Knowledge about Child Sexual Abuse among Parents of Preschoolers
in South Grogol Kebayoran Lama, South Jakarta
Jamaludin
1
, Dina Setya Rahmah Kelrey
1
1
Department of Nursing Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta
Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse, Parents’ Charecteristics, Parents’ Knowledge
Abstract: Knowledge of parents about the dangers of child sexual abuse have an important to decrease numbers of
sexual assault on a child. Knowledge of parents affected by several factors, including the role of parents,
age, education, employment status, marital status and income. The purpose of this study was to determine
whether there is a relationship between the characteristics of parents with knowledge of the sexual abuse of
preschooler in South Grogol. This method is quantitative correlative study design with 120 respondent who
were taken using cluster sampling technique. The instrument is questionnaire with analyzed univariate and
bivariate analysis (chi-square test). The results showed 55% of respondents have less knowledge about
sexual abuse in preschool children and 45% of respondents have a good knowledge. There is a relationship
between the role of parents (p = 0.01), education (p = 0.00), marital status (p = 0.01), and income (p = 0.00)
with the knowledge of parents about sexual abuse in preschool children. The odds ratio (OR) role as parents
show that father 0.373 times less likely to have good knowledge of the mothers and the elderly high income
4.07 times more likely to have better knowledge than low-income parents. There is no relationship between
age (p = 0.507) and employment status (p = 0.66) with the knowledge of parents about child sexual abuse in
preschool children.
1 INTRODUCTION
Sexual abuse in children is a very serious problem
with short and severe damage, and long time for the
victim. Not only does the child's physical harm,
more than that, sexual abuse in children also injures
the child psychologically and mentally. Sexual abuse
in children is all sexual activity involving children
before the age in which children could engage in
sexual activity (Barliner, 2011).
Sexual abuse can be interpreted more specifically
to physical violence and non-physical sexual
violence. Physical sexual violence, for example,
touches unnaturally the child's body parts (breasts
and genitals), may also be oral, anal, and vaginal
penetration. While non-physical sexual abuse in
children refers to the act of forcing children to take
pictures naked, involving or showing masturbation,
involving or displaying pornographic material, and
showing sexual relationships in children, both
adolescence, schooling, and preschool (Johnson,
2004).
Preschoolers are children of 3 to 5 years of age.
Child sexual development at this stage is a very
important phase where in this phase children form a
strong attachment with parents of different sex while
identifying parents of the same sex. In this phase of
the child really need the support and proper
explanation about sexuality for identity and
confidence of children.
Therefore, in order to educate and protect
children, parents should be equipped with adequate
knowledge, especially about sexual abuse.
Knowledge of parents includes understanding, type,
and signs of sexual violence in children. In addition,
parents also need to know who has the potential to
be the perpetrator, and potential children become
victims. Parents are also required to provide
knowledge to prevent acts of sexual abuse in
children (Barliner, 2011).
The results of a preliminary study that
researchers conducted in South Grogol Village,
Kebayoran Lama, showed that most of the
population is an urban community with a variety of
backgrounds and cultures. While the results of
interviews conducted show that from 24 parents,
found that knowledge of parents is still very minimal
about sexual abuse in children, especially signs of
86
Jamaludin, . and Kelrey, D.
Knowledge about Child Sexual Abuse among Parents of Preschoolers in South Grogol Kebayoran Lama, South Jakarta.
DOI: 10.5220/0008394900002442
In Proceedings of the Aceh International Nursing Conference (AINC 2018), pages 86-90
ISBN: 978-989-758-413-8
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

symptoms, potential abusers, and how to prevent. In
addition, demographic results show that 18 out of 24
parents in South Grogol Village, Kebayoran Lama
who interviewed researchers are people with income
levels, and low educational background.
Parental knowledge of sexual abuse is expected
to prevent sexual abuse in children, but, in fact, the
level of sexual abuse in children continues to
increase. Parental characteristics (parent's role as
father or mother, age, marital status, education,
occupation, and income) are factors that can
influence knowledge. Therefore, this study would
like to see whether there is a relationship between
the characteristics of parents with parental
knowledge about sexual abuse in preschoolers (3-5
years).
2 METHODS
2.1 Hypothesis
The hypothesis proposed in this study relates to the
theoretical framework as follows:
1) There is a relationship between parental role and
parental knowledge about sexual violence in
preschool children in South Grogol Village.
2) There is a relationship between age and parental
knowledge about sexual violence in preschool
children in South Grogol Village.
3) There is a relationship between parental
education and parents' knowledge of sexual
violence in preschoolers in South Grogol.
4) There is a relationship between the marital status
of parents and parents' knowledge of sexual
violence in preschool children in South Grogol
Village.
5) There is a relationship between the status of the
parents' occupation and the knowledge of parents
about sexual violence in preschool children in
the South Grogol Village.
6) There is a relationship between parental income
and parents' knowledge of sexual violence in
preschoolers in the South Grogol Village.
2.2 Research Design
The research design used in this research is
quantitative research using correlational method of
analytic design. Correlational research is a study
designed to test the relationship between two or
more variables within a group. In addition, this study
is also useful to see the direction of the relationship
(positive or negative) and the strength of the
relationship of research variables (Dharma, 2011;
Swardjana, 2012). The independent variables of this
study are the characteristics of the parents while the
dependent variable is the knowledge of parents
about sexual violence in preschool
children.Therefore, researchers want to see the
relationship and direction of the two variables.
2.3 Time and Location of Research
This research was conducted in Grogol Selatan,
Kebayoran, South Jakarta. The study was conducted
from May 1 to 7 May 2015.
2.4 Population and Sample
The population in this study were parents of
preschool children of age (3 - 5) years. The number
of preschoolers in the southern Grogol sub-district is
874 people spread over 10 RWs. (Data Office of
South Grogol Urban Village, 2014). The sample
selection in this research using cluster sampling
technique is taking samples on the existing cluster.
Where individuals within the group are
heterogeneous but between groups do not have
differences (Budiarto, 2008; Dharma, 2011).
The first step is to rank the number of
preschoolers (3 - 5) years old in the South Grogol
Village based on the domicile within the RW. After
that systematically in select one cluster or RW with
preliminary study results that reveal knowledge of
parents about sexual violence in preschool children
is still lacking. This is also supported by the greatest
number of preschool children to represent and
represent the entire population of preschool parents
in Grogol Selatan Urban Village. So selected RW 05
as a sample in this study, with a sample size of 120
people.
2.5 Research Instruments
Data collection tool in this study is a questionnaire
that refers to the theory in accordance with the basic
research. The scale used in the questionnaire for
knowledge variables is the Guttman Scale. Where
the scale is a series of statements about the objects
that match the research in sequence. Measurement
scale with this type will get a firm and consistent
answer "right" or "wrong" (Notoadmojo, 2012;
Widoyoko, 2013).
Normality test on scoring data using
Kolmogorov - Smirnov test resulted p value = 0,092.
The p> 0,05 value proves that the data has a normal
Knowledge about Child Sexual Abuse among Parents of Preschoolers in South Grogol Kebayoran Lama, South Jakarta
87

distribution. Therefore, the categorization of
knowledge uses the mean instead of the median,
where the mean value is 22.72. Respondents were
stated to have less knowledge if they had a total
score <22.72 and were stated to have good
knowledge when the total score was ≥22.72.
2.6 Validity and Reliability Test
Researchers arrange a series of statements based on
theoretical basis, in the form of a grid of the
questionnaire to further tested the validity of
research instruments in the form of content validity.
Content validity is done to three lecturers of nursing
children, Nursing Science Program Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences State Islamic
University "Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta".
The technique of instrument reliability testing in
this study used the Kuder-Richardson (KR-20)
technique. In this method does not require
statements in the instrument must be the same level
of difficulty. In addition, this method requires only
three pieces of information: the number of items
statement questionnaire, mean (Mean), and standard
deviation (SD). This method is often used for
measuring devices with dichotomous scales (2
answer choices). So, it can be said that this method
is most suitable for measuring instrument reliability
with Guttman scale (Dharma, 2011; Simamora,
2005).
3 RESULTS
3.1 Characteristics of Respondents
Characteristics of respondents in Grogol Selatan
Urban Village in this study consisted of the role as
parent, age, education, employment status, marital
status and income. Respondents in this study are
parents who have preschool children 3 - 5 years who
are domiciled in RW 5 Village Grogol Selatan. The
total number of respondents is 120 people. The
respondent characteristic data is presented in the
form of frequency distribution and percentage.
Table 1: Frequency distribution of respondents’ role as
parents.
No. Role of parents f %
1. Father 51 42.5
2. Mother 69 57.5
Total 120 100
Table 2: Frequency distribution of respondents’ age.
No. Age
f %
1. 18-40 years old 88 73,3
2.
>40 years old
32 26,7
Total 120 100
Table 3: Frequency distribution of respondents’ education.
No. Education f %
1.
2.
3.
4.
Elementary School
Junior High School
Senior High School
College
24
41
32
23
20,0
34,2
26,7
19,2
Total 120 100
Table 4: Frequency distribution of respondents’
employment status.
No.
Employment
Status
Father Mother f %
1.
2.
Work
Does not work
50
1
39
30
89
31
74,2
35,8
Total 51 69 120 100
Table 5: Frequency distribution of respondents by marital
status.
No. Marital Status Quantity
%
1.
2.
Married
Divorced
108
12
90
10
Total 120
100
Table 6: Frequency distribution of respondents’ monthly
income.
No. Income f %
1.
2.
High
Low
40
80
34,2
65,8
Total 120 100
Table 7: Frequency distribution of respondents based on
knowledge about sexual violence in preschoolers.
No. Knowledge Level f %
1.
2.
Less
Good
66
54
55,0
45,0
Total 120 100
3.2 Relationship between Parental Roles
and Parents' Knowledge of Sexual
Violence in Preschoolers
Father has less knowledge about sexual violence in
preschoolers, it appears that there are only 16 well-
informed (31.4%) of 51 people. While majority
mother has good knowledge about sexual violence in
AINC 2018 - Aceh International Nursing Conference
88

preschooler that is counted 38 people (55,1%) from
69 good knowledge mother. Chi Square test results
(X
2
) showed that P value 0.01 which means that
there is a relationship between the role as a parent
with knowledge about sexual violence in
preschoolers.
3.3 Relationship between the Age of the
Respondent and the Knowledge of
Sexual Violence in Preschool
Children
Respondents with the age of 18-40 years (early
adulthood) who have less knowledge amounted to
50 people (56.8%) of 88 people. Whereas for parents
aged 41-60 years (middle adulthood) between the
knowledge of good and less, balanced is 16 people
(50.0%) of 32 people. From Chi Square test result
(X
2
) obtained that P value 0,507 meaning that there
is no relation between age of parent with knowledge
about sexual violence in preschooler.
3.4 Relationship between Respondents'
Education and the Knowledge of
the Respondents about Sexual
Violence in Preschool Children
Respondents with higher education, the knowledge
of sexual violence in preschoolers is getting better.
Chi Square test results (X
2
) showed that P value 0.00
which means that there is a relationship between
parent education with parents’ knowledge about
sexual violence in preschool children.
3.5 Relationship Status of a Parent's
Job with Parental Knowledge about
Sexual Violence
Parents who do not work have a higher percentage
for good knowledge that is 48.4% or 15 people out
of 31 respondents who do not work. While the
parents who work presentation of 43.8% or 39
people from 89 respondents who work. Chi Square
test results (X
2
) showed that P value 0.6 which
means that there is no relationship between
respondent's employment status with the knowledge
of respondents about sexual violence in preschool
children.
3.7 Relations between the Marital
Status with Respondent's
Knowledge about Sexual Violence
in Preschool Children
Parents with married status have a good knowledge
of 49.1% or 53 people from 108 people. Parents with
divorced status are only 8.3% or 1 person out of 12
people with good knowledge. In this item the
bivariate test is performed using the Fisher test,
because the Chi-Square test is not eligible. Fisher
test result P value 0.01 indicating a relationship
between marital status of parents with knowledge of
parents about sexual violence in preschool children.
3.7 The Relationship of Respondents'
Incomes with the Knowledge of the
Respondents about Sexual Violence
in Preschool Children
High-income respondents had good knowledge of
67.5% while most low-income respondents had less
knowledge about sexual violence in preschool
children 66.3%. Chi Square test results (X
2
) obtained
P value 0.00 which means there is a relationship
between parents 'income with parents' knowledge
about sexual violence in preschool children in
Grogol Selatan Village. An analysis of the strength
of the relationship between income and knowledge
of parents is shown by OR value of 4.07. Therefore,
it can be concluded that high-income parents are
four times more likely to have a good knowledge of
sexual violence in preschoolers than low-income
parents.
5 CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research and discussion, it
can be concluded that:
1) Based on the characteristics of the respondents,
the most data are the role of the parents as the
mother (57.5%), the early adult age is 18-40
years (73.3%), primary education (54.2%),
marital status (90%), employment status
(74.2%), and low monthly income (65.8%).
2) Respondents who had less knowledge about
sexual violence in preschool children (55%). So,
most parents in South Grogol Village have less
knowledge about sexual violence in
preschoolers.
3) Based on the result of the research, it was found
that two variables were not able to prove a
Knowledge about Child Sexual Abuse among Parents of Preschoolers in South Grogol Kebayoran Lama, South Jakarta
89

significant correlation with knowledge about
sexual violence in preschool child that is age (p =
0,507) and job status (p = 0,66).
4) The other four variables are parent role (p =
0,01), education (p = 0,00), marital status (p =
0,01), and income (p = 0,00), showing significant
relation with parents' knowledge of sexual
violence in preschoolers. The odds ratio (OR)
roles as parents indicate that 0.373 fathers are
less likely to have good knowledge than mothers.
While earning reveals that high-income parents
are four times more likely to have a good
knowledge of sexual violence in preschool than
low-income parents.
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Child Sexual Abuse in Urban Tanzania: Possibilities
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