Capture of Sea Fish Life in Application Maritime Blue Economy in

Indonesia

Suratno

, Raja Oloan Saut Gurning

, Badrus Zaman

and Semin

Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia

Keywords:

Live marine ﬁsh, Demand for ﬁsh, Circulation of water and oxygen.

Abstract:

With the development of information and civilization of human life, it is also necessary to pay attention to the

consumption of food, one of which is food that does not use preservatives. At this time, foods that do not use

preservatives are difﬁcult to ﬁnd, such as the need for ﬁsh in living conditions for consumption purposes. Due

to public awareness of this problem, the need for ﬁsh in living conditions for consumption is increasing. So as

to result in increased consumer demand for live marine ﬁsh for ﬁshermen. Of course, this is a good opportunity

for ﬁshing communities in Indonesia to improve their welfare. To meet the demand for live marine ﬁsh by

consumers, the ﬁshing community must make efforts innovate so that ﬁsh caught by ﬁshermen can survive

during sailing in the open sea. One of the innovation efforts is to circulate water and oxygen in the hold space

where the ﬁsh caught is collected. The principle of the innovation of water and oxygen circulation in this hold

space is to work in accordance with what nature provides efﬁciently and does not reduce but actually enrich

nature, productive, environmentally friendly, and in accordance with the concept of Blue Economy.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia as the largest maritime and archipelagic

country in the world has a very large and diverse

potential for marine and ﬁsheries economic develop-

ment. With Indonesia’s geographical conditions that

are dominated by the oceans, it becomes a great po-

tential for Indonesia to implement the blue economy

concept, because Indonesia is a country with 3/4 the

sea. According to Nurhayati (2013) the Blue Econ-

omy is a new concept of maritime and ﬁsheries devel-

opment that will be directed towards balanced eco-

nomic development between the utilization of marine

resources and optimal environmental management ef-

forts.

Consumer demand for live marine ﬁsh continues

to increase, because of the signiﬁcant awareness of

marine ﬁsh enthusiasts to avoid the consumption of

foods containing preservatives. This causes them to

shift their choices in consuming sea ﬁsh with ﬁsh that

are living conditions rather than dead conditions. At

least 30 trucks of live ﬁsh gurame enter the Jakarta

area, with the capacity of each truck containing no

less than 7.5 quintals of live ﬁsh gurame. That is, in

one day there are 22.5 tons of live ﬁsh gurame that en-

ter the Jakarta market. For this reason, it is a good op-

portunity for ﬁshermen in Indonesia to improve their

welfare. Because the price of marine ﬁsh lives is

much higher than the price of dead sea ﬁsh. Due to

the many demands of marine live ﬁsh conditions this

makes the develop of cafes / restaurants that serve fast

food sea ﬁsh which are fresh ﬁsh (www.trobos.com,

2008).

To meet the needs of consumers for the demand

for live marine ﬁsh there needs to be an effort that

must be done by ﬁshermen so that ﬁsh caught by

ﬁshermen during sailing in the sea a few weeks can

survive. Of course, this is related to the concept of

the Blue Economy which combines economic devel-

opment and environmental conservation. The Blue

Economy concept exempliﬁes the way nature works

(ecosystems), works in accordance with what nature

and nature provide efﬁciently and does not reduce but

enrich nature (shifting from scarcity to abundance),

waste from one to food / energy source for another

(Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2018).

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Research by Soccol and Oetterer (2003) and Susanto

and Fahmi (2012) states that ﬁsh are rich in nutri-

ents such as proteins, minerals and fats, as well as

the largest producer of omega 3 fatty acids (PUFA),

Suratno, ., Gurning, R., Zaman, B. and Semin, .

Capture of Sea Fish Life in Application Maritime Blue Economy in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0008548800440048

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology (SENTA 2018), pages 44-48

ISBN: 978-989-758-436-7

especially beneﬁcial eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and do-

cosahexaenoic (DHA) for health. Based on the nutri-

tional content and beneﬁts of ﬁsh, efforts to increase

ﬁsh consumption become important things to con-

tinue to be carried out continuously. Sokib, Palupi,

and Suharjo (2012) state that Indonesia is very likely

to make ﬁsh as a major protein source as an effort

to improve community nutrition. This is because In-

donesia has abundant ﬁsh potential, both from catches

and from aquaculture (Karuniawati et al., 2017).

In Indonesia, the total growth of ﬁsheries produc-

tion in the 2002-2009 period continued to increase,

from 5.5 million tons in 2005 to 9.5 million tons in

2009. In the period 2002-2005 the growth was around

6% per year, but the period 2005-2009 reached around

10% per year. Sea ﬁsheries and public waters tend

to be stable. The production of ﬁsh caught in the sea

this sector is the largest contributor to Indonesian ﬁsh-

eries production in the last 10 years, reaching 75.89%

of the total production, far above the contribution of

public waters (7.36%) and cultivation (16.75%) per

year. This trend illustrates that the supply of ﬁsh that

can be allocated to meet domestic consumption needs

(in addition to export needs) is available in consider-

able quantities.

When compared to the distribution of ﬁsh poten-

tial, there is a general difference between Western

and Eastern Indonesia. In western Indonesia with an

average depth of 75 meters, the type of ﬁsh that is

mostly found is small pelagic ﬁsh. A somewhat dif-

ferent condition is found in the eastern part of Indone-

sia where the depth of the sea reaches 4,000 m. In

Eastern Indonesia, there are many large pelagic ﬁsh

such as tuna and cakalang. In addition to depth, water

temperature is also one of the factors that inﬂuence

the spread of ﬁsh vertically. Temperatures at each

depth strata also affect the abundance of tuna in a wa-

ter (Plengdut.com, 2014)(Virgantari et al., 2011)(No-

vianto et al., 2015).

Based on Susenas data in 2008, it can be said

that most of Indonesia’s population in various re-

gions consume more fresh ﬁsh than preserved ﬁsh or

shrimp.

Considering the large enough live ﬁsh needs of the

community, this is a promising opportunity for ﬁsher-

men to improve their welfare by making innovations

in ﬁshing so that ﬁsh can survive until to consumers.

There needs to be an innovative effort to keep catch

ﬁsh alive while sailing on the high seas. Traditional

ways that ﬁshermen still do are :

• Giving ice shards to ﬁsh caught.

• Giving ice fractions mixed with salt to the ﬁsh

caught. There needs to be a new method with the

aim that ﬁsh from the catch of ﬁshermen will sur-

vive. Examples of business implementation in the

maritime industry sector with the Blue Economy

model are the use of various materials / materials

and components of ships that are environmentally

friendly (Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan,

2012).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Fresh/Life Fish Needs

In general, the direction of the economic development

strategy of the Fisheries Sector is to develop an opti-

mal, sustainable, value-added, and competitive ﬁsh-

eries sector which in this discussion is about live ﬁsh

/ fresh ﬁsh. According to Adawiyah (2007), fresh ﬁsh

are ﬁsh that have the same characteristics as live ﬁsh,

both in appearance, smell, taste and texture. In other

words, fresh ﬁsh is :

• Fish that have just been captured and have not un-

dergone a preservation process or further process-

ing.;

• Fish that have not experienced physical or chemi-

cal changes or who still have the same properties

when captured.;

Fresh ﬁsh can be obtained through good handling

and sanitation, the longer the ﬁsh is left after being

caught without good handling, it will accelerate the

decline in ﬁsh freshness.

When viewed based on rural-urban areas, house-

holds in the city have a higher preference for con-

sumption of fresh ﬁsh and fresh shrimp / aquatic ani-

mals than households in the village. On the contrary,

the preference of the people in the village is higher for

consumption of preserved ﬁsh than the people in the

city. When viewed based on the expenditure value,

the total expenditure allocated for food consumption

is almost the same as that allocated for non-food con-

sumption, which is around 50% Table 1.

Based on the allocation of food expenditure,

around 8% is allocated for ﬁsh consumption. The

largest average share of expenditure is for ﬁsh (fresh

and preserved). Especially for fresh ﬁsh, the highest

share of Indonesia’s population expenditure is used

for consumption of tuna / tuna / skip-jack ﬁsh and

mackerel (from the sea). In the group of preserved

ﬁsh the opposite occurs, the greater the class of expen-

diture the lower the share of expenditure. The ﬁgure

also indicates that the Engel curve which shows the

relationship between household expenditure and con-

sumption level of fresh ﬁsh, fresh shrimp, preserved

ﬁsh and shrimp is not linear.

Capture of Sea Fish Life in Application Maritime Blue Economy in Indonesia

Figure 1: Fish Distribution Map in Indonesia

Figure 2: Expenditure Value

Figure 3: Fish Consumption in Indonesia

While the need for ﬁsh for consumption in In-

donesia each year increases as in Table 2 (Virgan-

tari et al., 2011; Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan,

2012, 2018).

This is a very good opportunity to meet the needs

of ﬁsh, especially fresh ﬁsh / live ﬁsh.

3.2 Improving Fishermen’s Welfare

The impact of the many demands of marine ﬁsh liv-

ing conditions makes the mushrooming restaurant

Figure 4: Marine and Fisheries Investment Data for 2017

by Province of Destination

business serving fast food ﬁsh that are really fresh

ﬁsh. Especially from ﬁsh types of mud grouper, tiger

grouper, grouper stone, grouper god, red grouper and

grouper rat in living conditions the local price in 2012

has reached around Rp. 80,000 to Rp. 420,000 per

kg. In addition to grouper ﬁsh, Baronang and Kakap

ﬁsh also become a market for consumer demand that

is not small. From the high demand for live ﬁsh in the

community for restaurant and caf

e businesses and the

increase in ﬁsh consumption in the community every

year results in high selling prices for live ﬁsh, this is a

special advantage especially for ﬁshermen and gener-

ally for restaurant and cafe entrepreneurs. Marine and

Fisheries Investment Data for 2017 by Province of

Destination (Rp. Billion) (Soeroso, 2013; Kemente-

rian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2018).

3.3 Sea Fish Processing Methods

Catching Results

Fish is a commodity that is very easily damaged, rel-

atively faster than other animal products. Therefore,

the steps of handling on the ship as soon as the ﬁsh is

SENTA 2018 - The 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology

caught, have a huge effect on the process of metabolic

damage in the body of the ﬁsh in the subsequent han-

dling period. (Dr.Ir. Made Astawan, M.S.). Fish

quality can be affected mainly by procedures for han-

dling, processing and storing from catches to con-

sumers. Retention time and post-harvest ﬁsh stor-

age temperature are key factors for maintain the ﬁnal

quality of this product. This paper proposes an image

processing method fully automatic, efﬁcient and non-

destructive for network segmentation and prediction

freshness of ﬁsh samples (Dutta et al., 2016).

In live sea ﬁsh transport, it usually takes a long

time, from the time of catching up to the destina-

tion. Catched ﬁsh are usually not carried out fast-

ing, so there that need for water circulation. With

this circulation of water, to avoid accumulating am-

monia as a result of metabolism (feces) of ﬁsh, be-

cause of this circulation the ammonia substance will

be transported out of the reservoir. Ammonia occurs

because it is produced from digestive and metabolic

waste, this substance is toxic if the level in the wa-

ter reaches 0.6 mg/l, the higher the concentration in

the water causes ammonia in the blood of the ﬁsh to

increase making an increase in high blood pH, thus

inﬂuencing enzyme chain reactions in the metabolic

process of ﬁsh. The purpose of the ﬁsh is made fast-

ing and the circulation of water is to reduce ammonia

expenditure and reduce the level of pollutants in the

water that occur. According to Effendi (2003), the

source of oxygen dissolved in water is the absorption

of oxygen from the air, through contact between the

surface and air, and from the photosynthesis process.

Water organisms will live well if the dissolved oxygen

value is greater than 5.0 - 8.0 mg /l of water (Anony-

mous, 1986; Mujib et al., 2013).

In sea transportation generally requires a rela-

tively long time. Fish that are transported generally

without fasting, thus that plays a role for ﬁsh survival

is the circulation of water which is a very vital thing

to supply new water and transport out metabolic waste

(dirt) during the trip. In addition, the supply of oxy-

gen is very important to eliminate ammonia buildup,

where ammonia (NH3) is toxic and endangers the sur-

vival of ﬁsh, even though each type of ﬁsh has differ-

ent resistance. Therefore, the element of ammonia

content is immediately possible to be removed by the

circulation of water, so that new water changes occur.

Solubility of gases in seawater is a function of tem-

perature, the lower the water temperature, the greater

the level of solubility. In waters that have a low wa-

ter temperature will have a greater dissolved oxygen

content (Paramita, A., 2014; Wedemeyer, G., 1996).

The capture and transportation of live marine

ﬁshes is the development of changes in shipload,

Figure 5: Water Circulation Installation and Oxygen Sup-

pliers

which was originally used to capture and transport

ﬁsh in dead condition, make the ship catch ﬁsh dead

conditions and transport ﬁsh in living conditions ,

which is expected to make the ﬁshermen’s income

higher and can increase the value of business results

(Soeroso, 2013).

In this ﬁgure, it describes the cycle shape of the

circulating ﬂow of water mixed with air in the storage

space of the caught ﬁsh. This water and air cycle re-

place the old system that uses pieces of ice mixed with

salt to keep the caught ﬁsh, so that with this cycle ﬁsh

are expected to survive.

Information :

• Bottle O2.;

• Regulating valve O2.;

• Mixing valve.;

• Water pump.;

• Inlet.;

• Valve.;

• Outlet.;

From this discussion, an analysis can be taken,

that the use of water circulation systems on ﬁshing

vessels to keep ﬁsh alive less efﬁciently. On the one

hand, it is a simple system and can keep catched ﬁsh

alive but requires complicated operation. Because in

addition to needing enough space, it also reduces the

capacity of the collection of catched ﬁsh and the less

practical operating system Then there needs to be a

new idea that is more practical and efﬁcient. For ex-

ample, the manufacture of electronic devices that can

kill bacteria so that ﬁsh caught can survive long, or

the addition of additives that can maintain dissolved

oxygen levels from 5.0 to 8.0 mg/l of water, so that

catched sea ﬁsh can survive.

Capture of Sea Fish Life in Application Maritime Blue Economy in Indonesia

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on data from BKPM and OJK, it can be con-

cluded that most of Indonesia’s population in vari-

ous regions consume more fresh ﬁsh than preserved

ﬁsh or shrimp. With the increasing consumption of

fresh ﬁsh in various regions, it can increase the value

of business results for ﬁshermen in particular, and

restaurant businesses in general.

Traditional methods of cooling with cheaper ice,

more capacity of ﬁsh caught in the condition of dead

sea ﬁsh than methods of circulating water and oxygen

for the capture of live marine ﬁsh.

The use of water and oxygen circulation meth-

ods optimizes and strengthens the capture ﬁsheries

industry, which is efﬁcient, productive, environmen-

tally friendly, and in accordance with the Blue Eco-

nomic concept that combines economic development

and environmental preservation that works in accor-

dance with what nature provides.

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SENTA 2018 - The 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology