Soil Arthropods Diversity at Mt. Arjuno Trails, Subdistrict of Prigen,

District of Pasuruan, East Java

Muhibuddin Abdillah

, Tatag Bagus Putra Prakarsa

, Saiful Bahri

, Saiku Rokhim

Arika Wahyuningsih

, Heny Utami Ningsih

, and Saiful Anwar

UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Soil Arthropods, Entomobryomorpha, Diversity, Arjuno Mountain

Abstract: This research was aimed to study the soil arthropods diversity of Mount Arjuno hiking trails, Prigen

Subdistrict, Pasuruan District. The sampling location was choosen based on the vegetation composition,

altitude and accessability. Specimen was collected using pitfall trap method then the collected sample was

identified to the lowest taxon of the classification system. Based on the result, there was 11 orders and 9

families classified. Entomobryomorpha order was found as the highest population at the fourth location. The

result of Shannon-Wiener index in total location was (H’=1,46). The highest diversity index was at the first

location (H’=1,61) with high number of Staphynilidae in location. This research has shown that almost all

soil arthropods in Mount Arjuno hiking trails in Tretes Subdistrict, Pasuruan District, are on medium level in

playing role as detritivore and decomposer.

1. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is the country that located at ring of fire and

also has high number of biodiversity. The various

geographical phenomena are aquatic, terestrial, hill,

and mountain. More than 25% world species with

unique characteristics can be found in Indonesia

(Pelawi, 2009; Permana, 2015). Mount Arjuno is

located in District of Pasuruan and Mojokerto,

Province of East Java. Mount Arjuno is an active

volcano with the highest peak of 3,339 masl (Nidya,

et al., 2013).

Mountain is geographical phenomena that has

high potential on supporting animal and plant life. It

has potentiality shown the high number of animal

diversity, espescially soil arthropods (Ruslan, 2009).

Arthropods have been existing since 350 million

years ago. Annotated list has 1 million species from

10 million unidentified species that are predicted

(Borror, et al,. 1994; Permana, 2015).

Soil arthropod is an insect that has a part or a

whole life cycle in soil or the surface. This arthropod

has an important role on ecosystem, for example as

an bioindicators for ecosystem stability. Soil

arthropod has high function as detitrivore to

decompose organic material and other mineral into

simple-shaped molecules that are important for

supporting soil stability. Plant nutritions from every

litterfall always go through decomposition process.

The importance of soil arthropods is also to support

other plant, for example to be an polinator, predators

for pest animal, and an indicators for ecosystem

health. Some of soil arthopods are also detrimental to

ecosystem, for example, arthropods that are plant

infectors (Permana, 2015; Fauziah, 2016; Samudra, et

al., 2013; Ardillah, et al., 2014; Nidya, 2013; Soedijo

and Pramudi, 2015; Afandhi, et al., 2015; Sari, 2014).

Mentioned statement has shown that the soil

arthropods have an important role espescially on a

mountain that is habitat for animal and plants. Soil

arthropods at Mount Arjuno have never been studied

before. This research aimed to study the soil

arthropods diversity at Mount Arjuno hiking trails in

Prigen Subdistrict, Pasuruan District, East Java.

2. METHOD

2.1. Location

This study was conducted at Mount Arjuno hiking

trails that are located in Prigen Subdistrict, Pasuruan

District. The location of hiking trails is at coservation

area of Taman Hutan Raya Raden Soerjo. This hiking

trails are very popular as Tretes trails and it is easy to

acces because the distance is near from Kakek Bodo

Waterfall tourism.

Abdillah, M., Prakarsa, T., Bahri, S., Rokhim, S., Wahyuningsih, A., Ningsih, H. and Anwar, S.

Soil Arthropods Diversity at Mt. Arjuno Trails, Subdistrict of Prigen, District of Pasuruan, East Java.

DOI: 10.5220/0008907300002481

In Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference (BEST ICON 2018), pages 119-122

ISBN: 978-989-758-414-5

119

Table 1: Research Location

Location Coordinate

1 S 7

40’53.7”, E 112

38’19.3”

2 S 7

42’5.7”, E112

37’39.5”

3 S 7

42’18.4”, E 112

37’36.9”

4 S 7

43’21.2”, E 112

36’57.7”

This study was conducted in four different

locations that spread at the hiking trails. Research

locations were chosen based on vegetation

composition, altitude difference, and accessability.

The coordinates of the research location are shown in

table 1.

2.2. Specimen Collection

The specimen was collected by six pitfall traps

that were spread on each research location. Each

pitfall trap worked for twenty four hours before the

specimen was harvested. Specimen was collected in

November 2016, then sorted and washed before

stored at 70% ethanol (see table 2).

Table 2: Specimen collected

Ordo Family L1 L2 L3 L4

∑

Hymeno

ptera

Formicidae 29 32 10 0 71

Diptera

Acroceridae 1 0 0 0 1

Tipulidae 1 0 0 0 1

Sciaridae 0 0 0 1 1

Entomo

bryomor

pha

Entomo

12 29 56 102 199

Entomobrydae 0 0 2 401 403

Coleopt

era

Chrysomelidae 18 10 1 0 29

Amphizoidae 2 0 0 0 2

Staphynilidae 50 11 1 2 64

Phthirap

tera

Philopteridae 1 0 7 0 8

Orthopt

era

Trydactylidae 8 0 0 0 8

Dermap

tera

Dermaptera

0 3 0 0 3

Isoptera Isoptera

0 1 1 0 2

Blattaria Blattodea

0 1 0 0 1

Arachni

Arachnida

1 5 3 3 12

H’

1.6 1.2 0.9 0.5 1.4

2.3. Specimen Identification

Collected specimen was identified by identification

book from Borror, et al., (1994). Each specimen was

identified to the lowest taxon. Obtained number and

taxon were then analized.

2.4. Data Analisys

Identification results were then analized using

heterogeneity index from Shannon-Wiener to

measure diversity. This was Shannon-Wiener Index

equation,







(1)

remarks :

H’ = Heterogeneity Index (Diversity)

Pi = Proportion of number of each taxon/total

sample.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Research on Mount Ajuno-Welirang, Prigen

Subdistrict, Pasuruan District, resulted in 11 orders

and 9 families classified. Entomobryomorpha

specimen has a higher number than the others. The

highest population was founded in the 4

location.

Shannon-Wiener index analysis has shown the value

of H’=1,46. This value was higher than the arthropod

diversity at Organic Vegetable Field in Subdistrict of

Trawas, District of Mojokerto, which showed value

of H = 1,40 (Samudra, et al., 2013). However, this

value was less than arthropod diversity at Ranu Pane

Restoration Area in District of Lumajang (Ardillah, et

al., 2014).

High value of Shannon-Wiener index indicates

ecosystem stability. Higher value means animal

abundantly support the ecosystem. Ecosystem

stability means that the food chain is in balance. Other

influental factors to the Shannon-Wiener index value

is species mobility, geographical phenomena, etc

(Schowalter, 2016).

Figure 1: Staphynilidae Specimen

At the first location, the highest number of

individuals is from Staphynilidae. This family is easy

to be identify by their short elytra. Their elytra

commonly has never been longer than their body

width. This family has a big abdomen with the end is

visible. Their role is as detritivore in ecosystem.

Staphinilids are usually found in leaf debris, under

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

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rock and decaying material (Borror, et al., 1994). At

the first research location, the whole ground was

almost covered by the leaf debris. The condition

showed that Staphinilids play its role as an detritivore

here. It changed leaf debris into smaller size so that

decaying process will work faster

Figure 2: Formicidae Specimen

The highest number of individuals at 2

location was from family of Formicidae. The role of

this family is as predators in its habitat. It also can be

detritivore in ecosystem. Some of them are carnivore,

herbivore, and omnivore. The carnivore ones usually

eat dead animal and the herbivore ones eat fruits or

other glucose sourcea. This family lives in a colony

and exhibits polymorphism. It is considered to be the

most succesfull family on Earth and can be found all

over the Earth (Hashimoto, 2003).

Figure 3: Collembola Specimen

Figure 4: 3rd Research location

The highest number of individuals at 3

and 4

location was from the order of Entomobryomorpha. It

is classified on Collembola class in taxonomy. This

order was very common but difficult to find because

it is very small on size and also lives in hidden place.

Its size is usually between 0.25 – 6 mm. Collembola

that lives on soil surface decomposes dead vegetation

and mushroom. The other collembola also eats other

arthropods feces, pollen, algae etc. (Borror, et al.,

1994; Suhardjono, et al., 2012).

Due to the observation result, the Collembola

population was higher based on altitude. The first

location is + 550 masl on altitude. The fourth location

with 503 Entomobryomorpha specimen is + 1650 on

altitude. Higher altitude has correlation with average

temperature in which each 100 m increase in altitude

will decrease the temperature of 0.6

C. The

temperature is correlated with plant physiology and

also vegetation composition (Ziello, et al., 2009). The

vegeteation composition that is the main source of

animal necessity should be correlated with the animal

diversity

4. CONCLUSION

Based on this study, there were 11 orders and 9

classified families of arthropod found at Mount

Arjuno hiking trails. The total of Shannon-Wiener

index was H’= 1.46 with the highest index was at first

location with H’= 1,61. The highest number of

individuals was from Entomobryomorpha order. This

research has shown that almost all soil arthropods at

Mount Arjuno hiking trails in Tretes Subdistrict,

Pasuruan District, are on medium level in playing role

as detritivore and decomposer.

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