Metaphors in the Novel of And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled

Hosseini using a Stylistic Analysis

Inike Tesiana Putri, Widyastuti Purbani

Applied Linguistics Department, Post-Graduate Program, Yogyakarta State University,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Metaphor, A Stylistic Analysis, And The Mountains Echoed

Abstract: In communicating, every person has different language style each other. It depends on the background

knowledge about language. The language style in the terms of literature study is stylistics. People

who writes the literary work usually uses the figure of speech in their work to arise the aesthetic and artistic

functions. There are many kinds of figure of speech, but the most common use the figure of speech is

metaphor. Metaphor is an expression which compares one thing to another thing. Metaphor is not only used

in learning material, but also metaphor is a phenomenon which can be found in daily conversation such as in

a speech, language learning and another condition related to language competence. Metaphor is an essential

device to make better sense in the conversation or writing, strengthen the effect of the idea which is

conveyed to others or to get the beautiful sense of it. The aims of this paper to analyze the kinds

of metaphor and its meaning based on the novel. It can be alternative device to learn metaphor by using the

novel. Usually the English language teachers analyze the figurative language especially metaphor by using

the text book. This study is descriptive qualitative research. The technique of the data used reading and

noting.

1 INTRODUCTION

Everybody knows that language is a crucial thing in

a society or social community such as to share the

thought, idea, desire, and feeling of someone.

Therefore, the language is beneficial to humans.

Generally, there are five language functions in

human beings. They are the informational function,

the expressive function, the directive function, the

phatic function, and the last is the aesthetic function

(Leech, 1974). Currently, the function of language

has changed. The language is not only used as a

communication tool in a society but also it serve as a

medium in literary works. The language used as a

medium in literary work is one of the five functions

of that language i.e. the aesthetic function.

The speakers or authors have different language

style. There is no person who has same language

style. Person who has a good language style will pay

attention in language usage such in the diction of

language or selection of words, in word order, in

language rule and so on. The use of good, clear and

informative language make the listeners or readers

easy to understand the information or messages from

the speakers or authors. The speaker or author as a

sender of information or messages has to choose and

construct the language to be a good speech, so that

the receiver of information or messages can

understand it easily.

The language style of person can be seen clearly

in literary works. The authors make their literary

works by using the different language because they

have different language style in conveying the

information or messages. The language style in

terms of literature study can be called by stylistics.

Stylistics is the study about the use of language in a

particular contexts to discover or explain something

with its artistic function and its effectiveness as a

communication tool (Nurgiyantoro, 2014).

The authors usually make the literary works by

giving the figurative language. Figurative language

Putri, I. and Purbani, W.

Metaphors in the Novel of And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini using a Stylistic Analysis.

DOI: 10.5220/0008217200002284

In Proceedings of the 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference (BELTIC 2018) - Developing ELT in the 21st Century, pages 44-52

ISBN: 978-989-758-416-9

is different from literal language because it

contains the meaning other than the actual or real

word for word meaning. It means that a word or

phrase which is used for extraordinary effect and

its unusual and un-literal or not literal meaning

(Punter, 2007; Richards and Schmidt, 2010; Stern,

2000). When the author uses literal language, he or

she is simply stating the facts as they are.

The literal language refers to the meaning of

word, phrase, sentence or even the discourse in their

real or actual sense. The figurative language is

different from the literal meaning because the literal

meaning unambiguous. For example, the land is

brown. The sentence has literal meaning because it

conveys what it means and it is easily to understood.

Not only that, the figurative language is hard to

define. The audience, listener or reader feels so hard

to describe, explain or interpret the meaning or the

purpose of literary works because of its abstract

nature or complexity. Figurative language force the

audience, listener and the reader to understand in

more detail.

The purpose of the speakers or authors who

write the literary works use the figurative language

because they want to arise the aesthetic or artistic

function (Kovecses, 2010). Figurative language can

be called by figure of speech. By using the figurative

language, the speakers or authors can evoke an

emotion or feeling and imagery from their writing.

Therefore, the figurative language makes the

expression of meaning through the speech or writing

easily to understand and more relatable to the

audiences, listeners and the readers in their daily

life.

Not only that, the purpose of the figurative

language is to provide a better sense of the speaker

and author's intention and to attract the interest of

the audiences, listeners and readers. They will enjoy

the literary works and feel involved in it. The use of

figurative language adds color and give the deeper

dimension to the literary work and to enhance the

enjoyment of the audiences, listeners and the

readers. The figurative language especially metaphor

gives artistic and aesthetic to literary works, so it can

be express some deep emotion to the audiences,

listeners, and readers (Kovecses, 2010).

Figurative language is common used in poetry,

but it also used in prose and non-fiction writing as

well. Figurative language or figure of speech is the

process of creative manipulation of the

phonological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic

structures of texts or associations of normal or usual

language use, producing extra patternings to

arriveat vivid expressions and innovative ideas

(Dearborn, 2005). It can be concluded that

figurative language or figure of speech is a

deviation language used in daily life. The deviation

can be seen from the use of standard language,

meaning, or word order in order to obtain a

particular effect or special meaning (artistic

meaning).

There are many kinds of figurative language

such as hyperbole, personification, metonymy,

simile, metaphor and so on. But the most common

use in figurative language is metaphor. Metaphor is

one of the figurative language or figure of speech

which compare one thing to another thing.

Metaphor is a figure of speech which compares one

thing to another thing without the conjunction

words like and as (Kovecses, 2010).

Nurgiyantoro (Nurgiyantoro, 2014) stated that

metaphor is a comparative form between two

things in the form of object, physical, idea,

property or other actions that are implicit. From

the statements above, the definition of metaphor is

an expression that contains set of words or phrases

to explain something as the delivery of information

and make the information more interesting by

comparing something to gain an aesthetic or artistic

meaning.

The metaphor can be found in learning

material at the school or the course. In fact, the

teachers or instructors only teach by explaining the

definition of figurative language especially

metaphor and its meaning without showing and

applying in daily conversation. The teacher or

instructor always asks the students to analyze the

figurative language or figure of speech by reading

the literary work. Not only that, they only give

some examples from the text book or literary work

to the students or learners.

Meanwhile, the use of metaphor is not only

used in literary works such as in a poem, poetry,

drama, novel and so on but the use of metaphor

also can be seen in daily conversation. It can be

seen in many situations such as in a speech,

conference, meeting or another formal situations

(Amirudin, 2017). It can be applied in another

aspects which is correlated to the language

competence. The language have close relation with

metaphor. Automatically, the person who has

speech or writing contains metaphor. Any textbook

usually contains about the metaphor.

No one can use the metaphor in their daily

conversation. This is due to the lack of knowledge

about kinds of figurative language or figure of

speech especially in the use of metaphor

component. Sometimes, people use metaphor in

their speech or writing but they do not realize

Metaphors in the Novel of And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini using a Stylistic Analysis

when their speaking or writing contains metaphor

element (Sommer & Weiss, 2001). People tend

to use the normal language or simple language

without any figurative language or figure of speech

especially metaphor. Most of people think and

assume that the use of figurative language in their

speech or writing is very difficult, complicated

and need more times to analyze, interpret and

understand it. People also think that figurative

language especially metaphor only used in

literature class (Goatly, 1997). However, there

are some orators who use this metaphor. The

purpose of the metaphor’s use by the orator is to

influence the idea, thought, feelings, aims, and

desires of the listener or minor community

(Ricoeur, 2003).

In this era, many people want things that

are pratical. They do not want anything that

is considered complicated and troublesome.

Therefore, people will reduce the use of figurative

language or figure of speech especially metaphor

usage in their speech and writing. This

phenomenon make the sense of language and the

power of language will be diminished or even lost.

Even though, the sense of language make the

audiences, listeners and the readers can interest to

their speech or writing. So they tend to use the

normal language or simple language. But actually,

metaphor is an essential device in communication.

It can make the better sense in the conversation

or writing, strengthen the effects of the content of

message which is conveyed to others or to get

the beautiful sense of it (Kovecses, 2010).

This research is expected to be useful to others

and the people will understand and comprehend

about the importance of using metaphor in a daily

life. By using the metaphor, people are expected to

have a good language style. It can also soften the

use of the language. The user of the metaphor will

not offend or hurt the feelings of his or her

interlocutor because he or she uses a good

language, has the good language construction,

elegant, and persuasive language.

Based on the background of the problems,

this research's aim is to know the kinds of

metaphor and its meaning in the novel entitled And

The Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini.

2 THE NATURE OF STYLISTIC

This research based on the theory of stylistics

because metaphor related to the language style.

Language style include the stylistics. Metaphor is

one of the figurative language while the figurative

language include the language style. Language style

is a part of stylistics.

The are many experts who explain the definition

of stylistics. (Kridalaksana, 2011) stated that the

stylistics is a study about the use of language in a

literary work and the combination between

linguistics and literature and also the application of

linguistics in language style research. Usually, the

stylistics used in a poem or a play but the use of

language style can be applied in the prose like a

novel. All of the literary works can apply the

stylistics. (Turner, 1977) gives explanation about

stylistics it means a part of linguistic which is

focused on the variation of language use. It means

that the language use in daily conversation

have different with language use in literary works.

The author of literary works make their literary

works to be a good and have aesthetic or artistic

function in the literary works. Stylistics derived

from style means language style. The stylistics is a

branch of applied linguistics that focuses on

language style. Stylistic is something that the author

use to accomplish a goal, because stylistic is a

way of expressing from the author's mind, soul,

and personality in their own unique way.

Stylistics is a study about the use of language in

a particular context to find or explain the aestetic or

artistic function in the text (Nurgiyantoro, 2014).

The same statement comes from Leech & Short in

(Nurgiyantoro, 2014) stylistic related to how to use

language in particular context, author, purpose and

so on. The another opinion (Matthews, 1997) stated

that stylistics is a study of style in a language; of

variations in usage among literary and other texts.

Stylistics is the study which examine the use of

language and language style in literary work. The

purpose of stylistics is to interest or attract people

enjoy the literary work.

Stylistics analysis aims to explain the aestetic

function in language use, such as the aspects of

sound, lexical, figurative language, rhetorical until

graphological aspects. There are some aspects of

stylistic i.e. first, phonology such as speech patterns,

rhymes and rhythms. Second, syntax such as

morphological structure, phrase, clause and

sentence. Third, lexical such as the use of certain

words (abstract or concrete) and the frequency of

using particular type of words (noun, verb,

adjective). Fourth, the using of figurative language

and rhetorical device (figure of speech, structural

alignment, imagery, etc.) (Abrams, 1999).

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3 THE THEORY OF METAPHOR

There are many kinds of figurative language or

figure of speech, but the most common use in

literary works is metaphor. Almost the authors use

metaphor in their writing. Metaphor are used in

many ways such as in a poetry or another literary

works, and anytime someone wants to add some

color to their language use in their speech or their

writing. Nowadays, the use of metaphor can be

applied in novel. There are some experts who

explain the definition of metaphor.

The study of metaphor begins with the theory

from Aristotle who explain what the metaphor is.

Metaphor is the transference of a term from one

thing to others; the form of this things are genus to

species, species to genus, species to species, or by

analogy. Aristotle assume that metaphor as a word-

long phenomenon, a distinct word that can be

extracted from the sentence and replaced with the

related word in it (Weiss, 2006).

The word metaphor is derived from meta and

pherein. It comes from the Greek metaphora. Meta

means over and pherein means to carry. So,

metapherein means transference. Metaphor is one of

the figure of speech in which a word or phrase is

used in describing about something that it does not

literally meaning (Mcglone, 2017). For example, this

journal is a gem. It means that the journal had no

difficulty in understanding it. (Richards & Schmidt,

2010) metaphor is an expression in which something

is compared to another thing but no function words

are used. The function words are like and as. A

metaphor is one of the figure of speech which

compare one thing to another thing. The form can be

an object, feeling, thought or action. Metaphor is not

literally true or unliteral meaning. The meaning of

text which contains metaphor is not true, not real.

The audiences, listeners and readers have to explain

or interpret carefully. They need more times to

analyze the purpose of it.

Knowles & Moon (2006) give explanation about

metaphor in a discourse, metaphor is an important

thing because of its purposes in explaining,

clarifying, describing, expressing, evaluating, and

entertaining. The other purposes of metaphor in

order to communicate about our idea and feeling

related to something. Not only that, the function of

metaphor is to convey the meaning in a more

interesting or creative way. (Nurgiyantoro, 2014)

stated metaphor is a figure of speech which

compares one thing to another thing. Metaphor is a

kind of analogy that compares two things directly.

Metaphor as direct comparisons do not use the word

as, tubs, like, etc so that the first principal directly

connected with the principal second fact. The

metaphor means the comparison thing directly

without using the conjunction words such as like and

as. The use of metaphor make the speech or writing

more interesting and the audience, listener and

reader enjoy and interest with the speech or writing.

The audience, listener and reader easy to understand

about what the author or speaker said.

Metaphor is divided into two types, they are

conceptual metaphor and linguistic metaphor.

Lakoff and Johnson explain they are two domains in

conceptual metaphor, first, target domain is used for

the concept area to which the metaphor is applied

(they are abstract and implicitly). Second, source

domain is used for the concept area from which the

metaphor is drawn (in a daily life or close to the

readers and explicitly (Knowles & Moon, 2006;

Simpson, 2004). The source domain is a domain

which explain the target domain. The target domain

is the domain that we try to understand through the

use of the source domain. For example, Argument is

War. Argument is a target domain while War is a

source domain.

Meanwhile, linguistic metaphor is divided into

three elements. They are tenor, vehicle and ground.

Tenor is a concept or something which is described,

spoken of, denoted or compared. Tenor can be called

receptor or target domain. Vehicle is also called

source domain. The function of vehicle is a concept

that describe, deflect, symbolize the tenor. Ground is

a relationship between tenor and vehicle (Knowles

& Moon, 2006). The tenor is the subject to which

attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the object

whose attributes are borrowed. For example Mariah

Carey is a total angel. The tenor of this metaphor is

Mariah Carey while the vehicle is angel.

Halley ( 1980) divides the kinds of metaphor,

they are first metaphor is being metaphor. Being

metaphor is one of the types of metaphor that refers

to the abstract, such as the truth, compassion, hatred,

and so on. For example, your smile is my happiness.

The word of happiness is a abstract component.

Second, cosmos metaphor. It means this metaphor

component contains the cosmos object such as the

sun, moon, earth, sky, planets, stars, satellites,

nebulae, asteroids, meteorids and so on. For

example, he is my sun and he lighting my life. The

word of sun is a cosmos object.

Third, energetic metaphor is related to something

or object which is has the power or strength such

wind, light, fire, etc. For example, his spirit is fire.

The word of fire is a energetic metaphor. Fourth,

substantial metaphor is related to gas, humidity,

Metaphors in the Novel of And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini using a Stylistic Analysis

moisture, odor etc. As for an example, the aromatic

of her hair make me melted. Fifth, terrestrial

metaphor related to things which are bound or

spanned on the surface of the earth such as rivers,

sea, mountains.

Sixth, objective metaphor is a metaphor of

inanimate objects that include objects which is

lifeless and can be seen for sight such as chairs,

tables, cups, plates, and so that can be destroyed and

broken. Seventh, living metaphor is a metaphor

related to the whole of life such as types of plants

(flora) i.e. grass, leaves, trees, and others

Eight, animate metaphor is a metaphor

associated with creatures of organisms that can

walk, run, fly, eat, and others. For example cats,

cows, buffalo, horses, dogs, and so on. The last

metaphor is human metaphor. This metaphor is

related to the creature who can think and have

thought or intelligence.

4 THE BENEFITS OF

METAPHOR USAGE IN

LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN

CENTURY

Using figurative language especially metaphor in the

speech or writing is an effective way in

communication with others. However, the use of

figurative language is considered something difficult

and complicated. People need more times to analyze

and interpret the speech or writing which contain

figurative language particularly in metaphor.

Although the figurative language give the un-literal

meaning, it can be used in comparing one thing to

another thing and make it easier to understand.

Teaching metaphor by using the novel can be

used as an alternative teaching method to create a

conducive and effective learning atmosphere. The

students will enjoy in the learning process. Usually

the students learn the figurative language from text

book and they will feel bored soon.

Actually, there are many advantages that can be

taken from the use of figurative language especially

metaphor in the daily life, they are; by using

metaphor. It is useful for the English learners or

student (Lazar, 2003). The students will expand the

language awareness. The students will be sensitive

to the phenomenon of language problems at that

time. It benefecial in encouraging the ability of

students to talk about their opinions, ideas, and

feelings to others. It can be called that metaphor

make the students have critical thinking. The

students will comment or respond anything about

something.

The another benefit in studying metaphor is

improving students' creative ability. The student will

use the language based on their creativity to produce

the good speech or writing. They will choose and

select the good words to use in any condition or

situation. It can be in increasing the student ability in

imagine about something. It helps the student to

understand what the speech or writing said.

Moreover, metaphor gives extra advantage in

developing the speaking and writing skill of the

students because the students’ vocabulary increase

very well through reading the text and listen the

sound which contains the metaphor so their

capability in language competence is grow . The

construction of the language use will be a good

production in a speech and a writing.

5 METHOD

This research is a methodological approach in the

form of qualitative descriptive approach. Sudaryanto

asserts that descriptive approach is an approach that

will characterize the result of the study concerned

with language by marking the use the language step

by step. Whereas, qualitative approach relates to the

data which is not in the form of numbers, but the

data collected are words. It means that the data

explanation given by the researcher uses some

statement, sentence, quotations, description

(Moleong, 2017). It is used to describe all questions:

to describe the types of metaphor and its meanings.

5.1 Data Source

The data source is divided into two types i.e.

primary data source and secondary data source. The

primary data source consist of the novel from the

third novel of Khaled Hosseini entitled is And the

Mountains Echoed that consists of 446 pages. It was

published by Riverhead Books on May 21

, 2013.

The secondary data source is other sources to

support the analysis from critical books or reviews

and some essays about the novel. The researcher

also took the other references such as articles and

journals from internet and library. The unit of

analysis in this research is all of the words, phrases,

sentences which contain metaphor found in the And

The Mountains Echoed novel by Khaled Hosseini.

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5.2 Data Collection

According to (Sudaryanto, 2015), method in

collecting data is divided into two, namely:

observation and interview method. This research use

observation method is a method used in language

research by observing the use of language on the

object that will be studied. Observation method is

chosen because the object that will be analyzed is in

transcription of the novel. Observation method must

also be followed by reading and noting techniques.

The procedures of data collecting of this study are as

follows, (1) the researcher reads and observes of that

novels, (2) the researcher give marks by underling

the texts which contain metaphor components, (3)

the researcher writes the data in data card, (4) the

researcher classify the data based on the function of

the metaphor components.

5.3 Data Analysis

This research used Padan method, this method is

often called the method of identity. Padan method is

used to examine or determine the identity of the

determinant a lingual unit from the outside of the

language. There are five types of Padan method,

they are referential method, articulatory phonetic

method, translational method, orthographic method

and the last is pragmatic method. The researcher

uses the orthographic method, in which the

recording device is detector and preservative

language or writing. The writing is all about the text

or dialogue which contains metaphors from the

novel by Khaled Hosseini.

6 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this section will be described the results of the

analysis that has been done along with the

discussion. The problem that will be described in

this research is the kinds of metaphor and its

meaning.

The author of the novel entitled And the

Mountains Echoed, Khaled Hosseini, often use the

form of being metaphor than others. After that, the

author uses energetic, cosmos, substantial, objective,

and living metaphor.

Table 1: Kinds of Metaphor in the Novel entitled And the

Mountains Echoed

Kinds of Meta

Percentage

Being Metaphor 43,33 %

Cos

os Meta

20 %

Energetic Metaphor 23,33 %

Substantial 6,6 %

Terrestrial Metaphor 0 %

jective Meta

3,3 %

Living Meta

3,3 %

Ani

ate Meta

0 %

an Meta

0 %

The first form of the metaphor is being metaphor.

Being metaphor refers to the object which abstract,

not real. People can not see the object by their eyes.

It does not exist at any particular the place or the

time. Abstract object does not show the real world, it

can be felt by the feeling. The author use this form,

being metaphor because the author wants to arise the

imagination and make the readers feel what the

character is feeling.

The first sentence which contains being

metaphor, With a broken heart, he lifted his

youngest son into his arms, and Qais, who had blind

trust in his father, happily wrapped his arms around

Baba Ayub's neck (Hosseini, 2013, p. 6).The tenor or

the target domain is broken. The vehicle or can be

called source domain is heart. The words a broken

heart include the being metaphor because it is not

real or abstract. It can not be seen by using the eyes.

The meaning of these words is to describe, explain

and interpret about the feeling of someone who is

sad about something.

The second sentence which contains being

metaphor, I suspect he will touch many lives with his

kindness and bring happiness to those trapped in

sorrow (Hosseini, 2013, p. 12). In this sentence

consist of two metaphorical text. The first underline

text is touch many lives with his kindness. The

meaning of it is there is a hope that someone will

feel and give the something the someone else lives.

The tenor or the target domain is touch many lives

and the vehicle or source domain is with his

kindness. The second underline text is bring

happiness. The word which tenor or target domain is

bring. The vehicle or source domain is happiness.

The target domain is the domain that we try to

understand through the use of the source domain.

The word happiness is describe and explain the

target domain or tenor bring.

The third sentence which contains being

metaphor, The potion that erased these memories?

(Hosseini, 2013, p. 15). In this sentence which

contains the tenor or target domain is erased and the

vehicle or source domain is these memories. The

meaning and purpose of this sentence erase these

memories is to delete or want to forget the all

memories that somebody have. They do not want to

Metaphors in the Novel of And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini using a Stylistic Analysis

remember again about the moment. The word

memories include the being metaphor because

memories can not be seen by the eyes.

The fourth sentence which contains being

metaphor is From the small red wagon up ahead,

Pari cried out his name, her voice high, shaking the

apprehension (Hosseini, 2013, p. 19). It can be seen

that the tenor or target domain is shaking and the

vehicle or source domain is the apprehension. The

purpose of the author use this sentence is to arise the

frightened or worried from the readers. The author

wants that the readers can feel this situation worried

about something.

The fifth sentence which contains being

metaphor is His love for her was vast and unclouded

(Hosseini, 2013, p. 27).The tenor or the target

domain is his love and the vehicle or source domain

is vast and unclouded. It means that the character

love so much to her. He gives more love than others.

His great love to her is described by a vast and

unclouded expression.

The author uses the second type of metaphor.

The first sentence which contains objective

metaphor, He walked in the dark, his cane tapping

before him, the night breeze stroking his face

(Hosseini, 2013, p. 17). The tenor or the target

domain of the sentence is breeze and the vehicle or

source domain stroking his face. The meaning of the

sentence is the wind at night is very cold and fast.

Meanwhile, the author uses energetic metaphor.

Energetic metaphor related to the thing or object

which is has the particular power or strength. The

first sentence which contains energetic metaphor is

He was also one of those boys so bursting with

energy that he drained others of theirs (Hosseini,

2013, p. 3). The tenor or the target domain is those

boys and the vehicle or the source domain is so

bursting with energy. The meaning of the sentence is

the boy has the more spirit and never tired of doing

something. The vehicle, so bursting with energy,

describes the tenor the boy. So the boy have many

power to do something.

The second sentence which contains energetic

metaphor is, He sat in a corner, weeping, streams of

tears pouring from both eyes as though he means to

end the village's streak of droughts with them

(Hosseini, 2013, p. 7). The tenor or the target

domain of the sentence is tears and the vehicle or

the source domain is streams. The word streams

describe the tears. It means that someone who was

sob crying. This person was so sad.

The third sentence which contains energetic

metaphor is, Her heart leapt with joy and she cried

out with relief (Hosseini, 2013, p. 14). The tenor or

the target domain of the sentence is her heart and

the vehicle or the source domain is leapt. The

meaning of the sentence is the person feel very

happy because it can be seen from the underline text

her heart leapt.

The author uses the cosmos metaphor in the

novel. The purpose of the cosmos metaphor is

related to the objects or things in the sky or it can be

in outer space. The first sentence which contains

cosmos metaphor is He walked until the sun was a

faint red glow in te distance (Hosseini, 2013, p. 8).

The tenor or the target domain is sun and the vehicle

or the source domain is was a faint. The source

domain is the domain which describes or explains

the target domain means that the suns will soon set

in the west.

The second sentence which contains cosmos

metaphor is, She was his universe (Hosseini, 2013,

p. 27). The tenor or the target domain of the

sentence is she and the vehicle or the source domain

is his universe. The meaning of the sentence is that

the person (she) is owned by another character (his).

This guy (his) loves the girl so much. He thinks that

she is everything in his life. Not only that, he

considers that she is the most precious person for

himself.

The third sentence which contains cosmos

metaphor is, Fat rain fell from the sky, and the

village rose thirstily to meet it (Hosseini, 2013, p.

15). The tenor or the target domain is fat rain. The

vehicle or the source domain is fell. The function of

the source domain is to describe the target domain

fat rain. It means that in the area is raining heavily.

Moreover, the author use the living metaphor.

Living metaphor is related to the whole of life such

as types of plants or flora. The sentence which

contains the living metaphor is, Fat rain fell from

the sky, and the village rose thirstily to meet it

(Hosseini, 2013, p. 15). The word contains tenor or

the target domain is rose. The vehicle or the source

domain is thirstily. The word rose is one of the

plants.

Based on the analysis above, the researcher

concludes that the novel from Khaled Hosseini

entitled And the Mountains Echoed contains the

figurative language especially metaphor. Metaphor

is one of the figurative language or figure of speech

which compares one thing to another thing. The

comparison is directly. This comparison is not use

the conjunction word such as using the word as and

like.

There are many types or kinds of metaphor, they

are being metaphor, cosmos metaphor, energetic

metaphor, substantial metaphor, terrestial metaphor,

BELTIC 2018 - 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference

objective metaphor, living metaphor, human

metaphor, and animate metaphor. But the researcher

only found six dominant of the kinds of metaphor,

they are being metaphor, energetic metaphor,

cosmos metaphor, substantial metaphor, objective

metaphor, and living metaphor.

This research is more be useful than other

researches, because the other of researches only

analyze the figurative language in general, it is not

specific. This research is focus on the metaphor

only. The common of other researches show the use

of metaphor only in a poem or poetry while this

research is analyzing the metaphor in a novel. The

novel which contains metaphor arise the aesthetic or

artistic function to attract the interest of the readers.

The readers will feel happy and enjoy the novel. The

readers feel involved in the novel. The readers feel

what the characters of the novel felt.

This research offers different in analyzing the

problems. This problem start from the phenomena

that occur at currently. This research can be used as

a reference in analyzing metaphor based on the

novel. The novel can be used as one of the learning

media to attract the interest of the students and the

students will enjoy in learning process.

7 CONCLUSIONS

In this research, the researcher concludes that the use

of metaphor in the novel entitled And the Mountains

Echoed by Khaled Hosseini contains six types of

metaphor. The sequence of the number of kinds of

metaphor as follows, being metaphor, energetic

metaphor, cosmos metaphor, substantial metaphor,

objective metaphor, and living metaphor.

The purpose of the author use the figurative

language or figure of speech especially in metaphor

is to give the different colors in literary work. The

authors of literary work will attract the interest of the

readers. The readers will feel happy when they read

the author's literary work. They will feel what is

happening in the novel, they will feel the happiness

and sadness experienced by those characters.

This research suggest to the language teachers or

instructors to teach the metaphor by using the novel.

Novel can be used as an alternative teaching method

to make a conducive and effective learning

atmosphere. The student will participate in learning

process actively.

There are many advantages that can taken from

using novel in the classroom. The students do not

bored in learning process and the students will enjoy

during the learning process.

The vocabularies capability of the students will

increase unconsciously. The use of the language of a

person will be good, the construction of the language

is used will be well ordered. They will think and

consider the use of language and select or choose the

good words or it can be called diction. The students

will be sensitive and aware of the language used. If

students use improper language, they will correct it

directly and replace the improper word to make it a

good speech structure.

The use of metaphor is not only focused on

learning materials but can be applied in daily

conversation. By metaphors, one can compare

something that is difficult by visualizing another

thing. The use of metaphors can refine the speech

conveyed by a speaker or author. If someone wants

to express an opinion, idea, thought and feeling or

maybe someone want to refute something it will feel

more polite. The metaphor usage is to develop the

critical thinking of the students.

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