The Impact of Land Use Change and Factors Affecting the

Settlements in Ambawang Corridor

Nunik Hasriyanti

, Andi Zulestari Z

and Ismail Ruslan

Department of Urban Design , Politeknik Negeri Pontianak, A. Yani Street, Pontinak City, Indonesia

Department of Architecture, Politeknik Negeri Pontianak, A. Yani Street, Pontinak City, Indonesia

Department of Sociology, IAIN Pontianak, A. Yani Street, Pontianak City, Indonesia

Keywords: Land Use, Impact, Settlement, Urban Sprawl, Corridor .

Abstract: The development of urban infrastructure in Indonesia is faced with increasingly complex problems, especially

with the conversion of open land into unuseful space. This research was generally aimed to design the corridor

of Ambawang with green infrastructure to obtain an ecological corridor room, meaning that there would be a

balance between urban development and environmental sustainability. The purpose of this research was to

analyze and predict the trend of development of a waking space in Ambawang corridor. This research also

analyzed and predicted the development of a built-up space in Ambawang corridor as well as the causal factors

and practices of growth settlements in metropolitan outskirts. This research used a qualitative-descriptive

research method through field observations covering identification for the purpose of building space and

infrastructure in Ambawang corridor. An analysis of existing conditions was done through the interpretation

of aerial photographs and thematic maps of 2016 to know the spread of the spatial space built in Ambawang

corridor. This research is expected to provide for policy-making with design guidelines (engineering

guidelines) for planning and designing space and infrastructure built in Ambawang corridor.

1 INTRODUCTION

The district of Sungai Ambawang is adjacent to the

district of Kuala Mandor B to the north, the district of

Sungai Raya to the south, the city of Pontianak to the

west, and the regency of Sanggau to the east. This

research was based on the results of previous studies

that have formulated the direction of the Ambawang

corridor policy which is linked to the Spatial Plan of

Kuburaya regency for the direction of the

development of Ambawang corridor as a cross-

provincial transportation route.

As how its future strategicness is predicted, in the

future, there will be space growth along the road as

well as population growth which will lead to an

increased amount of built space. This urges the need

for a built-up space that have been set to avoid

sporadic development. Stakeholder involvement

(Oberg, 2016) is also highly important to the

structuring of Ambawang corridor on this Trans-

Kalimantan Road.

An interesting phenomenon related to the

development of suburban settlements in the Trans-

Kalimantan Road corridor is the development of

suburban settlements. This development gives a bad

impression that it is not adequate as a city housing

environment or tends to have a decreased carrying

capacity and that it forms an irregular settlement pattern.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and

predict the development of the space built in

Ambawang corridor as well as the causes and

practices of the growth of settlements on the

metropolitan outskirts. The existing supporting

facilities made available for fulfilling space needs in

the Trans-Kalimantan Road corridor are generally

inadequate, necessitating a design guideline for

planning and designing this area. This planning is also

related as a guideline for the development of

Ambawang District as an agropolitan area by utilizing

undeveloped land as urban agriculture land. This has

become very important because the district spatial

plan is not yet optimal in developing this area. This

planning takes into consideration built space and

undeveloped space as a unity that support each other

to develop this area as an agropolitan areaBe advised

that papers in a technically unsuitable form will be

returned for retyping. After returned the manuscript

must be appropriately modified.

Hasriyanti, N., Zulestari Z, A. and Ruslan, I.

The Impact of Land Use Change and Factors Affecting the Settlements in Ambawang Corridor.

DOI: 10.5220/0008904800002481

In Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference (BEST ICON 2018), pages 20-31

ISBN: 978-989-758-414-5

2 METHODS

This research was conducted through a field survey

by interviewing several informants and through

institutional surveys with scientific, legal, and

empirical studies on performance measurement

models that had already existed and/or had been

implemented based on the literature. Questionnaires

aimed at residents who lived along the corridor of the

Trans-Kalimantan Road in five villages of Sungai

Ambawang District were developed to find out the

quality of the space in Ambawang corridor. As many

as 20 questionnaires were disseminated to each

village. The villages surveyed were Ambawang

Kuala Village, Jawa Tengah Village, Durian Village,

Korek Village, and Lingga Village. The location

serving as the object of the regional research was the

area along the Trans-Ambawang crossing that crosses

Sungai Ambawang district. In much of the area to the

left and right of this road are various activities, from

residential, educational, health, office, public open

space, and trading to service activities, such as

activities in markets, banks, shops, workshops, stalls

(kios), and inns. Therefore it was chosen to be used as

a city.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The Trans-Kalimantan corridor is part of the primary

collector lane that connects Pontianak City to Landak

Regency and Tapat Fogapaten. This made this

corridor the main route of movement from and to

Ambawang River and its surroundings. With its role

as a main circulation lane, it is not surprising that the

vehicles passing through this corridor were very

diverse. The Trans-Kalimantan corridor was

characterized by a space that is quite diverse in terms

of mass of buildings/functions existing along it. There

was a space filled by residential buildings that begin

to change functions on the left and right of the road.

It was occupied by multifunctional buildings in the

form of residential or retail buildings as well as

buildings such as shophouses, street vendors, and

plantations. Closer to the city center the corridor

space had a different character as it predominantly

functioned as a residential and retail area with a

smaller scale of buildings. The corridor space was

occupied by residential and retail buildings located

close to the city center. The settlements in the Sungai

Ambawang area were mostly developed by local

developers, and a small portion of them were built

independently by local communities. Settlements and

economic activities in the Sungai Ambawang area

developed along the side of the collector road on the

Trans-Kalimantan road, which is, administratively,

directly adjacent to Pontianak City.

Based on the built area, housing in the Sungai

Ambawang area included a type of small-scale

housing. Housing complexes were built per lane with

the width of the complex of plots ranging from 35 m

to 45 m. In general, there were two typologies of

settlements in the Sungai Ambawang area, namely 1)

stage houses—houses with wooden stake foundations

(stick poles), which are traditional houses of the

Pontianak community but currently are being

abandoned/in demand by the community and existing

in a very small number and 2) tapak houses—houses

with river lane foundations, similar to the houses on

Java. The site was developed by developers and was

garnering pretty much interest from the community.

Among the main strategic positions of the area

along the Trans-Kalimantan road were hinterland or

peripheral area and part of the metropolitan area of

Pontianak City. There was a high demand from

commuters for a place to live in and a center for

warehousing in the Sungai Ambawang area. This was

partly due to the availability of large enough land,

accessibility, and the distance from pontianak city

center which is still affordable. Settlements’ being

located on the outskirts of the city, comfortable

atmosphere, and beautiful environment with low

noise levels provided an added value to the Sungai

Ambawang area as an alternative choice of residence.

The arrangement of proportional and less densed

residential areas in the center of the city (Pontianak),

the availability of adequate settlement facilities and

infrastructure, as well as the booming economic

activities made this area the hinterland area with

faster growth compared to other hinterland regions

(Sungai Kakap and Seberang region), especially in

the housing and trading/services sector. The relatively

low price of land also had an impact on the price per

unit of housing that is relatively cheap and affordable

to the community. The following are the findings of a

quantitative analysis of Sungai Ambawang district

which are the priority for the development of the

corridor area.

Table 1: Findings Regarding Land Use in Durian Village.

Assessment

Aspects

Findings

Population

Conditions

Eighty percent of the respondents

were men, and 20% were women.

Ninety percent of the respondents

were elementary to secondary school

graduates, and 10% had diploma

The Impact of Land Use Change and Factors Affecting the Settlements in Ambawang Corridor

degrees. With regard to profession,

40% of the respondents were

temporary workers, and 60% had

permanent jobs. Thirty percent of the

respondents earned less than Rp1

million a month, and 70% earned

more than Rp1 million. Twenty

percent of the respondents

considered that their income was

insufficient for meeting their living

needs, and 80% felt that their income

was more than enough, some of

which they could still save.

General

Environmental

Conditions

In general, 90% of the respondents

had 1 family in one dwelling, and

only 10% had more than 1 family.

The status of the land owned by the

entire respondents (100%) was self-

owned. Ninety percent of the

respondents had permanent

buildings, and 10% had semi-

permanent buildings. Eighty percent

of the respondents left land for the

yard and 20% did not. With regard to

building age, 60% of the respondents

occupied buildings less than 15 years

of age and 40% occupied buildings

more than 15 years of age. Sixty

percent of the respondents had made

repairs on their buildings more than

1 time, and 40% had never made any

repair on their buildings at all.

Living/Business

Environment

Conditions

With regard to the condition of the

business environment, 40% of the

respondents used their land only as a

residential area, and 60% used their

land as places of business. In terms

of the type of business undertaken by

the respondents, 83% of the

respondents were engaged in

businesses in kiosks, and 13% were

engaged in other fields. With regard

to accessibility to environmental

facilities, 30% of the respondents

could reach the facilities easily from

their environment, and 70% had to

be from the outside of the

environment to reach the nearest

facility. In terms of building itself,

20% of the respondents were in an

environment where the entire

buildings were oriented towards the

highway, and 80% were in an

environment where not all buildings

were oriented towards the road.

Environmental

Facility

Conditions

With regard to environmental

facilities that were available on a

graphical basis, 10% of the

respondents used MCK (bath, wash,

and toilet) facilities in the form of

cubluk, and the other 90% used

latrines in rivers or ponds. With

regard to waste management, the

whole respondents (100%) threw

away their own garbage on their own

land or in ditches. One-hundred

percent of the respondents did not

have any permanent construction of

rainwater channels in their

environment.

Environmental

Physical

Conditions

With regard to environmental

physical conditions, 80% of the

respondents experienced flooding in

their environment, and 20% rarely or

never experienced flooding in their

environment. Environmental

management in the form of

community service was carried out

by 70% of the respondents, while

30% did not carry out any

environmental management. With

regard to the availability of clean

water, the entire respondents (100%)

stated that they obtained the clean

water from the well. As for

environmental road construction,

20% of the respondents’

environment had concrete roads, and

80% of the respondents’

environment had dirt roads. In terms

of the availability of electricity

networks, 100% of the respondents’

environment had been supplied with

electricity.

Ownership

Status

Fifty percent of the respondents had

lived in the study area since before

1990, and the other 50% started to

live there after 1990. All respondents

(100%) considered that the location

had an important value. With regard

to ownership status, 90% of the

respondents had land certificates,

while the remaining 10% did not.

Twenty percent of the respondents

had IMBs (Permits for Building),

and the rest (80%) did not.

Development

and Type of

Land

Of all of the respondents, 100%

thought that there were

environmental and technological

developments. Twenty percent did

not consider that there was a change

in technology in their environment.

With regard to land type before

being owned by the respondents,

40% was residential area, and 60%

was vacant land. Sixty percent of the

respondents had occupied the land

for 5–10 years, and the remaining

40% had occupied the land for more

than 15 years.

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

Types of Land

and Business

In the study area, 60% of the

respondents used their land as

locations for commercial business,

while the other 40% only used it as

residences. In terms of type of

commercial business itself, 100% of

the respondents were engaged in

trading. Fifty percent of the

respondents could reach

environmental facilities easily, while

50% had to be from the outside of the

environment. Fifty percent of the

respondents used their land for

residence as well as business, and the

remaining 50% did not. As for

ownership status, the whole land was

private property.

Reasons for

Selection and

Land

Allocation

Of the total respondents, 40% were

indigenous, and 60% were migrants.

With regard to reasons for location

selection, 90% of the respondents

chose locations because they were

strategically situated, while 10% of

the respondents chose locations for

other reasons. As for the allocation

of location selection, 90% of the

respondents considered the locations

to be crowd centers, and the other

10% did not.

Licensing and

Land

Development

In terms of business licensing, the

entire respondents did not have any

commercial business license. The

areas of land owned by the

respondents varied. Eighty percent

of the respondents had land areas of

less than 100 m

. Ten percent of the

respondents had land areas of 100

–200 m

. Ten percent of the

respondents had land areas of more

than 200 m

. With regard to land

development, 60% of the

respondents chose to do business

development, and the other 40% did

not have any plan for land

development in the future.

Understanding

of the Spatial

Plan (Spatial

Plan)

All respondents were not aware of

the RTRW (spatial planning) and did

not understand the Spatial Plan of

Kubu Raya.

Table 2: Findings Regarding Land Use in Lingga

Village

Assessment

Aspects

Findings

Population

Conditions

Ninety percent of the respondents

were men, and the remaining 10%

were women. Sixty percent of the

respondents were elementary to

secondary school graduates, and

40% were college graduates and had

a Bachelor's degree. With regard to

profession, 60% of the respondents

were temporary workers (e.g.,

construction workers or laborers),

and only 40% had permanent jobs.

Seventy percent of the respondents

earned less than Rp1 million a

month, and 80% felt that the income

was not enough to meet their living

needs. Meanwhile, 30% of the

respondents earned from Rp1

million to more than Rp1 million,

and only 20% felt that their income

was more than enough to meet their

living needs, some of which they

could still save.

General

Environmental

Conditions

In general, 90% of the respondents

had 1 family in one dwelling, and

only 10% had more than 1 family.

The status of the land owned by the

entire respondents (100%) was self-

owned. Sixty percent of the

respondents had permanent

buildings, and 40% had semi-

permanent buildings. All

respondents (100%) still left land on

their land. With regard to building

age, 60% of the respondents

occupied buildings less than 15 years

of age, and 40% occupied buildings

more than 15 years of age. Ninety

percent of the respondents had made

repairs more than 1 time, and the rest

(10%) had never made any

improvement on their buildings at

all.

Living/Business

Environment

Conditions

With regard to the condition of the

business environment, 20% of the

respondents used their land as places

of business, and 80% used their land

only as residences. With regard to

business type, 100% of the

respondents were engaged in home

industries. With regard to

accessibility to environmental

facilities, 60% of the respondents

could reach the facilities easily from

their environment, and 40% had to

be from the outside of the

environment to reach the nearest

facility. As for the building itself,

90% of the respondents were in an

environment where the entire

buildings were oriented towards the

road, and 10% were in an

environment where not all of the

buildings were oriented towards the

road.

The Impact of Land Use Change and Factors Affecting the Settlements in Ambawang Corridor

Environmental

Facility

Conditions

With regard to environmental

facilities that are available on a

graphical basis, 60% of the

respondents used MCK (bath, wash,

and toilet) facilities in the form of

cubluk, and 40% used latrines in

rivers or ponds. With regard to

environmental waste management,

60% of the respondents threw their

own waste on their own land or in

ditches, and only 40% of the waste

management was carried out by the

environment. One-hundred percent

of the respondents did not have any

permanent rainwater channel

construction in their environment.

Environmental

Physical

Conditions

With regard to environmental

physical conditions, 40% of the

respondents experienced flooding,

and 60% rarely or never experienced

flooding in their environment.

Environmental management in the

form of community service was

carried out by 80% of the

respondents, and 20% of the

respondents did not carry out any

environmental management. As for

the availability of clean water, the

entire respondents (100%) obtained

clean water from the well. With

regard to environmental road

construction, 60% of the

respondents’ environment had

concrete roads, and the environment

of 40% of the respondents had dirt

roads. As for the availability of

electricity networks, 100% of the

respondents’ environment had been

supplied with electricity.

Ownership

Status

Sixty percent of the respondents had

lived in the study area before 1990,

and the rest (40%) lived there after

1990. All respondents (100%)

considered that the location had an

important value. With regard to

ownership status, 70% of the

respondents had land certificates,

while the remaining 30% did not.

Sixty percent of the respondents had

IMBs (Permits for Building), and the

rest (40%) did not.

Development

and Type of

Land

Of all of the respondents, 80%

thought that there was an

environmental development taking

place. The remaining 20% thought

that there had been no significant

development. Ninety percent of the

respondents considered that there

had been a technological

development, and the other 10% did

not consider that technological

changes had occurred in their

environment. With regard to the type

of land, 40% of the land owned by

the respondents was a residential

area, 50% was empty land, and 10%

was rice fields. Forty percent of the

respondents had occupied the land

for 5–10 years, and the remaining

60% had occupied the land for more

than 15 years.

Types of Land

and Business

In the study area, only 20% of the

respondents, while the other 80%

only used it as dwellings. As for

commercial types, 10% of the area

was for home industries, and the

remaining 80% was for other types

of field. Only 20% of the

respondents used their land as

business land, while the remaining

80% only used their land as a

residential area.

Reasons for

Selection and

Land

Allocation

Of all of the respondents, 90% were

indigenous, and the other 10% were

migrants. For reasons of location

selection, 50% of the respondents

chose locations because they were

strategically situated, while the other

20% chose locations because they

were not adjacent to the locations of

similar activities. Twenty percent of

the respondents did not know the

reason for choosing locations, and

the remaining 10% did not know the

reason for choosing locations. With

regard to the allocation of location

selection, 90% of the respondents

considered the locations to be crowd

centers, and the other 10% did not.

Licensing and

Land

Development

In business licensing, 50% of the

respondents already had business

licenses, and the other 50% did not.

According to 10% of the

respondents, the process of

arranging permits was not

transparent, and 90% had other

reasons. The areas of land owned by

respondents varied. Ten percent of

the respondents had land areas of

less than 100 m

. Sixty percent of the

respondents had land areas of 100

–200 m

. Meanwhile, 30% of the

respondents had land areas of more

than 200 m

. As for land

development, 50% of the

respondents chose to do business

development, and the other 50% did

not have plans for the land in the

future.

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

Understanding

of the Spatial

Plan

Of all of the respondents, 70% did

not know about the Spatial Plan of

Kubu Raya Regency, and 30% knew

about the spatial plan. According to

20% of the respondents,

socialization had been carried out by

the local government regarding the

RTRW (Spatial Planning), and 80%

stated that the information came

from other sources. Of all of the

respondents, only 20% understood

the directions in the spatial plan,

while the remaining 80% did not

understand the directions in the

spatial plan.

Table 3: Findings Regarding Land Use in Ambawang Kuala

Village.

Assessment

Aspects

Findings

Population

Conditions

100% of the respondents were men.

Forty percent of the respondents

were elementary to secondary school

graduates, 30% were college

graduates and had a Bachelor's

degree, and the rest did not mention

their level of education. With regard

to profession, 20% of the

respondents were temporary

workers, and 60% had permanent

jobs. Thirty percent of the

respondents earned less than Rp1

million a month, and 60% of them

felt that the income was not enough

to meet their living needs. Seventy

percent of the respondents earned

from Rp1 million to more than Rp1

million, and only 40% of them felt

that their income was more than

enough to meet their living needs,

some of which they could still save.

General

Environmental

Conditions

In general, 80% of the respondents

had 1 family in one dwelling, and

only 20% had more than 1 family.

With regard to the status of the land

owned by the respondents, 90% was

self-owned, and 10% of the

respondents rented other people’s

land. Eighty percent of the buildings

owned by the respondents were

permanent buildings, and 20% were

semi-permanent buildings. Seventy

percent of the respondents still left

land for the yard, and 30% did not.

With regard to building age, 70% of

the respondents occupied buildings

less than 15 years of age, and 30%

occupied buildings more than 15

years of age. One-hundred percent of

the respondents had made repairs on

their buildings more than 1 time.

Living/Business

Environment

Conditions

With regard to the condition of the

business environment, 20% of the

respondents used their land only as

housing, and 80% used their land as

places of business. With regard to the

type of business undertaken by the

respondents, 30% of the respondents

were engaged in the household

industry, 20% were doing business

in kiosks, and 50% were engaged in

other fields. As for accessibility to

environmental facilities, 60% of the

respondents could reach the facility

easily from their environment, and

40% had to be from the outside of the

environment to reach the nearest

facility. With regard to the building

itself, 90% of the respondents were

in an environment where the entire

buildings were oriented towards the

road, and 10% were in an

environment where not all buildings

were oriented towards the road.

Environmental

Facility

Conditions

With regard to environmental

facilities available on a graphical

basis, 60% of the respondents used

MCK (bath, wash, and toilet)

facilities in the form of cubluk, and

the other 40% used latrines in rivers

or ponds. As for waste management,

10% of the respondents had the

environmental waste management

carried out by the Department of

Sanitation, 60% threw their own

waste on their own land or in the

ditch, and 30% had the waste

management carried out by the

environment. One-hundred percent

of the respondents did not have any

permanent rainwater construction in

their environment.

Environmental

Physical

Conditions

With regard to environmental

physical conditions, 30% of the

respondents experienced flooding,

and 70% rarely or never experienced

flooding in their environment.

Environmental management in the

form of cooperation was carried out

by 40% of the respondents, while the

other 60% did not carry out any

environmental management. As for

the availability of clean water, the

entire respondents (100%) obtained

clean water from the well. With

regard to environmental road

construction, 90% of the

respondents’ environment had

concrete roads, and 10% of the

The Impact of Land Use Change and Factors Affecting the Settlements in Ambawang Corridor

respondents’ environment had dirt

roads. With regard to availability of

electricity networks, 100% of the

respondents’ environment had been

supplied with electricity.

Ownership

Status

Fifty percent of the respondents had

lived in the study area since before

1990, and the other 50% started to

live there after 1990. All respondents

(100%) considered that the location

had an important value. As for the

ownership status, 90% of the

respondents had land certificates,

while the remaining 10% did not.

Sixty percent of the respondents had

IMBs (Permits for Building), and the

rest (40%) did not.

Development

and Type of

Land

Of all of the respondents, 100%

thought that there was an

environmental development. Eighty

percent of the respondents thought

that there was a technological

development, and the other 20% did

not consider that any technological

change occurred in their

environment. With regard to the type

of land before being owned by the

respondents, 70% of the land was a

residential area, 20% was empty

land, and 10% was rice fields.

Twenty percent of the respondents

had lived on the land for 0–5 years,

50% for 5–10 years, and the

remaining 30% for more than 15

years.

Types of Land

and Business

In the study area, 80% of the

respondents used their land as

locations for commercial businesses,

while the other 20% only used it for

housing. As for commercial business

alone, 63% of them were engaged in

trading, and 38% were engaged in

other fields. Seventy percent of the

respondents used their land as

residences as well as business

locations, and 30% only functioned

as either of the two. With regard to

ownership status, 10% of the land

was leased land, and 90% was

private property.

Reasons for

Selection and

Land

Allocation

Of all of the respondents, 90% were

indigenous, and 10% were migrants.

With regard to reasons for location

selection, 80% of the respondents

chose locations because they were

strategically situated, while 20% of

the respondents did not know the

reason for location selection. With

regard to allocation of location

selection, 80% of the respondents

considered the locations to be crowd

centers, and the other 20% did not.

Licensing and

Land

Development

In business licensing, 60% of the

respondents had business licenses,

and the other 40% did not have any

commercial business license.

According to 10% of the

respondents, the licensing process

was costly, 20% of the respondents

considered the licensing process to

be complicated, and 70% had other

reasons. The areas of the land owned

by the respondents varied. Sixty

percent of the respondents had land

areas of less than 100 m

. Thirty

percent of the respondents had land

areas of 100 m

–200 m

. Ten percent

of the respondents had land areas of

more than 200 m

. With regard to

land development, 70% of the

respondents chose to do

development, and the remaining

30% did not have a plan for the land

in the future.

Understanding

of the Spatial

Plan

Of all of the respondents, 70% did

not know about the Spatial Plan of

Kubu Raya Regency, and 30% knew

about the Spatial Plan. According to

20% of the respondents,

socialization regarding RTRW

(Spatial Planning) had been carried

out by the local government, and

80% stated that the information came

from other sources. Of all of the

respondents, only 20% understood

the directions in the spatial plan,

while the remaining 80% did not.

Table 4: Findings Regarding Land Use in Jawa Tengah

Village.

Assessment

Aspects

Findings

Population

Conditions

Ninety percent of the respondents

were men, and 10% were women.

One-hundred of the respondents

were elementary to secondary school

graduates. With regard to profession,

60% of the respondents were

temporary workers, and 40% had

permanent employment. One-

hundred percent of the respondents

earned less than Rp1 million a

month. Ninety percent of the

respondents considered that their

income was not enough to meet their

living needs, and 10% felt that their

income was more than enough, some

of which they could save.

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

General

Environmental

Conditions

Based on the graph, 100% of the

respondents had 1 family in one

dwelling with the status of the land

owned by 90% of the respondents

being self-owned and the status of

the land owned by the remaining

10% being state-owned land. Forty

percent of the respondents’ owned

buildings were permanent buildings,

and 60% of the respondents’ owned

buildings were semi-permanent

buildings. Eighty percent of the

respondents still left land for the yard

and 20% did not. With regard to

building age, 80% of the respondents

occupied buildings less than 15 years

of age, and 20% occupied buildings

more than 15 years of age. Seventy

percent of the respondents had made

repairs on their buildings more than

1 time, and 30% had never made any

improvements on their buildings at

all.

Living/Business

Environment

Conditions

With regard to condition of the

business environment, 70% of the

respondents used their land only as

housing, and 30% used their land as

places of business. With regard to the

type of business carried out, 100% of

the respondents carried out

businesses in kiosks. As for

accessibility to environmental

facilities, 30% of the respondents

could reach the facilities easily from

their environment, and 70% had to

be from the outside of the

environment to reach the nearest

facility. With regard to the building

itself, 50% of the respondents were

in an environment where the entire

buildings were oriented towards the

highway, and 50% were in an

environment where not all buildings

were oriented towards the road.

Environmental

Facility

Conditions

With regard to environmental

facilities available on a graphical

basis, 20% of the respondents used

MCK (bath, wash, and toilet)

facilities in the form of cubluk, and

the remaining 80% used latrines in

rivers or ponds. With regard to waste

management, the whole respondents

(100%) threw away their own

garbage on their own land or in

ditches. One-hundred percent of the

respondents did not have any

permanent construction of rainwater

channels in their environment

Environmental

Physical

Conditions

With regard to environmental

physical conditions, 100% of the

respondents experienced flooding in

their environment. Environmental

management in the form of

cooperation was carried out by 60%

of the respondents, and 40% did not

carry out environmental

management. As for the availability

of clean water, the entire respondents

(100%) obtained clean water from

the well. With regard to

environmental road construction,

20% of the respondents’

environment had concrete roads, and

80% of the respondents’

environment had dirt roads. With

regard to availability of electricity

networks, 100% of the respondents’

environment has been supplied with

electricity.

Ownership

Status

Fifty percent of the respondents had

lived in the study area since before

1990, and the other 50% started to

live there after 1990. Ninety percent

of the respondents considered that

the location had an important value,

while 10% did not. With regard to

ownership status, 80% of the

respondents had land certificates,

while the remaining 20% did not.

Twenty percent of the respondents

had IMBs (Permits for Building),

and the rest (80%) did not.

Development

and Type of

Land

Of all of the respondents, 90%

thought there were environmental

and technological developments

taking place, and the other 10% did

not consider that environmental and

technological changes had occurred.

With regard to land types before

being owned by the respondents,

60% of the land was residential area,

30% was vacant land, and 10% was

paddy fields. Ten percent of the

respondents had occupied the land

for 0–5 years, 50% for 5–10 years,

10% for 10–15 years, and the

remaining 30% for more than 15

years.

Types of Land

and Business

Of all of the respondents, 90%

thought that there were

environmental and technological

developments taking place, and the

other 10% did not consider that

technological changes had occurred.

With regard to land types before

being owned by the respondents,

60% of the land was residential area,

30% was vacant land, and 10% was

The Impact of Land Use Change and Factors Affecting the Settlements in Ambawang Corridor

paddy fields. Ten percent of the

respondents had occupied the land

for 0–5 years, 50% for 5–10 years,

10% for 10–15 years, and the

remaining 30% for more than 15

years.

Reasons for

Selection and

Land

Allocation

Of all of the respondents, 90% were

indigenous, and 10% were migrants.

With regard to reasons for location

selection, 60% of the respondents

chose locations because they were

strategically situated, 10% chose

locations because they were not

adjacent to similar activities, and

10% chose locations for other

reasons. For the allocation of

location selection, 90% of the

respondents considered the locations

to be crowd centers, and the other

10% did not.

Licensing and

Land

Development

In business licensing, the entire

respondents had commercial

business licenses. With regard to

constraints in licensing, 10% of the

respondents considered the process

as complicated, and 90% had other

reasons. The areas of land owned by

the respondents varied. Seventy

percent of the respondents had land

areas of less than 100 m

, and 30%

had land areas of 100 m

–200 m

With regard to land development,

30% of the respondents chose to do

business development, 10% planned

to sell their land, and the remaining

60% did not have any plan for the

land in the future.

Understanding

of the Spatial

Plan

All respondents were not aware of

the RTRW (Spatial Planning) and

did not understand the Spatial Plan

of Kubu Raya Regency.

Table 5: Findings Regarding Land Use in Korek Village.

Assessment

Aspects

Findings

Population

Conditions

One-hundred percent of the

respondents were men. Seventy

percent of the respondents were

elementary to secondary school

graduates, and 30% were college

graduates and had a Bachelor's

degree. With regard to profession,

40% of the respondents were

temporary workers, and 60% had

permanent jobs. Sixty percent of the

respondents earned less than Rp1

million a month, and 40% of the

respondents earned more than Rp1

million. Seventy percent of the

respondents considered their income

to be not enough to meet their living

needs, and 30% felt that their income

was more than enough, some of

which they could save.

General

Environmental

Conditions

In general, 70% of the respondents

had 1 family in one dwelling, and

30% had more than 1 family. The

status of the land owned by the entire

respondents (100%) was billionaire.

Sixty percent of the respondents had

permanent buildings, and 40% had

semi-permanent buildings. Ninety

percent of the respondents still left

land for the yard, and 10% did not.

With regard to building age, 20% of

the respondents occupied buildings

less than 15 years of age, and 80%

occupied buildings more than 15

years of age. Eighty percent of the

respondents had made repairs on

their buildings more than 1 time, and

20% had never made any repair on

their buildings.

Living/Business

Environment

Conditions

With regard to condition of the

business environment, 20% of the

respondents used their land only as

housing, and 80% used their land as

places of business. With regard to

type of business undertaken by the

respondents, 25% of the respondents

were engaged in household

industries, 50% were engaged in

businesses in kiosks, and 25% were

engaged in other fields. As for

accessibility to environmental

facilities, 90% of the respondents

could reach the facilities easily from

their environment, and 10% had to

be from the outside of the

environment to reach the nearest

facility. With regard to the building

itself, 80% of the respondents were

in an environment where the whole

buildings were oriented towards the

road, and 20% were in an

environment where not all buildings

were oriented towards the road.

Environmental

Facility

Conditions

With regard to environmental

facilities available on a graphical

basis, 50% of the respondents used

MCK (bath, wash, and toilet)

facilities in the form of cubluk, and

50% used latrines in rivers or ponds.

With regard to waste management,

20% of the respondents’ garbage was

managed by the environment, and

80% disposed of their own waste on

their own land or in ditches. One-

hundred percent of the respondents

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

did not have any permanent

construction of rainwater channels in

their environment.

Environmental

Physical

Conditions

With regard to environmental

physical conditions, 60% of the

respondents experienced flooding in

their environment, and 40% of the

respondents rarely or never

experienced flooding in their

environment. Environmental

management in the form of service

was carried out by 90% of the

respondents, and 10% did not

manage the environment. As for the

availability of clean water, the entire

respondents (100%) obtained clean

water from the well. With regard to

environmental road construction,

90% of the respondents’

environment had concrete roads, and

10% of the respondents’

environment had dirt roads. With

regard to availability of electricity

networks, 100% of the respondents’

environment had been supplied with

electricity.

Ownership

Status

Eighty percent of the respondents

had lived in the study area since

before 1990, and the remaining 20%

started to live there after 1990. All

respondents (100%) considered that

the location had an important value.

With regard to ownership status,

100% of the respondents had land

certificates and IMBs (Permits to

Establish Building).

Development

and Type of

Land

Of all of the respondents, 100%

considered that there were

environmental and technological

developments taking place in their

environment. With regard to type of

land before being owned by the

respondents, 10% of the land was

residential area, and 90% was vacant

land. Ten percent of the respondents

had occupied the land for 0–5 years,

10% for 5–10 years, and the

remaining 80% for more than 15

years.

Types of Land

and Business

In the research area, 80% of the

respondents used their land as

locations for commercial businesses,

while the other 20% only used their

land as residences. With regard to the

type of commercial business itself,

50% of the respondents were

engaged in trading, 25% in

household industries, and 25% in

other fields. Eighty percent of the

respondents used their land as

residential as well as business

locations. As for ownership status,

the whole land was private property.

Reasons for

Selection and

Land

Allocation

Of all of the respondents, 100% were

indigenous. With regard to reasons

for location selection, 50% of the

respondents chose locations because

they were strategically situated, 10%

chose locations because they did not

lie near locations of similar

activities, 30% did not know the

reason for choosing a location, and

10% chose locations for other

reasons. With regard to allocation of

location selection, 90% of the

respondents considered the locations

to be crowd centers, and the other

10% did not.

Licensing and

Land

Development

In business licensing, 88% of the

respondents who owned businesses

already had permits, and the other

13% did not have any business

license. The areas of land owned by

the respondents varied. Ten percent

of the respondents had land areas of

less than 100 m

. Eighty percent of

the respondents had land areas of

100 m

–200 m

, and 10% had land

areas of more than 200 m

. With

regard to land development, 100% of

the respondents chose to do business

development in the future.

Understanding

of the Spatial

Plan

Regarding the Spatial Plan of Kubu

Raya Regency, 40% of the

respondents knew the RTRW

(Spatial Planning), and 60% claimed

that they did not know about the

existing RTRW. Forty percent of the

respondents knew about the RTRW

from the socialization by the local

government. Twenty percent of the

respondents understood the

directions in the Spatial Plan, and

80% did not.

An analysis of the space pattern of Sei Ambawang

District was an analysis of the distribution of space

allotment in the area, which included the analysis of

the designation of space for protection functions and

the analysis of the designation of space for cultivation

functions.The analysis of the space pattern of Sei

Ambawang District functions as the following:

a. allocation for the community’s socio-economic

activities and environmental conservation

activities;

b. regulator of the balance and harmony of space

allocation;

c. a basis for the 10-year program indication; and

The Impact of Land Use Change and Factors Affecting the Settlements in Ambawang Corridor

d. a basis for granting space utilization permits.

In the Sei Ambawang District Road corridor,

settlements, trade, and services, as well as

development of existing oil palm plantations have

been established. Judging from the pattern of space,

the following characteristics were identified:

a. commercial activities were centered in the city

center;

b. settlement activities developed in agricultural and

plantation areas; and

c. the development of agropolitan areas provided a

place for plantation production.

With regard to the floating area of Sei Ambawang

District, in accordance with the directions above, the

development concept was to utilize the land in Sei

Ambawang District as certain spots, with an emphasis

being placed on the area of the east cross-road

corridor of Sei Ambawang District. Based on the

existing conditions in Sei Ambawang District, the use

of land had yet to be optimal. The land was designated

to be used as productive cultivation areas, such as

rubber plantations and oil palm plantations in several

villages and areas for trading/services and

government activities or other social activities.

Economic activities are regularly conducted by all

residents on a day-to-day basis. Therefore, in order to

provide economic services, it is necessary to analyze

economic facilities such as markets, banks, rental

services, cooperatives, among others. In Sungai

Ambawang District, the economic facilities such as

shops and stalls/kiosks in 2015 were arguably very

adequate. Shop service and stalls (kios), restaurants

with the scope of housing environment services. In

2025, there will be additions to the existing market

facilities, and it is expected that the facilities added

will be more evenly distributed, so that all residents

can be served. Commercial areas were concentrated

along the collector road from Ambawang River

(Trans-Kalimantan Road) to the capital city of

Pontianak. As a primary function facility (service

scale at the district level), commercial areas were

arranged on the sides of the collector road connecting

traffic between districts.

The presence of markets, shops/kiosks, and

restaurants on the sides of new arterial roads will be

able to trigger regional growth. This is due to the fact

that market, restaurants, and shops/kiosks serve as

centers of activity. It will be able to trigger the growth

of the area from the undeveloped land to the built land

of the surrounding land. Agglomeration or clustering

of commercial functions (markets, shops) in close

proximity will become the main attraction of a region.

Economic means do not always stand alone and are

separate from other building facilities. The provision

of such facilities is based on not only the size of the

population that will be served, but also the approach

of design of spatial units or existing environmental

groups. This can be related to the formation of the

building/block groups according to the context of the

environment. The facilities will be provided for the

villages in need. The extent to which economic

facilities are needed for the following year is outlined

in table 6.

Table 6: Economic Facilities Needs in Ambawang District

for the Period 2015–2025.

Year

Population

(life)

type of

facility

Market

Shops/

Kios/Stalls

Hospi-tals

Hotel/

Lodging

facility

std

30000 250 250 30000

Amou

2015

4 202 12 1

2016

24176

K 1 97 97 1

T 0 0 85 0

2017

24532

K 1 98 98 1

2018

24974

T 0 0 1 0

K 1 100 100 1

2019

25481

T 0 0 2 0

K 1 101 101 1

2020

26040

T 0 0 1 0

K 1 102 102 1

2021

26642

T 0 0 1 0

K 1 103 103 1

2022

27283

T 0 0 1 0

K 1 104 104 1

2023

27959

T 0 0 1 0

K 1 105 105 1

2024

28668

T 0 0 1 0

K 1 106 106 1

2025

29411

T 0 0 1 0

K 2 107 107 1

Source: Observation Results, 2017, and Analysis

Results, 2018

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

According to the table above, we can see that in

2015, there was only 1 market, and there is no

addition each year. However, there is a need for two

additional markets for 2025. Meanwhile, there were

202 stores / kiosks/grocery in 2015, and the number

is not projected to increase for 2025. As for

lodging/hotel facilities, as is the case with market,

there is no addition every year, but there is a need for

two additional lodging/hotel facilities. In 2015, there

were 12 restaurants, and the number will increase

with an addition of 95 restaurants by 2025. In

Ambawang District, based on the 2015 data, there

was only 1 bank, and no addition is projected for

2025. In this analysis, there is no annual addition, but

in the coming years, with the increase in population

size, the bank will be easily accessible by the people

of Ambawang District in 2025.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Urban Cultivation Areas, namely urban cultivation

areas that can be developed in Sei Ambawang District

in accordance with the policy direction of Kubu Raya

Regency development, are areas for residential

activities, which, in this case, include housing and

business premises (trade, offices, etc.) at the

local/district service scale. They are distributed in

every village in Sei Ambawang District with a pattern

of development following the transportation route

and the centers of economic activities, district

government services, industrial areas, and trading and

services that support the economic activities.

Plantation & Agriculture Cultivation Areas,

including the plantation & agricultural cultivation

areas which can be developed in Sei Ambawang

District in accordance with the policy direction for

Kubu Raya Regency development, are areas for

annual plantation activities for oil palm, rubber, and

several other commodities.

The development of suburban settlements is

reflected in the appearance of the housing

environment according to the typological

characteristics of the development of settlement

groups, both regular and irregular, so that a strategy

is needed in developing a road structure that connects

the parcels to the main road access, namely the Trans-

Kalimantant corridor.

Based on the development potentials and the

problems mentioned above, it is necessary to plan the

development of the region by preparing a Sei

Subdistrict development master plan. Ambawang is

an area that is on the crossroads and the urban areas

development. The planning area covers the

administrative district area, namely Sei Ambawang

District.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgments to the Ministry of Research and

Higher Education for funding assistance for Applied

Decentralization Research Grants in 2017-2018.

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The Impact of Land Use Change and Factors Affecting the Settlements in Ambawang Corridor