The Pattern of Citizen Participation in the Implementation of the

Use of Village Fund in Indonesia

Yanhar Jamaluddin

, Entang Adhy Muhtar

and Sawitri Budi Utami

Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Public Administration Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia

Keywords: Citizen Participation, Village Fund, Transfarency, Formal Policy.

Abstract: This article was prepared in the background of the villagers who have not been optimally empowered to

participate in the implementation of the use of the Village Fund. Therefore, this article is intended to discuss

the issue of how the pattern of citizen participation in the implementation of the use of Village Fund in

Indonesia. This research used descriptive method with qualitative approach. The results showed that citizen

participation in planning process was done through representation of community element and by involving

BPD, LPM, Village Head, RW and RT, but in the process of implementing the citizens to be included based

on self-management principle, and in the process of monitoring, the citizens directly and spontaneously

criticized, while the access to citizen participation is done through the role of community leaders. The

variety of patterns of citizen participation is determined by a. power possessed by citizens to be involved

and voiced, b. the different views of citizens' understanding of the context of participation, and c. formal

policy demands through self-management principles and transparency of the use of the Village Fund.

1 INTRODUCTION

The use of the Village Fund is regulated into a single

unit within the Government Regulation number 60

of 2014 on Village Fund Sourced from the State

Budget and Revenue. Referring to Government

Regulation number 60 of 2014 together with other

technical policies, the main substance of the use of

the Village Fund is: a. to encourage the economic

growth of the Village, b. to prioritize the use of

Village Fund to finance the development and

empowerment of village communities, c. to

prioritize the implementation of the use of the

Village Fund on a self-managed basis, and d. to refer

to the use of Village Fund to the Village Mid Term

Development Plan (RPJM Village) and the Village

Government Work Plan (RKP Village). The main

substance of the use of the Village Fund is to

achieve the goal of improving the welfare for the

village community, the quality of human life and

poverty alleviation.

Government Regulation no. 60 of 2014 began to

be implemented since the 2015 budget year, and

until 2017 the Government had allocated the ceiling

of the Village Fund sourced from the State Budget

of 127.6 trillion rupiah to 74,954 Villages. However,

the management and the use of the Village Fund

have not reached the desired expectations. This

assumption is reinforced by the results of the

previous researches, including; Jamaluddin

(Jamaluddin,2016) who stated that the management

and the use of the Village Fund have not fulfilled the

principles of participatory, transparency and

accountability (Jamaluddin, 2016). The results of the

survey of the Center for the Study and Education

and Training of Apparatus-I (PKP2A-1) of the State

Administration Institution RI (2017) which identifies

the problems that the Management and the Use of

Village Fund are not targeted according to

government and local regulations and the proportion

of the management and the use of the Village

Fund,are allocated to physical activities rather than

non-physical ones.

In addition, there are examples of cases in Garut

Regency based on Jamaluddin’s (Jamaluddin, 2017)

research results, where the Village Head and BPD in

the village planning process have not been optimal

in designing village development goals, programs

and strategies. It is proved that potential citizens

have not been empowered to participate in planning,

implementing and overseeing the management and

the use of the Village Fund to finance the

728

Jamaluddin, Y., Muhtar, E. and Utami, S.

The Pattern of Citizen Participation in the Implementation of the Use of Village Fund in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0008893107280735

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 728-735

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

development and the empowerment of village

communities in Garut regency. As a result, the

allocated Village Fund is not used to finance the

development programs and the empowerment of the

village community so that the use of the Village

Fund is not suitable for it.

Based on the results of previous research, the

aspect of citizen participation is an important issue

in the use of the Village Fund. The urge for wider

citizen participation in the development has been so

strong for the government to meet. This is a

reflection of an effective and efficient governance.

Theoretically, participation can be realized through

decentralization, whereas legally the established

government is to provide a broader and stronger

means for public involvement in the governance

(Muluk, 2009, p. 71). On the other hand, on the issue

of citizen participation; it often seems unfashionable

today toconsidercitizen participation as a viable

means of policy development(Goggin et al., 1990, p.

81), that is a bottom-up perspective policy that will

be successful in its implementation because the issue

of citizen participation will create a complex and

reciprocal interaction between government - private

- and society. Thus, the participation can be

interpreted as voluntary involvement of people to do

something but is directed to participate in their own

strength.

The approach on the participation in the

development context is not only partial to the

implementation activities but also comprehensive

from the planning process, the organizing of

resources, the implementation, and the evaluation

(Jamaluddin, 2016). Thus, the participation can be

interpreted as a voluntary involvement of people or

the people do not feel compelled to do something

but are directed to participate in their own power and

beyond their control. According to Muluk, such an

understanding is more familiar than the term for the

village government to gain spontaneous participation

from the community, given the limited capacity of

village communities and the limited access to the

participation. Rather effective participation is

motivational participation driven by the urges and

stimuli that cause the community to take part in the

management of the Village Fund. In a more concise

way, communities are encouraged to join together in

programming, organizing resources, carrying out

development and empowerment activities, and

overseeing the use of the Village Fund budget.

Referring to the background, the main problem

of research can be formulated (problem statement)

that is "Citizen participation in implementation of

the use of Village Fundis not yet optimal". Based on

the formulation of the problem, the research

question (problem questions) is "How is the pattern

of citizen participation in the implementation of the

use of the Village Fund?". While the purpose of the

study is to analyze the participation of citizens in the

implementation of the use of the Village Fund.

2 METHODOLOGY

This research used descriptive method as it presents

a picture of the specification of a situation, social

setting or relationship. Neuman claims that

descriptive study presents a picture of the types of

people or of social activities" (Neuman, 2006, p. 35

in Sugiyono, 2014). The data required in this

research are primary and secondary data. Primary

data were obtained through observations made by

observing the phenomena associated with the

problem, while the secondary data through literature

search or documents related to citizen participation.

Furthermore, qualitative approach was used to

analyzethe data. Berg (Berg,2007, p. 3) claims,

"Qualitative research thus refers to the meaning,

concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors,

symbols, and description of things". The goal is to

describe the data in the form of a regular, systematic,

logical, and non-overlapping sentence in accordance

with the topic of the study to facilitate the

interpretation of the data. The analysis in this way

also aims to delve deeply and selectively descriptive

data from informants.

Furthermore, by descriptive method the authors

will describe thoroughly the observed phenomena

related to citizen participation in the implementation

of the Village Fund policy. While the units of

analyzing this study are individuals: apparatus and

citizens - which are expected to provide as much

information and relevant data. While the informant

of this research is the key informant that is the

firstperson having information and becomes primary

data source which is determined based on certain

criteria.

Based on the approach and method used, the data

collection technique is done through literature study;

Participatory observation, according to Creswell,

(Creswell, 2012, p. 267) is also called Qualitative

Observation; and interviews which are open to

unstructured interview methods. While the technique

of analysis using data analysis techniques developed

by Miler and Huberman (Miler and Huberman,

1992) are data reduction, data presentation, and

drawing conclusion or verification (Basrowi-

Suwardi, 2008, p. 209).

The Pattern of Citizen Participation in the Implementation of the Use of Village Fund in Indonesia

729

3 DISCUSSION

3.1 Citizen Participation in the

Planning Process

Citizen participation in the planning process begins

with the involvement of citizens at the level of the

Dusun Deliberation. At this level, the delivery of

ideas is done through the representation of each

element of society such as elements of youth,

community leaders, religious leaders, and women

elements. Meanwhile, the idea is very limited. While

at the level of deliberation of the village

development plan, the Village Government lacks

citizens. The village government only involves BPD,

LPM, Village Head, RW and RT. Lack of citizen

participation in the planning process, on the other

hand describes the phenomena, namely:

a) When citizen participation is lacking in the

planning process, citizens who have close

proximity to the village head can convey their

aspirations or ideas directly to the village head.

That means there is an informal interaction and

the relationship of interest that exists between the

people and the Village Head in the

administration of the village administration.

b) Although the level of citizen participation is still

lacking in the planning process, the result of the

consultative documents in the form of

development program plans can be produced and

prepared by the Village Government not by

accommodating the aspirations and ideas of the

people.

The formulation of the village development plan

should be organized by involving the village

community as many as possible, in order to obtain

the priority of the program needed. It was

formulated based on an assessment of the needs of

the village community. Therefore, the village

community is entitled to participate in the

preparation of RPJMDesa, RKPDesa and APBDesa

generated through deliberation.

If you look at the provisions on the Village

Development Guidelines as set out in Minister of

Home Affairs Regulation No. 114 of 2014 clauses 4

and 5, essentially explains that the village

development plan includes the RPJMDesa for a

period of 6 (six) years and the Annual Development

Plan or called RKPDesa for a period of 1 (one) year.

With both types of planning, citizen involvement in

the drafting process should still be included.

Suppose in the preparation of RPJMDesa as

mentioned in article 7: (1) that "Village Head

organizes the preparation of RPJMDesa by

involving elements of village community". The

intended elements of society are character; customs,

religion, society, education, and groups; farmers,

fishermen, craftsmen, women, observers and the

protection of children, the poor, and other

community groups in accordance with the socio-

cultural conditions of village communities. It means

that whatever plans that will be arranged in the

context of development for the welfare of the people

of the village, still have to explore the ideas of the

community.

The excavation of important ideas is carried out

to discover and understand the potentials and

opportunities for the utilization of village resources

and the problems faced by communities and

villages, both on the implementation of village

governance, village development, and village

community empowerment. The excavation of

community notions can be done with focus group

discussions or through "village meeting".

In "village meeting", the community can take

part in discussing village conditions, priorities of

village activities, financing of development

activities, inter-village co-operation, and village

cooperation with third parties. In this way it will

produce an idea output that is truly the aspiration of

the village community. The output is then the input

to be discussed and agreed on the deliberation of the

village development plan.Lack of citizen

participation in the planning process is due to;

a) The absence of a strength that can balance the

role of citizens to be able to submit their ideas to

the Village Government. This condition should

be changed through the process of empowerment

by increasing the knowledge and insight of

citizens. Through the empowerment process,

everyone can become powerful enough to

participate in various controls and influence

events (Parson, 1994 cited by Mardikanto, 2014:

118), and can participate fully in decision-

making on growth and development strategies

(Anthony Bebbington, 2000 quoted by

Mardikanto, 2014: 118). Efforts to realize

citizens who have the power to participate are

through isolation and vulnerability (Chambers,

1995). Isolation means supplying skill,

equipment and access; while vulnerability means

providing protection and advocacy through

"outsiders". The goal is that citizens can be

empowered, can move and make a voice to

create citizens who have the power of the Village

Government.

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

730

b) Lack of invitation from the Head of RW and RT.

This shows the lack of communication and

insight of the Head of the RW and RT in

discussing the development priority ideas within

the community. The problemthat always occurs

is that even though the idea or proposal

submitted by the community are large scale and

for the benefit of the community in general, these

ideas or proposals are usually seen only in

environments with small scale, such as repairing

cuverts.

c) The proposals and ideas submitted by citizens

through The Village Consultative Body (BPD)

results are usually also less optimal because at

certain moments BPD is less involved, even all

documents related to the results of

musrenbangdes done by the Village

Government; The lack of involvement of BPD

on one side indicates the lack of influence and

the strength of BPD in carrying out its function.

Whereas the "Village Consultative Board as a

village deliberative institution in the village has

equal status and becomes the partner of the

Village Government" (Kajual, Sefnat, 2013).

According to Government Regulation no. 43 of

2014; "The Village Consultative Body is an

institution that performs a governmental function

whose members are representative of the

villagers on the basis of territorial representation

and is democratically established, and then the

BPD functions: Discussing and agreeing on the

Village Rule Draft with the Village Head,

Accommodating and channeling villagers'

aspirations, performance of Village Head. This

function positions the role of BPD to realize

democratic, participatory, transparent and

accountable village administration. Against this

condition, BPD should pay attention to

leadership, organization and human resources as

well as the involvement of outsiders

(Jamaluddin, 2016).

d) Apathy (according to Big Indonesian Dictionary,

2001: apathy means ignorance) of citizenship of

participation in planning programs and activities.

This apathy arises from the helplessness of

citizens to involve themselves in government and

development.

Although the participation of citizens in the planning

process is still lacking, but the document of the

results of the consultation arranged in RPJMDesa

and RKPDesa can still be prepared by the Village

Government. This means that the Village

Government decision-making pattern is based on top

down (dripping from the top) instead of bottom-up

(derived from below).

3.2 Citizen Participation in the

Implementation Process

Participation of citizens in the process of

development implementation is financed by the

Village Fund because the demands of the Village

Fund policy that requires the implementation of

development in the village are based on self-

management principles. But the people involved are

only those with technical skills, such as road

hardening skills, building skills, etc., or ready to use

to be empowered in any development project

activities. Although the self-management principle is

the basis for involving citizens in the

implementation of village development, it does not

mean that it is possible for citizens to involve

themselves in the development process. On the basis

of awareness and self-help principle; (according to

Big Indonesian Dictionary, 2001, self-help means

with power) villagers also participate to build

villages, such as water and road construction

projects. On the basis of community awareness with

self-willing to repair the culverts, after the culvert is

completed, the construction of waterways and roads

are implemented.

As mandated in the Regulation of the Head of

Government Procurement Policy Agency no. 13 of

2013, that self-management is the procurement of

goods/ services where the work is planned, done

and/ or supervised solely by TPK. Through this

self-management principle, citizen participation is

limited to people with technical or ready-to-use

skills to be empowered in any development activity.

Similarly, as mandated in Minister of Home Affairs

Regulation No. 114 of 2014 Article 63;

"Implementation of Village development activities

prioritize the utilization of human resources and

natural resources in the village and utilize self-help

and community mutual help". Self-help and mutual

assistance activities are realized through the pooling

of grants and community-sponsored grants and

third-party donations and voluntary association of

volunteers.

Thesethree principles; self-management principle

– self help – and mutual-assistance - workers work

voluntarily - have differences. The difference lies in

the work services of each activity. If development

activities are carried out under the self-management

principle, there is an allocation of employment

service fee of 3% of the project activity value. While

in the principle of self-help and mutual-assistance,

The Pattern of Citizen Participation in the Implementation of the Use of Village Fund in Indonesia

731

workers work voluntarily and there is no allocation

of job services. This distinction creates a negative

outlook in society. This means that the community

will only want to participate in the implementation

of development, if it is done in self-

management because there is a reward that will be

accepted for the work. Only a small part of the

community is willing to participate in the

implementation of development by self-help and

mutual assistance, because they do not receive

employee service pay. More broadly, this

phenomenon becomes an assessment of the policy of

the Village Fund, where with the Village Fund the

spirit of mutual cooperation of the villagers as the

social capital of the village community finally

becomes faded. According to Putnam (Putnam,

2000), social capital is productive, enabling the

achievement of certain goals. Thus, the spirit of

mutual assistance as social capital is a real action

that supports the achievement of policy objectives,

which without the contribution of social capital, that

goal will not be achieved. With social capital,

it allows people to work more lightly because there

is mutual trust so that they help each other in their

work.

The participation of citizens in the

implementation of development should start from

the preparation stage until the implementation stage.

According to Minister of Home Affairs Regulation

No. 114 of 2014 article 55, the preparation stage

includes: a. Determination of implementing

activities; b. Preparation of a work plan established

by the decision of the Village Head; c. Socialization

of activities; d. Implementer briefing; e. Preparing

administrative documents; f. Procurement of

manpower and materials, by utilizing and

prioritizing human resources and natural resources

available in the village and utilize self-help and

mutual assistance carried out through the mechanism

of village development on a self-managed basis.

While the stages of the implementation of the

activities include: work meetings with the executor

of activities, examination of the implementation of

village infrastructure activities, changes in the

implementation of activities, complaints

management and problem solving, preparation of

reports on the implementation of activities,

deliberation of the implementation of village

activities in the framework of accountability of the

results of implementation activities and conservation

and utilization activities.

At this stage of implementation, citizens can

participate in responding to reports on the

implementation of village development, whether the

program of activity really provides benefits for the

community. The responses were conveyed by

providing input to the Village Head, thus being

assessed for the preparation of the next activity plan.

The inputs are then followed up jointly by BPD -

Village Head - implementing activities - and village

communities to be discussed and mutually agreed to

make improvements on the results of activities that

have been implemented. Referring to the stages of

preparation and the stages of implementation of

these activities, there are many spaces and

opportunities available for residents to be included

in the implementation of village development, both

strategic and not strategic. Therefore, the

citizens can give more supports to the Village Head

in achieving the success of village development.

3.3 Citizen Participation in the

Monitoring Process

Citizen participation in the process of monitoring the

use of the Village Fund is done by conveying direct

and spontaneous criticism. This enthusiastic attitude

and criticism is done because the villagers demand

accountability and transparency of the use of Village

Fund conducted by the Village Head with the

Activity Management Team (TPK). Examples of

criticism of the citizens are:

Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget, which

does not specify the amount of development

expenditure;

a) The quality of the village road or GPT or the

bridge that was build is not good so that the

resistance is not up to six montsh, and after that

it is damaged again.

b) No Village Fund is used with the received

amount due to the tax payable of 11.5%.

Sometimes residents are not satisfied with the

explanation of the Village Head, and they

demand the clarification from the Districts and

DPMD.

The monitoring of the people on the use of the

Village Fund is carried out in 2 (two) ways, directly

to the Village Head and indirectly through the BPD

and the Inspectorate. The surveillance of citizens by

expressing direct criticism to the Village Head is not

a form of formal mechanism. Indirect supervision by

citizens through the Village Empowerment Board is

a formal mechanism that should be done because the

position of BPD according to Law no. 6 of 2014 on

the Village - Article 55 indicates that "Village

Consultative Board functions to accommodate and

channel the aspirations of the village community,

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

732

and to supervise the performance of the Village

Head"; as well as in Article 61 stating that "the

Village Consultative Body shall have the right to

supervise and request information concerning the

administration of the Village Government to the

Village Government. Requesting information is an

informational request not in the context of the

Village Head's accountability. Thus, BPD is an

institution that is obliged to oversee the performance

of the Village Government in governance and

development, and to follow up any complaints or

findings of community supervision results.

This form of monitoring of the citizens towards

the use of the Village Fund is called community

oversight. The supervision of the community is the

supervision created by the recognition and

adherence to the existing group norms within a

community or organization (Umar, 2006, p. 90).

This means that the community's monitoring of the

use of the Village Fund is a non-formal supervision

of its environment.

The supervision of citizens on the use of Village

Fund for the benefit of village development is a

manifestation of the empowerment of the village

community. Article 84: (1) Minister of Home

Affairs Regulation No. 114 of 2014 states,

"Community empowerment is done through

supervision and monitoring the implementation of

village government and village development which

is participatorily conducted by village community".

That is, citizens with the ability possessed can play a

role to monitor the use of the Village Fund, whether

it is used in truth to achieve policy objectives. Thus,

this oversight appears to be driven by openness.

Therefore, the Village Head is obliged to optimize

the participation of the citizens to improve the

supervision of the Village Government in using the

Village Fund. If the optimization of the role of

citizen oversight manifests iin the right way, it will

increase the openness to the processes, activities and

results of the use of the Village Fund.

Based on the pattern of citizen participation in

various process activities, it is seen that each process

of activity has different levels. Particularly citizen

participation in the process of preparing program

plans is done indirectly but through representation so

that citizens have limitations to convey their ideas.

While in the implementation process, it is cleary

seen that the demands require the implementation of

self-management principles, while citizen

participation in the supervision process is done by

conveying criticism directly and spontaneously. This

shows that citizens' understanding of the context of

participation is different. A deeper understanding of

participation in development administration by the

community or beneficiaries in project design and

implementation is necessary (Bryant and White

1987, p. 268). Even more deeply from that opinion,

participation is not only limited to the process of

citizen involvement but also has the meaning of

"mechanism for enabling affected people to share in

the creation of a project or program, beginning with

identification all the way through to implementation

and evaluation" (Griesgraber and Gunter, 1996, p.

144 in Muluk, 2009, p. 80). This means that there is

an element or aspect of evaluation in interpreting

participation. Thus, the concept of participation

becomes broader ranging from aspects of planning,

implementation, evaluation, until the acceptance of

benefits. Understanding of voluntary or non-

compelled involvement of people is more familiar

with the term Spontaneous Participation (Muluk,

2009, p. 78). If this understanding is used in the

context of the use of the Village Fund, it is difficult

for the village government to gain spontaneous

participation from the community which is given the

limited capacity of the village community and

limited access. Rather effective participation is

motivational participation, that is participation

driven by stimulation so that the community plays a

role in the use of the Village Fund.

In short, citizen participation becomes very

important. In addition to encouraging citizens to join

together in developing program plans, organizing

resources, carrying out development activities and

empowering village communities, and overseeing

the use of the Village Fund also foster a sense of

responsibility of the citizens for all that have been

decided and implemented, and that of belonging so

that the public is conscious to nurture developmental

outcomes.

The effectiveness of citizen participation in the

planning, implementation, and oversight process of

the use of the Village Fund cannot be separated from

two factors:

1) How widespread access can be utilized by the

people or provided by the local government and

village government so that citizens can engage or

involve themselves in every development

process. As revealed by Mazmanian and Sabatier

(1989) which essentially describe how

widespread are the access of groups to

participate in policy implementation, where a

program that provides a wide range of

opportunities for communities to engage will be

relatively favored over programs that do not

involve the community. The meaning is the

wider the access of citizens in the

The Pattern of Citizen Participation in the Implementation of the Use of Village Fund in Indonesia

733

implementation of the policy of the use of the

Village Fund, the greater the support gained by

the village government to produce the

implementation of the policy is, not the reverse

attitude of the residents. Dye (1987: 41-42)

suggests, "individual or group support for a

policy can occur if individuals or groups obey

the rules (system) and support the resulting

policy". Reality shows the lack of access that can

be utilized by residents or provided by the Local

Government and Village Government so that

citizens can involve themselves. The limited

availability of access provided encouraged

citizens to submit complaints directly to

community leaders and then forward them to

BPD. Whereas if wide access for citizens is

provided, it will cause a positive influence that is

the creation of relationships and interactions

between the Village Government and citizens.

2) What efforts do the Village Government in

organizing the participation of multiple citizens?

The plurality of villagers is divided into groups:

active, passive, and situational groups. Once the

plurality of the group, then if the participation of

the plural citizens are not properly managed, it

will certainly adversely affect the Village

Government in implementing the use of the

Village Fund.

Some efforts of the Village Government in

organizing citizen participation include: Embracing

all groups to equate common perceptions of village

building, and using the role of “Youth Organization”

and Village Assistants to explain the Village Fund to

the community. The goal of these efforts is to ensure

that all groups of citizens gain a common

understanding of the policies and concepts of the use

of the Village Fund in their Village. With the

awakening of the same perception, it will be easy for

the Village Government to get support from the

community to jointly "build the village".



Efforts made by the Village Government will

have a positive effect in the form of citizens' support

for the use of the Village Fund. The support arises

because the citizens see the results of infrastructure

development in the village and feel the benefits

directly since the Village Government respond to the

needs of the people, especially for the betterment of

the citizens’ welfare. The great supports of the

villagers in using the Village Fund show that the

implementation will be effective because the

benefits of the use of the Village Fund are felt by the

community directly, such as the better village

infrastructures, like roads, bridges, retaining walls,

irrigation, and sanitation. This indicates that the

objectives of the Village Fund policy are in line with

the needs of the community. "Public policy should

contain the objectives, values and social practices

that exist in society, in order to avoid rejection or

resistance when implemented" (Harold Laswell and

Abraham Kaplan, in Dye 1992, p. 23). Thus, benefit

and support are two things that are very inherent to

measure the effectiveness of a policy. If the policy

of its output is useful, the public will support every

policy program. Otherwise, if giving a loss to

citizens, what emerges is an attitude of resistance

from the citizens.



4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the discussion, it can be concluded that the

pattern of citizen participation in the implementation

of the use of the Village Fund is very diverse. The

process of the participation program is still limited

because the Village Government only involves the

Village Consultative Board (BPD) and Community

Empowerment Institution (LPM), but the result of

the program plan can still be compiled based on Top

Down. While in the process of program

implementation, citizen participation is realized

because of the demand of the use of Village Fund

priority to self-management principle, while citizen

participation in overseeing the use of Village Fund is

done by expressing criticism directly and

spontaneously. The variety of patterns of citizen

participation is determined by: a. power possessed

by citizens to be involved and voiced, b. the

different views of citizens' understanding of the

context of participation, and c. formal policy

demands through self-management and transparency

in the use of Village Fund.

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