Translation Quality Assessment:

Proceedings Carte Blanche of Translator in Localizing Simship

MMORPG Video Game in Indonesia

Agung Prasetyo Wibowo

; M.R. Nababan

; Riyadi Santosa

, Diah Kristina

Doctoral student of Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Indonesia

Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Translation Quality, Video Game, Localization, Carte Blanche, Transcreation, MMORPG, Dragon Nest.

Abstract: Video game translation, often called as localization, is a complex process that incorporates a number of

aspects from other types of translation, such as literary, audiovisual, and software translation, to form a

dynamic whole. As a new medium, video games also present their own challenges to translation in form of

interactivity. It allows translators to transcreate the things that are necessary to preserve the game

experience and to produce a fresh, engaging translation. This study looks at the translation quality

assessment in the application of translator’s Carte Blanche in localizing English Video Game into

Indonesian, with the goal of revealing the translation quality based on instrument of translation quality

assessment. The study uses descriptive qualitative method. In this case, the researcher collects, classifies,

and describes the data using the method. The total data of the research is 193 data and then were verified by

the expert and the translations were analyzed by raters related to the quality of translation. The result of this

paper shows that the average score of the translation quality of the analyzed video game in term of accuracy

is 1.8 or inaccuracy, acceptability is 2.26 or less acceptable and lastly readability is 2.38 or less readable.

1 INTRODUCTION

The beginning of localization practises can be

traced down to the 1980’s when the computer

industry and computer software sprang up (Esselink,

2000, p.3) and the globalization started to spread

around the world. Translation alone was not

sufficient for the software which was developed and

produced in one country to be adapted in a foreign

market (O’Hagan, 2007, p.2). Thus, more work had

to be done rather than translation because in

addition to text-based translation various

engineering processes had to be carried out – this

was done in the process of localization. As B.

Esselink (2000, p.3) explains, there are many

more activities included in the process of

localization than in the process of translation.

According to the authors, localization process

encompasses not only the activities of traditional

translation, i.e. terminology research, editing,

proofreading, page layout but also multilingual

project management, software and online help

engineering and testing, conversion of translated

documentation to other formats, translation

memory alignment and management, multilingual

product support, and translation strategy support.

One more important difference between

translation and localization is that the former is

performed after the product or document is finished

and released, and the latter could run in parallel

with the development of the source document

or product. This process is named as simultaneous

shipment (‘sim-ship’) by many authors (Chandler,

2005; Merino, 2006; O’Hagan, 2007) around the

globe.

A localized game should be understandable and

easy to play. Thus, translators are often given

freedom to modify, adapt, and remove any cultural

references, puns, as well as jokes, or any other

element they think is not suitable in the target

language. Game localization allows translators to

transcreate the things which are necessary to

preserve the game experience and to produce a fresh

and engaging translation. This type of creative

licence granted to game localisers would be an

exception in other types of translation unless they

are based on the Skopos theory of translation

Wibowo, A., Nababan, M., Santosa, R. and Kristina, D.

Translation Quality Assessment: Carte Blanche of Translator in Localizing Simship MMORPG Video Game in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0008215700002284

In Proceedings of the 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference (BELTIC 2018) - Developing ELT in the 21st Century, pages 31-38

ISBN: 978-989-758-416-9

(Toury, 1995, p.24) The Skopos theory could be

applied in game localization as translators do not

have to be loyal to the original text, but to the

overall game experience and the target text as well

as the target culture. Moreover, Mangiron and

O’Hagan (2006, p.11) introduced trancreation or

carte blanche "to explain the freedom granted to the

translator, albeit within severe space limitations.”

They stressed that transcreation or carte blanche is

the creativity and freedom that game translators

exercise. They observed that creativity indeed seems

to be promoted rather than diminished, at least in

some cases, even by the very constraints of various

kinds imposed on the translators.

However, carte blanche cannot be done easily.

Especially in a sim-ship type of localization. A good

translating ability alone is not enough for a translator

to wield this technique. A good programming skill

and knowledge about gaming world are also strongly

needed. Thus, even this strategy is highly

recommended, assessment toward it is really needed.

Since the translation will be so poor if the translator

fails to apply it.

Moreover, the Indonesian industry of game

localization in term of the quality is still

questionable. The result of the translation conducted

by Indonesian Video Games Development in adapt

this technique really need to be assessed in order to

produce a marketable games.

In fact, game developers localized many aspects

of video game (Merino, 2015) such as in-game text,

voice over and cinematics (audio and video scripts),

art (game logo, in-game texture embedded words,

glossaries, and even the packaging and promotion.

However, in Indonesia, tdorabaaaahere is no game

localized all of those aspects. The reason of this still

need to be studied, but in order to localized all of

those aspects needs a lot of money, which

localization cost is even with the production cost.

Furthermore, simship video games need to be

released as soon as the original video game

launched. Therefore, it is almost impossible to

localize all aspects in such a short time.

In the previous research, Hyttinen (2010)

conducted a research about cultural transfer in video

game localization. In her research, she explained

cultural representation in the localization of Fatal

Frame II: Crimson Butterfly and classified the game

into two main categories: representation and

functionality. In representation, Hyttinen divided it

into three aspects: in-game text, visual and audio.

Furthermore, she divided the in-game text aspects

into proper name and terminology. Finally, she

concluded there are 5 translation techniques

employed: retaining, change, omission, addition and

substitution.

Other research, Purnama (2014) conducted a

research about translation analysis of Pre-Battle

Dialogue which reflected the myth of hero in Devil

May Cry (DMC) trilogy. He aimed to find the

translation techniques used and its impact on the

translation quality. The result shows that there are

some translation techniques used, namely linguistic

variation, adaptation, literal, modulation,

transposition, pure borrowing, and omission. In term

of quality, the localized game can be categorized

into the accurate one viewed from the clarity of the

message that want to be conveyed. Meanwhile the

average score for acceptability shows that most

gamers feel that the localized game is less

acceptable. For the readability, all translation

techniques employed got perfect score, except

omission.

On the other side, Carlson and Corliss (2011)

conducted a research which entitled Imagined

Commodities: Video Game Localization and

Mythologies of Cultural Difference. This research

exclusively explained the authority which play a role

when the medium, in this case is the localizer, filters

the pictures and narrations that are sold and

marketed globally.

The other research related to the phenomenon of

video game localization has successfully discussed

about video game localization is in a Japanese video

games with case study Siren video game series

(Szurawitzki, 2010). This study raises the issue of

whether rules in video games affect localization and

how fictitious elements can affect localization. In the

research, the thing that gained is that the rules and

fiction in video games are often related. In order to

enjoy a video game perfectly, the most important

thing for gamers is to be able to master and

understand the rules of the video game. While

fiction provides integrity in playing video games,

and became the main reason in playing a video

game. Some cases are discussed both in the domain

of rules and fiction elements at the same time, and

thus can be analyzed in the context of the question.

A similar study that raised the phenomenon of

localization successfully discussed video game

translation in the Czech Republic (Petru, 2011). This

study focuses on the timeline of video game

translation since the era of translation done by the

fan until the era of translation conducted by

professionals in the Czech Republic. This study

deals only with historically existing phenomena.

And based on those reasons, phenomenon and

previous studies, since there is no research that

BELTIC 2018 - 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference

discuss about the quality of localization mainly in

in-game text assets in Indonesia, the researchers aim

to analyze and assess the translation quality of

transcreation or carte blanche strategy applied by

Indonesian game translator in translating the in-

game text assets of Dragon Nest video game.

2 CORE THEORIES OF THE

RESEARCH

In order to comprehend and follow the method

correctly, this research employ some of theories

which are becoming the core of the research. They

are as follow:

2.1 In-game Text Assets

There are 5 aspects in video game (Bernal-Merino,

2015), they are in-game text, voice over and

cinematics (audio and video scripts), art (game logo,

in-game texture embedded words, glossaries, and

even the packaging and promotion. In this study, the

researchers focus in analyzing the in-game text in

the game. In game text assets is the assets of video

game in form of texts that can be found inside the

game. O’Hagan and Mangiron (2013, p. 155)

explains further about in-game text in the table

below:

Table 1: In-game text assets proposed by O'Hagan and

Mangiron (2013, p. 155)

Relation

to game

word

Translation

assets

Text function and

description

Non dia-

getic

User

Interface

Info

mative function fo

smooth navigation and

gameplay. Typically

contains short text

ents

Non dia-

getic

System

Message

Info

mative function

for instructive

pragmatic purposes.

Messages generated

by the system, such

as warning,

instructions, and

confirmation

messages.

Diagetic

Narrative

Text

essive

informative function

for imparting certain

information in a

dramatic

manner.Literary

assages used to

engage the

the game world or to

a new level within

the game. They

contextualize and

provide information

about the game

story,

including a backstory.

Non

diagetic

Exposition /

tutorial

Informative function

with instructive and

didactic messages. In-

game tutorials may be

used to explain game

mechanics by way of

demonstration and the

player practice.

Diagetic

Unvoiced

dialogue

scripts

Informative /

expressive

function mainly to

provide information and

elicit a certain action by

the player. Dialogue

which appears only in

written form, ommonly

used for Non- Playable

Cha

acters NPCs).

2.2 Carte Blanche Strategy

In translating localized game, translators are free to

modify/adapt/remove anything that does not suit the

target language, e.g. cultural reference, puns, jokes,

etc. There is a creative license for game translator

that allows them to be unfaithful to the original text

as long as the overall game is fresh, engaging, and

can be accepted in the target culture as localized

game should be understandable and easy to play.

Toury (1995, p. 24) called this exception as the

Skopos theory. Other than that, Mangiron introduced

trasncreation or carte blanche that means “the

freedom granted to the translator, albeit within

severe space limitations”.

2.3 Quality of Translation

To analyze the quality of translation, related to the

accuracy, acceptability and readability, the

researcher used the instrument of translation quality

assessment from Nababan et,Al.,( 2012).

Table 2: Scoring system of Accuracy aspect. (Nababan,

Nuraeni, and Sumardiono, 2012)

Category Score Qualitative Parameter

Accurate

Meaning of the wo

technical terms,

phrases, clauses or

sentences of the source

language are translate

Translation Quality Assessment: Carte Blanche of Translator in Localizing Simship MMORPG Video Game in Indonesia

accu

ately to the ta

get

language; there is no

distortion in meaning at

all.

Less

Accurate

Most of the

eaning of

the word, technical term,

phrase, clause and

sentence of the source

language are translated

accurately to the

target language.

However, there is still a

meaning distortion or

ambiguity or lose in

eaning.

Inaccurate

Meaning of the word,

technical terms, phrases,

clauses or sentences of

the source language are

translated inaccurately to

the target language or

delete

Table 3: Scoring system of Acceptability aspect.

(Nababan, Nuraeni, and Sumardiono, 2012)

Category Score Qualitative Parameter

Acceptable

Translation is natural;

technical terms used is

commonly used and

familiar to the reader;

the phrases, clauses and

sentences used are in

conformity with the

Indonesian gramma

Less

Acceptable

In general, the

translation is already

natural; but there is little

problem with the use of

technical terms or a few

grammatical errors.

acceptable

Translation is not

natural; technical terms

used is unusual used and

not familiar to the

reader; the phrases,

clauses and sentences

used do not conform

with the Indonesian

grammar.

Table 4: Scoring system of readibility aspect. (Nababan,

Nuraeni, and Sumardiono, 2012)

Category Score Qualitative Parameter

Readable

Words, terms, phrases,

clauses, sentences can

be easily understood by

the reader.

Less

Generally the translation

Readable can be understood by the

reader; but there are

certain parts that must be

read more than once to

understand the

translation

Unreadable

Translation is difficult

for the reader to

understan

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This is a descriptive qualitative research which is

conducted by collecting the data, analyzing the data

and making conclusion from the research findings.

Sutopo (2006, p. 93) stated that the data used in

qualitative research are in the form of utterance,

words, clauses, and discourse. Creswell (2014, p.

232) also explained qualitative research relies on

text and image data, have unique steps in data

analysis, and draw on diverse design. In addition,

qualitative researches collect data themselves

through examining documents, observations, focus

on learning the data, review all the data, make sense

of it and organize it into categories that cut across al

of the data source. This research focuses in

analyzing the in-game text and its translation. The

data were taken from an MMORPG video game

entitled Dragon Nest North America version by

Eyedentity Games and its Localized version by PT

KreonGamescool. Furthermore, the impact of

transcreation technique employed in the localized

version will be analyzed toward the quality of

translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and

readability. After being collected, the English and

Indonesian versions the data were verified by the

expert and the translations were analyzed by raters

related to quality of translation through Focus Group

of Discussion (FGD). The researcher gave

questioners related to the carte blanche strategy,

technique of translation and quality of translation

from the accuracy, acceptability and readability.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Translation Quality of Carte

Blanche in User Interface (UI)

There are 25 data of Carte Blanche strategy used by

the translator in translating the user interface of in-

game text assets. The result shows that the average

score of accuracy in those data is 2.16, which can be

BELTIC 2018 - 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference

classified into less accurate; average score of

acceptability in those data is 1.45, which can be

classified into unacceptable; average score of

readability in those data is 1.97, which can be

classified into less readable. The details of the result

can be seen in the table below:

Table 5: Translation Quality of Carte Blanche in User

Interface of in-game text assets

Dom

ain

Issue

Num

ber

Data

Translation Quality

Accur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

User

Interf

ace

(UI)

Menu 5 1.8 1.6 1.8

Name 11 2.3 1.5 2.1

Item 4 2.25 1.5 2

Skill/

Job

5 2.3 1.2 2

Total and

average

25 2.16 1.45 1.97

There are five issues regarding the domain of

User interface (UI), they are menu, name, item and

skill/job. Menu is the in-game text data that shows

the option that the gamer can select through the

game, name is the word that a particular person

animal, or place known by, item is the thing that can

be used by the gamer through the game, and skill/job

is the special power or the ability possessed by the

heroes. Below is the example of the data analysis

taken from User Interface (UI):

Source

Language

Target

Language

Quality

cur

acy

Accepta

bility

Rea

dibil

ity

1 2 1

Clap Tepuk

From the example above, it can be concluded

that the translation version is not transferring the

clear meaning from the source language. The clap

itself according to Echols & Shadily English-

Indonesian dictionary (2002) is bertepuk tangan.

Meanwhile in this data clap is translated into

tepu… which is actually tepuk tangan but omitted

because of space restriction. According to Mangiron

and O’Hagan (2013), the characteristic of UI is

typically contained of short text fragments. The

translator failed in using the carte blache

strategy here to transfer the message correctly

since the message is not clear enough. Therefore

the quality in term of accuracy is 1 here or not

accurate, 2 for acceptability since it is accepted in

term of computer system but not accepted in the

target language grammar, and 1 point for readability

because tepu.. is unreadable since it is unfamiliar in

the target text.

4.2 Translation Quality of Carte

Blanche in System Information

There are 29 data of Carte Blanche strategy used by

the translator in translating the system messages of

in-game text assets. The result shows that the

average score of accuracy in those data is 2.15,

which can be classified into less accurate; average

score of acceptability in those data is 2.05, which

can be classified into less acceptable; average score

of readability in those data is 2.13, which can be

classified into less readable. The details of the result

can be seen in the table below:

Table 6: Translation Quality of Carte Blanche in

System Information of in-game text assets

Dom

ain

Issue

Num

ber

Data

Translation Quality

Accur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

Syste

Mess

age

Syste

Infor

matio

17 2.05 2.05 2.1

Pop-

messa

4 2.2 2.1 2.2

Game

Techo

logy

8 2.2 2 2.1

Total and

average

29 2.15 2.05 2.13

There are three issues regarding the domain of

User interface (UI), they are system information,

pop-up message, and game terminology. System

information is the message which appears on the

screen that function as the helper for the gamer and

it cannot be selected like the menu, The pop-up

message is the text that show up in a dialog box in

Translation Quality Assessment: Carte Blanche of Translator in Localizing Simship MMORPG Video Game in Indonesia

the screen, and the last is game terminology, a term

used in the game. Below is the example of the data

analysis taken from system information:

Source

Language

Target

Language

Quality

cur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

3 3 3

Lv. 3

Congratulati

ons on your

level u

Lv.3

Selamat

kamu naik

level!

From the example above, it can be concluded

that the translation version is transferring the clear

meaning from the source language. The expert and

the raters give perfect score (3) for each accuracy,

acceptability and readability. In this data, the

sentence is accurately translated to the target text.

The meaning in the target text is the same with the

meaning conveyed in the source text. As in the

acceptability aspect, it hits the perfect score since the

sentence structure in the target text is correct and

also its length is accepted by the computer system.

And the last, the translated version sounds natural to

the Indonesian people.

4.3 Translation Quality of Carte

Blanche in Narrative Text

There are 13 data of Carte Blanche strategy used by

the translator in translating the narrative text of in-

game text assets. The result shows that the average

score of accuracy in those data is 1.77, which can be

classified into less accurate; average score of

acceptability in those data is 2.4, which can be

classified into less acceptable; average score of

readability in those data is 2.4, which can be

classified into less readable. The details of the result

can be seen in the table below:

Table 7: Translation Quality of Carte Blanche in

Narrative Text of in-game text assets

Dom

ain

Issue

Num

ber

Data

Translation Quality

Accur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

Narra Back 4 1.75 2.5 2.5

tive

Text

groun

Story

In-

game

stroy

9 1.8 2.3 2.3

Total and

average

13 1.77 2.4 2.4

There are two issues regarding the domain of

narrative text, they are background story and in-

game story. Background story is the narration which

appears as the introduction of the game and shows

before the gamers start the game. Meanwhile the in-

game story is the narration which appears during the

gameplay to help the gamers stay in line with the

main story. Below is the example of the data

analysis taken from narrative text:

Source

Language

Target

Language

Quality

cur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

3 3 3

Illusion...

It’s time to

let go

Illusion...

Sekarang

Lepaskan

4.4 Translation Quality of Carte

Blanche in Tutorial/Exposition

Text

There are 60 data of Carte Blanche strategy used by

the translator in translating the tutorial/exposition

text of in-game text assets. The result shows that the

average score of accuracy in those data is 1.75,

which can be classified into less accurate; average

score of acceptability in those data is 2.49, which

can be classified into less acceptable; average score

of readability in those data is 2.49, which can be

classified into less readable. The details of the result

can be seen in the table below:

BELTIC 2018 - 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference

Table 8: Translation Quality of Carte Blanche in

proceeding Tutorial/Exposition Text of in-game text assets

Dom

ain

Issue

Num

ber

Data

Translation Quality

Accur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

Expos

tion/T

utoria

Guide 3 1.6 3 3

Descr

iption

57 1.9 1.98 1.98

Total and

average

60 1.75 2.49 2.49

There are two issues regarding the domain of

exposition/tutoria), they are guide and description.

Guide is used to lead the gamer on how to play the

game. Meanwhile the description is the explanation

that define the items, characters, place or things in

the game. Below is the example of the data analysis

taken from exposition/tutorial.

Source

Language

Target

Language

Quality

cur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

2 3 3

Left-clic

Perform

a normal

attack.

Kli

iri

Untuk

menggunaka

n normal

attac

From the example above, it can be known that

the scores of this translation are 2 for the accuracy, 3

for acceptability and 3 for the readability. The

expert of the translation give score 2 in this data.

The reason of this scoring is because the translator

choose to maintain the normal attack phrase into

normal attack. Although it is still accurate, but it

still can be translated since there is its equivalent in

the target language. Therefore this decision is

questioned and reduce the score.The raters give

perfect score (3) for each acceptability and

readability. As in the acceptability aspect, it hits the

perfect score since the sentence structure in the

target text is correct and also its length is accepted

by the computer system. And the last, the translated

version sounds natural to the Indonesian people.

4.5 Translation Quality of Carte

Blanche in Unvoiced Dialogue Text

There are 66 data of Carte Blanche strategy used by

the translator in translating the unvoiced dialogue of

in-game text assets. The result shows that the

average score of accuracy in those data is 1.17,

which can be classified into inaccurate; average

score of acceptability in those data is 2.93, which

can be classified into acceptable; average score of

readability in those data is 2.93, which can be

classified into readable. The details of the result can

be seen in the table below:

Table 9: Translation Quality of Carte Blanche in

Unvoiced Dialogue Text of in-game text assets

Dom

ain

Issue

Num

ber

Data

Translation Quality

Accur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

Unvoi

ced

Dialo

gue

Key

Dialo

gue

46 1.15 2.96 2.96

Supp

orting

Dialo

gue

20 1.2 2.9 2.96

Total and

average

66 1.17 2.93 2.43

There are two issues regarding the domain

of unvoiced dialogue, they are key dialogue and

supporting dialogue. Key dialogue is the main

conversation that the gamers need to do in order to

continue the game and keep in line with the main

story. It is usually containing the clue or hint of what

the gamer should do in order to continue the game.

On the other hand, the supporting dialogue is the

conversation between the main character with the

NPC (non player character). The conversation does

not affect the game story and usually only a hint lead

to side quest.

Source

Language

Target

Language

Quality

cur

acy

Accepta

bility

Readi

bility

2 2 2

Translation Quality Assessment: Carte Blanche of Translator in Localizing Simship MMORPG Video Game in Indonesia

We’re inside

your mind.

Disinilah

adalah

dunia didalam

u..

From the example above, it can be known that

the scores of this translation are 2 for the accuracy, 2

for acceptability and 2 for the readability. The

expert of the translation give score 2 in this data

because the translator’s choice in translatiice in

translating your mind into di dalam kamu. This

translation is rather unclear since di dalam can refer

not only to mind (benak) but also, for example, soul,

self, brain, and etc. therefore it is classified into less

accurate. The raters give 2 score for each

acceptability and readability. As in the

acceptability aspect, it is not hit the perfect score

since the sentence structure in the target text is

wordy. And the last, the translated version is less

readable because it sounds awkward to the

Indonesian people.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the result and discussion, it can be drawn

that the averages of accuracy in UI, system

messages, narrative text, tutorial/exposition text and

unvoiced dialogue of in-game text assets

consecutively are 2.16, 2.15, 1.77, 1.75, and 1.17.

From those numbers, it can be concluded that the

overall score of the accuracy is 1.8, which means the

accuracy of Carte Blanche technique applied by the

translator is less accuracy. Meanwhile, the averages

of acceptability in UI, system messages, narrative

text, tutorial/exposition text and unvoiced dialogue

of in-game text assets consecutively are 1.45, 2.05,

2.4, 2.49, and 2.93. From those numbers, it can be

concluded that the overall score of the acceptability

is 2.26, which means the acceptability of carte

blanche technique applied by the translator is less

acceptable. Lastly, the averages of readability in UI,

system messages, narrative text, tutorial/exposition

text and unvoiced dialogue of in-game text assets

consecutively are 1.97, 2.13, 2.4, 2.49, and 2.93.

From those numbers, it can be concluded that the

overall score of the readability is 2.38, which means

the readability of carte blanche technique applied by

the translator is less readable.

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BELTIC 2018 - 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference