation analysis shows

a significant relationship between self-confidence

and readiness to change in commercial sex workers

after attending rehabilitation at PSKW "Mulya Jaya"

Jakarta (r = 0.326, p <0.05). Thus, H0 is rejected.

4 CONCLUSION

This study aims to see whether there is a relationship

between the variables of self-confidence and

readiness to change in commercial sex workers after

attending rehabilitation at PSKW "Mulya Jaya"

Jakarta. The results concluded that H1 is accepted;

there is a significant relationship between self-

confidence and readiness to change in commercial

sex workers after attending rehabilitation at PSKW

"Mulya Jaya" Jakarta.

Based on the results of this study, a correlation

coefficient with the results of r = 0.326, p <0.05

means there is a significant positive relationship

between self-confidence and readiness to change in

commercial sex workers after participating in

rehabilitation at PSKW "Mulya Jaya" Jakarta. If the

higher the confidence of the CSW, the higher the

level of readiness to change. Vice versa, if the lower

the level of confidence in sex workers, the lower the

level of readiness to change.

Regarding the results of the description of

respondents, this study showed a low level of

confidence and readiness to change. It is because

when collecting data or filling out questionnaires,

participants did not seem serious in answering the

questionnaire. Before filling out the questionnaire,

participants in this study had to be forced to gather

in the designated room. Mrs. Fitri as a supervisor at

PSKW "Mulya Jaya" Jakarta said that when there

are activities such as socialization, training, or other

activities, it is very difficult to gather them to

participate in the activities carried out at PSKW

"Mulya Jaya" Jakarta.

The last assumption from the author is that the

individual's readiness to change is a small or indirect

factor that has a significant influence on the

confidence of CSWs in Jakarta's "Mulya Jaya"

PSKW. According to Holt in (Ella and Nyoman,

2013), individual readiness factors for change

consist of: appropriateness, management support,

self-efficacy, and personally beneficial Based on the

factors of readiness to change, they are not

convinced of the changes they made, unsure of the

organization leaders' serious commitments, unsure

of their ability to adapt to support changes in the

organization, and unsure of the changes can give

personal benefits.

The weakness of this study lies in the lack of

control data regarding the educational background of

commercial sex workers, the status of residence

(such as boarding houses, etc.). So, they can

describe the condition of the participants more

clearly. Then when filling out the questionnaire,

BINUS-JIC 2018 - BINUS Joint International Conference

442

there were some participants who could not read, so

the writer was overwhelmed in giving an

explanation to the participants.

For further research, the research should be

carried out in the next six months after completing

the rehabilitation period. Then, for further research it

is necessary to reproduce control data and make

appropriate intervention designs on Commercial Sex

Workers in Jakarta's "Mulya Jaya" PSKW.

REFERENCES

Agus. (2002) Cyber Crime: Pemahaman dan upaya

kejahatan berteknologi. Bandung: PT Citra Aditya

Bakti.

Ashriati, Alsa, & S. (2006) 'Hubungan antara dukungan

sosial orang tua dengan kepercayaan diri remaja

penyandang disabilitas cacat fisik SLB-YPAC', Jurnal

Psikologi Proyeksi, 47

Cunningham, C. E. (2002) 'Readines for organizational

change: A longitudinal study of workplace,

Psychological and Behavioral Correlates', Journal of

Occupational and Organization Psychology, 75, pp.

377–392

Fandy. (2014) Panti sosial karya wanita 'Mulya Jaya"

Jakarta. Retrieved January 11, 2018, from

https://mulyajaya.kemsos.go.id

Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2012) Research

methods for the behavioral science. Wadsworth:

Cengage Learning.

Hair. (2010) Multivarieate data analysis, 6th. New Jersey:

Person Education.

Holt. (2007) 'Readiness for organizational change the

systematic developmental a scale', The Journal of

Applied Behavioral Science, 2, pp. 232–255

Iswidharmanjaya, A., & Agung, G. (2005) Satu hari

menjadi lebih percaya diri. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media

Komputindo.

Krishna, A. (2006) Neo Psychic Awareness. Jakarta: PT

Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Lauster. (2002) The personality test. London: Pan Books.

Mastuti, & A. (2008) 50 kiat percaya diri. Jakarta: PT.

Buku Kita.

Muasyaroh, H. (2015) 'The transtheoritical model sebagai

model pembentuk perilaku sehat'

Samad, I. (2012) Pelacuran dalam orientasi kriminalistik.

L. Crimen.

Siregar, S. (2013) Metode penelitian kuantitatif. Jakarta:

Kencana Predanamedia Group.

Sugiyono. (2008) Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif

dan R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Wong, S. (2017) Hubungan kepercayaan diri dengann

komunikasi interpersonal pada mahasiswa yang

pernah berorganisasi di Universitas Bina Nusantara

Jakarta. Jakarta.

Relationship between Self-conﬁdence and Readiness to Change in Commercial Sex Workers after Rehabilitation in PSKW “Mulya Jaya”

Jakarta

443