Analysis of Worker Productivity at Construction Projects in
Highlands: A Case Study from the Development of Penanjakan
Viewpoint at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java
Kusnul Prianto
1
and Mega Ayundya Widyastuti
1
1
Department of Architecture, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Keywords: Standard Time, Worker Productivity.
Abstract: One of the leading tourist destinations in East Java is Mount Bromo. This destination is included in the top
10 tourist channels that have received support from various parties including UNESCO and administratively
under the Balai Besar of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. The increasing number of tourists has also
increased the need for public facilities supporting the tourist area. The construction of the viewing tribune is
a form of attention to the increasing number of tourists every day. The major work of this tribune is stone
masonry, which is nearly 40 percent of the total work done. From the field observational data, the calculation
of the standard completion time for each m3 of river-stone foundation is 202.086 minutes/m3 or 3.3681
hours/m3, meaning that the productivity of 2 workers and 3 workers in one day is 2.375 m3. Based on the
calculation of the unit price of river-stone foundation installation in the contract, it is obtained the price of
wages for installing river-stone foundation/m3, which is Rp 365,125.-. According to observations in the field,
the installed price is the amount of wages in 1 day (8 hours), which is Rp 1,010,000.-. For 1 m3, it takes
3,3681 hours, so in 1 m3, direct costs in the field is (Rp. 1,010,000 / 8 hours) x 3.3681, or Rp 425,222. There
is a difference as many as Rp 60,097.- in wages for every m3 of river-stone foundation.
1 INTRODUCTION
President Joko Widodo once said that countries which
are able to survive nowadays are most visited
countries by tourists, such as Singapore and Malaysia.
These two countries are more advanced because they
are supported by the tourism sector. Every year, 25
million tourists visit Malaysia, while there are 40
million tourist visits in Singapore (Rutmawati, 2017).
One of the leading tourist destinations in East Java
is Mount Bromo. Mount Bromo is included in the top
10 tourist channels that have received support from
various parties including UNESCO (Tourism Canal,
2017). Mount Bromo is part of Bromo Tengger
Semeru National Park (TNBTS), so administratively,
the development of Mount Bromo is under the work
unit of the National Park.
One of the destinations in the area of Mount
Bromo is Mount Penanjakan. It is the best viewpoint
to see sunrise over Mount Bromo and is very crowded
at night and before the morning.
1.1 Research Problems
1. How to calculate worker productivity in
constructing river-stone foundation per one cubic
meter?
2. How to calculate the cost of river stone, cement,
and sand in one-cubic-meter construction at the work
location?
1.2 Research Purposes
The purposes to be achieved in this research are:
1. To calculate worker productivity in constructing
river-stone foundation per one cubic meter
2. To calculate the cost of river stone, cement, sand
in one-cubic-meter in one-cubic-meter construction
at the work location.
1.3 Research Limitations
a. Parameters in this research are worker
productivity in constructing foundation and the
Prianto, K. and Widiastuti, M.
Analysis of Worker Productivity at Construction Projects in Highlands: A Case Study from the Development of Penanjakan Viewpoint at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java.
DOI: 10.5220/0008904400002481
In Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference (BEST ICON 2018), pages 139-147
ISBN: 978-989-758-414-5
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
139

installed price of the foundation material at the work
location.
b. The data used are primary and secondary data.
Primary data are from direct observation on location,
while secondary data are based on literature studies.
1.4 Significance of the Research
This research is quite urgent, especially to find real
fixed unit price of river-stone foundation construction
job in work project located at highlands. It is expected
to be able to be used as a reference for proposals or
planning for similar jobs and locations.
This research is also important for the
development of science and technology within
Islamic higher educational institutions, which have
been converted into universities for only several years
and has begun to concern in science and technology.
1.5 Theoretical Framework
Real fixed unit price analysis is a price analysis
conducted by direct observation of work in the field
by considering various aspects, such as worker
productivity, the use of work aids, material
procurement on work site, and other aspects related to
the work.
2 THEORETICAL STUDY
Research on the productivity of workers in many
construction works has been previously conducted.
One research has been conducted by Yorristia Adelia
Layzanda, Robert J. M. Mandagi, and Pingkan A. K.
Pratasis from the Faculty of Engineering, Department
of Civil Engineering, Sam Ratulangi University in
Manado. The research has stated that a calculation
basis, such as Indonesian National standard
(abbreviated SNI), is needed. Whereas from the real
application in the field, it can be seen that real fixed
unit price is the real cost of the work.
This study compares real fixed unit price for
wages. The results of SNI analysis and real fixed unit
price are compared using power index, direct
observation at masonry and plastering work sites of
projects in the city of Manado.
Research on worker productivity has been also
conducted by Jan Tamamengka, Pingkan A. K.
Prastasis, and D. R. O. Walangitan from Faculty of
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Sam
Ratulangi University, Manado. The research has
stated that in the implementation of project analysis,
a very important role in employment is labor or
workers.
2.1 Productivity
Productivity has different meanings for each
individual. In general, productivity is defined as the
relationship between tangible and physical output (of
goods or services) and actual input. One of the highest
potentials in increasing productivity is by reducing
ineffective working hours. The main opportunity in
increasing human productivity lies in individual
abilities, individual attitudes in work, and work
management and organizations. Meanwhile, factors
that affect productivity are identified as follows:
1. Weather conditions
2. Physical condition of work site
3. Supporting facilities
4. Supervision, planning, and coordination
5. Composition of the working group
6. Overtime
7. Project Size
8. Hiring options (employees or subcontractors)
9. Experience curve
10. Labor density
2.2 Research Development Plan of
Balai Besar of Bromo Tengger
Semeru National Park
Research development plan is to analyze the concept
of development and product item that will be
implemented to maximize the potentials in Bromo
region and Mentigen. The plan has been listed in the
Short-Term Planning of Balai Besar of Bromo
Tengger Semeru.
2.3 Worker
This study calculates worker productivity, work
quality and quantity, efficiency of work plans,
working hours, environmental conditions, and others.
The following are the functions and tasks of workers
based on their expertise:
1. Construction supervisor, is a person who has
expertise in certain field according to certain type of
work.
2. Chief builder, is a person who has expertise in
the field of building.
3. Builders, are people who directly do work of
building according to the instructions of chief builder.
4. Workers, are people who help builders or chief
builder with all types of work without having to have
expertise in certain field.
BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018
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2.4 Indonesian National Standard
(SNI) for Unit Price Analysis
Analysis of unit prices in Indonesia is based on
analysis of SNI that has been updated at certain period
of time. This study compares the analysis of real fixed
unit price for wages with the analysis of price
according to SNI on the construction of river-stone
foundation.
The SNI analysis in this research is according to
the 2013 SNI analysis. Details of the construction of
river-stone foundation can be seen in Figure 4.
2.5 Time study using the Work
Sampling Method
According to Barnes (1980), time study is an activity
to determine the time needed by an operator (who
averagely has good skills and is well-trained) in doing
work activity in normal working conditions and time.
2.6 Working Time Method of Work
Sampling
Work sampling is a technique for conducting a large
number of observations on the activities of a machine,
process, or worker/operator (Wignjosoebroto, 2003).
3 RESEARCH METHOD
In this study, several research stages are conducted as
follows:
Stage 1. Problem Identification.
At this stage, the steps taken are to search for topics
and then to study those topics. This stage also
involves the process of searching literature related to
research material.
Stage 2. Data Collection.
At this stage, data for this research are collected. The
data are as follows:
a. Data on worker productivity and data of installed
price of foundation material. These data are taken by
observing and retrieving data directly at the work
location.
b. Data from the Balai Besar of Bromo Tengger
Semeru National Park in the form of Budget
Estimating and Cost Planning and supporting
documents for the development of the viewpoint area
for the 2017 budget year.
Stage 3. Calculation of Worker Productivity.
At this stage, calculations are made on productive and
unproductive work times.
Stage 4. Data Processing Using Work Sampling
Model.
This is the stage where the data on productivity are
processed using work sampling method.
Stage 5. Material Price Calculation.
At this stage, material costs, from the supplier of
initial purchasing to the work location, are directly
calculated by taking into account the cost of
repayment.
Stage 6. Analysis and Discussion.
At this stage, the results of data processing using
work sampling methods are analysed and discussed.
Stage 7. Report Writing.
This is the stage where documentation of research
results is conducted.
The research flow is as follows:
4 DISCUSSIONS
We give some result and can be discuss.
Start
Survey Locations
Preparation
Data
Results and Discussion
Conclusion and Recommendation(s)
Completed
Secondary
Data
Primary Data
Data Processing and
Data Analysis
Analysis of Worker Productivity at Construction Projects in Highlands: A Case Study from the Development of Penanjakan Viewpoint at
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java
141

4.1 Existing Condition of Pakis Bincil -
Dingklik Block (PTN Penanjakan
Resort)
Pakis Bincil-Dingklik block is located at coordinates
112 ° 55 '17 "- 112 ° 56' 02" E and 7 ° 55 '03' '- 7 ° 56'
02 '' S. This block has an area of 95 Ha and is located
at Penanjakan Resort.
Renovation of Stairs of Penanjakan Viewpoint.
Pananjakan viewpoint is crowded-tourist
destination at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
(TNBTS). This place is the concentration point of
tourists at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park.
Tourists gather at this viewpoint to enjoy the beauty
of sunrise over Mount Bromo. Some of stairs at
Pananjakan viewpoint are currently damaged so
renovations are urgently needed.
Renovation of Penanjakan Viewpoint Tribune.
The current capacity of Pananjakan viewpoint is
still considered to be low for the high number of
tourists coming to Bromo Tengger Semeru National
Park. Moreover, some facilities have been damaged.
Therefore, renovation is needed so that the utilization
of Pananjakan viewpoint can be optimal and
representative as a service to tourists.
Construction of Penanjakan Viewpoint.
The renovation work of tribune at Penanjakan
viewpoint aims to increase the capacity for visitors
who can enjoy the sunrise over Mount Bromo. The
existing tribune can only accommodate around 200
visitors a day and this renovation is expected to
accommodate around 750 visitors a day.
The location of Penanjakan is on the north side of
Mount Bromo with altitude of 3,000 above sea level.
Access road to this location is tortuous and uphill with
an angle of almost 40 degrees over a hill. With the
condition of road access, the problem becomes more
significant because it causes the price of material at
the work location to become more expensive.
Installation of river-stone foundation on the
tribune for visitors was done by dismantling the
existing foundation on the top only, so that the new
foundation can be integrated with the old ones. The
layout image of the new foundation on the sides of the
tribune can be seen in Figure 1.
Development of the tribune above was divided
into 8 sections with maximum number of visitors up
to approximately 800 people in a day. The division of
entrance and exit becomes clearer, compared to
previous condition. River-stone foundation was built
with a height of 60 cm with a width of 80 cm in order
to facilitate circulation.
Figure 1: Layout Planning of Viewpoint Tribune
Development.
Figure 2: Part of Viewpoint Tribune.
Figure 3: Part of the Foundation.
The work element is described so that
measurement variables are obtained based on the
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work components performed. The construction of
river-stone foundation, with a ratio of 1 PC: 3, has the
following elements:
1. Dig the ground for the river stone.
2. Make sure that the width and the depth of the
ground for the river stone are as planned.
3. Install wooden stakes and threads as
benchmark for stone pair levelling.
4. Make a mixture for the river-stone foundation.
5. Lay concreting sand and level it.
6. Dampen the river stones first before
installation.
7. Install aanstamping (empty stone) first.
8. Install river stones over the aanstamping using
a mixture that evenly fills the cavities between
the stones.
9. The river stones are arranged in such a way
that the stone foundation will not be easily
broken and largely hollow.
10. Check the elevation of the stone construction,
whether it is according to plan or not.
11. Non-productive.
The observation time was determined randomly,
under the condition that the time was between 7:30
a.m., which is the time when the workers started
working, and 11:30, and between 12:30 and 16:30.
Between 11:30 and 12:30 is a break for the workers.
Working hours were 8 hours in a day.
4.2 Data Processing of Field
Observation Results
Data were collected 42 times for each working day
and for each worker. There were 5 workers within 5
days. Thus, the data obtained in 5 working days were
5x42 = 210 data, so here, N is 210 (for each worker).
Data processing and % productive control of the
observation results on builders and workers are
presented in the form of tables and graphs as follows:
Table 1. Work Sampling Data of Construction Work.
Activity Worker
Observation Frequency (Day) Total
1 2 3 4 5
Produktive
Builder
I 37 39 38 37 39 190
Builder
II 36 38 36 37 39
186
Worker
I 38 36 34 37 37 182
Worker
II 35 35 38 38 36 182
Worker
III 37 38 37 39 36
187
Non Produk tive
Builder
I 3 1 2 3 1
10
Builder
II 4 2 4 3 1
14
Worker
I 2 4 6 3 3 18
Worker
II 5 5 2 2 4 18
Worker
III 3 2 3 1 4
13
Total % Produktive
Builder
I 40 40 40 40 40 200
Builder
II 40 40 40 40 40 200
Worker
I 40 40 40 40 40
200
Worker
II 40 40 40 40 40 200
Worker
III 40 40 40 40 40 200
Total % Produktive
Builder
I 92,5 97,5 95 92,5 97,5 475
Builder
II 90 95 90 92,5 97,5 465
Worker
I 95 90 85 92,5 92,5 455
Worker
II 87,5 87,5 95 95 90 455
Worker
III 92,5 95 92,5 97,5 90
467,5
Uniformity Test for Data of River-Stone
Foundation Construction Job
Uniformity test results can be seen in Table 2 below:
Table 2: Data Uniformity Test.
Worker

Σ


Σ

Worker I 0.95 40
Worker II 0.93 40
Builder I 0.91 40
Builder II 0.91 40
Builder III 0.935 40
BKA 3

1

BKB3

1

1.04 0.823
1.05 0.872
1.03 0.782
1.05 0.875
1.04 0.839
where:
p = productivity percentage on day i
k = number of observations (5 days)
n = number of observations on day i
Analysis of Worker Productivity at Construction Projects in Highlands: A Case Study from the Development of Penanjakan Viewpoint at
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java
143

Figure 4: Control Chart of Productive Percentage of Builder
I.
Figure 5: Control Chart of Productive Percentage of Builder
II.
Figure 6: Control Chart of Productive Percentage of Builder
III.
Figure 7: Control Chart of Productive Percentage of Builder
IV.
Figure 8: Control Chart of Productive Percentage of Builder
V.
Accuracy level was calculated as a reference to
minimize errors made by researchers in retrieving
data during the construction work.
Table 8: Number of Observations on River-Stone
Foundation Construction Job.
Human
Resource
N N’ Ket
Builder I 200 172.96 N’ <
N
Builder II 200 177.76 N’ < N
Worker I 200 168.45 N’ < N
Worker II 200 182.85 N’ < N
Worker III 200 172.96 N’ < N
Based on the data obtained, it was found that N
'<N both from workers and from builders. This
finding means that the observational data obtained
was sufficient.
Table 9: Allocation of Time Utilization on Work Elements
by Workers.
3

1

pi
3

1

0.00672 0.020 0.03348
0.00740 0.023 0.03470
0.02932 0.048 0.07067
0.00808 0.027 0.03492
0.06853 0.091 0.12468
0.04495 0.062 0.09314
0.06892 0.104 0.12472
0.10889 0.142 0.17512
0.04328 0.333 0.36782
0.28636 0.072 0.08971
0.05854 0.080 0.11237
90,0
95,0
100,0
12345
HariKe‐
TukangI
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
12345
HariKe‐
TukangII
80,0
90,0
100,0
12345
HariKe‐
PekerjaI
80,0
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
12345
HariKe‐
PekerjaII
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
12345
HariKe‐
PekerjaIII
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4.3 Calculation of the Standard Time
Needed in the Installation of
River-Stone Foundation Using the
Composition of 1 PC: 4 PS
From the data above, the standard time of
construction of river-stone foundation can be
calculated using the following steps:
a) The number of data from 5-day observation on 5
workers with each worker becoming the source 40
data can be calculated as following:
5 (days) x 5 (workers) x 40 (data) = 1000
observational data
b) Total time (in minute) spent for 5-day observation
= 8 (hours) x 60 (minutes) x 5 (days) = 2400
minutes
c) The number of observed productive activity data
from the table can be calculated as follows:
Number of productive data of builders = 376 data
Number of productive data of workers = 551 data
Total Number = 927 data
d) Productive percentage:
Total number of productive data = 927 data
Number of observation data = 1000 data
Productive percentage = (927/1000) x 100% =
92.7%
e) Productive time (in minute):
Productive percentage x amount of time (in
minute) of observation = 92.7% x 2400 minutes =
2224.8 minutes
f) Number of products produced:
(2.5+2.4+2.6+2+2.5) m3 = 12 m
g) Cycle time (Ws) required:
Amount of productive time (in minute)/number of
products: = 2224.8 minutes/12 m3 = 185.4
minutes/m3
h) Time allowance (I) used is as follows:
Personal needs = 5%
Relieving fatigue = 4%
Inevitable obstacles = 5%
Total = 14%
i) Adjustment factor (p), using Westinghouse
method:
Skills: Good (B2) = +0.08
Effort: Excellent (B1) = +0.10
Working condition: Good (C) = +0.02
Consistency: Good (C) = +0.01
Total = +0.21
j) Standard time (Wb) = Wn + (I x Wn)
= 185.4 + (0.09 x 185.4)
= 202.086 minutes/m3
= 3.3681 hours/m3
In other words, it took 202.086 minutes or 3.3681
hours to complete the construction of river-stone
foundation for every m3.
k) The analysis of the unit price of river-stone
foundation installation in the contract was as
follows:
Worker = 1.5 person/day
= 1.5 x Rp 100,000.-
= Rp 250,000.-
Bricklayer = 0.75 x Rp 125,000.-
= Rp. 93,750.-
Chief Bricklayer = 0.0750 x Rp 135,000.-
= Rp 10,125.-
Supervisor = 0.0750 x Rp 150,000.-
= Rp 11,250.-
Total Wages for Installing River-Stone
Foundation/m3 = Rp 365,125. -
l) Based on observation in the field, the installed
prices were as follows:
Builder = 2 x Rp 125,000.-
= Rp 250,000.-
Worker = 3 x 100,000.-
= Rp 300,000.-
Chief Builder = 1 x 135,000.-
= Rp 135,000.-
Supervisor = 1 x 150,000.-
= Rp 150,000.-
Material transport cost = 1 Ls = Rp. 175,000.-
Wages for installing foundation in 1 day (8 Hours) =
Rp. 1,010,000. -
Every 1 m3 took 3.3681 hours, so for every 1 m3, real
direct cost was (Rp. 1,010,000 / 8 hours) x 3.3681 =
Rp 425,222. -.
m) There was a difference in wages as many as Rp
60,097. - for every m3 of river-stone foundation.
4.4 Installed Cost Analysis of Supplier
of River Stone, Cement, and Sand
in One Cubic Meter at the
Renovation Work Site of
Penanjakan Tribune
Material transport cost at locations that have special
terrain was calculated by referring to the Ministry of
Public Works and Public Housing Regulation
No.28/PRT/M/2016 on Unit Price Analysis (this
analysis only applies to higher or steeper slope of 1v:
10h). The calculation is as follows:
Analysis of Worker Productivity at Construction Projects in Highlands: A Case Study from the Development of Penanjakan Viewpoint at
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java
145

Figure 9: Analysis of Foundation Construction.
From work unit basic price, the material was
transported as far as 100 m above, then material
transport cost to the work location can be calculated
as follows:
• 1 m3 of split stones
Unit basic price of transport of 1m3 stones
=1.1 x 1.26/1.1 x unit basic price
=1.1 x 1.26/1.1 x Rp 785,910.00
= Rp 990,246.60
• 1 m3 of coral/gravel
Unit basic price of transport of 1 m3 of
coarse/coral aggregate
= 1.0 x 1.26 / 1.1 x unit basic price
= 1.26 / 1.1 x Rp 785,910.00
= Rp. 900,224.18
• 1 bag of cement
Unit basic price of transport of 1 bag of cement
= 1.0 x 0.05 / 1.1 x unit basic price
= 0.05 / 1.1 x Rp 785,910.00
= Rp 35,723.18
5 CONCLUSIONS
From observation results, data processing, and data
analysis using work sampling method on construction
of river-stone foundation in the renovation project of
Penanjakan tribune viewpoint, the conclusions are as
follows:
1. From the primary observational data, it is obtained
standard completion time for each m3 of river-
stone foundation, which is 202.086 minutes/m3 or
3.3681 hours/m3. This finding means that the
productivity of 2 workers and 3 workers in one
day is 2.375 m3.
 Based on the analysis of unit price of river-stone
foundation installation in the contract, it is
obtained total wages for installing river-stone
foundation/m3 = Rp 365,125. -.
According to field observation, wages for
installing foundation in 1 day (8 Hours) was Rp.
1,010,000. -.
Every 1 m3 took 3.3681 hours, so for every 1 m3,
real direct cost was (Rp. 1,010,000 / 8 hours) x
3.3681 = Rp 425,222. -.
 There was a difference in wages as many as Rp
60,097.- for every m3 of river-stone foundation. It
can be interpreted that installed price in the field
is more expensive than the price according to unit
price analysis using Indonesian National Standard
(SNI). This difference was caused by several
factors, such as weather, workplace altitude,
unobserved behavior of the workers.
2. On-site price of material, based on calculations, is
as follows:
1 m3 of split stone = Rp 990,246.60
1 m3 of coral/gravel = Rp 900,224.18
1 bag of cement = Rp 35,723.18
From overall result of this research, the following
recommendations were proposed:
1. Research variables, such as weather, worker
behavior, oxygen level in the body, are recommended
to be added in future research because this research
was conducted in mountainous area, in which the
higher altitude gets, the lower the oxygen level
becomes.
2. It will be better if the period of observation can
be longer so that more precise standard time can be
obtained.
3. Other types of work, such as concrete work,
plastering, etc., should be studied in order to develop
job analysis coefficients for projects taken place in
highland areas.
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