![](bg5.png)
CONCLUSION
The results obtained by dichloromethane extract
from stembark of Cratoxylum sumatranum and leaves
of Garcinia parviflora have better anti-amoebic
activity than other extracts. This suggests that these
plants are the most potential candidates in the
development of anti-amoebic drugs, especially to
confirm the correct amoebicidal activity and
biochemical anti-amoebic inhibitory mechanism.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This part of research was supported by Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA), World
Class Professor (WCP) program from the Indoneisa
Ministry of Research Technology and Higher
Education, Natural Product Management Research
and Development (NPMRD) from Institute Tropical
Disease (ITD) Universitas Airlangga Indonesia.
REFERENCES
Alanís, A.D., Calzada, F., Cedillo-Rivera, R., and
Meckes, M. (2003). Antiprotozoal activity of the
constituents of Rubus coriifolius. Phytother.
Res.,17, 681–682.
Bansal, D., Sehgal, R., Chawla, Y., Mahajan, R.C.,
and Malla, N. (2004) In vitro activity of anti-
amoebic drugs against clinical isolates of
Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar.
Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob.,3, 1–5.
Bautista, E., Calzada, F., Ortega, A. and Yépez-
Mulia, L. (2011) Antiprotozoal activity of
flavonoids isolated from Mimosa tenuiflora
(Fabaceae-Mimosoidae). J. Mex. Chem. Soc.,55,
251–253.
Bendesky, A. and Menéndez, D. (2001)
Metronidazol: Una visión integral. Rev. Fac. Med.
UNAM,44, 255–259.
Bhopale, K., Pradhan, K., Masani, K. and Karl, C.
(1995) Additive effect of diloxanide fuorate and
metronidazole (EntamizoleR) in mouse caecal
amoebiasis. Indian J. Exp. Biol.,33, 73-74.
Calzada, F., Meckes, M. and Cedillo-Rivera, R.
(1999) Anti-amoebic and antigardial activity of
plant flavonoids. Planta Med.,65, 78–80.
Ciba foundation Symposium 185. (1994)
Ethnobotany and The Search for New Drugs. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
Conde-Bonfil, M.D.C. and Mora-Zerpa, C.D.L.
(1992) Entamoeba histolytica: Un desafío
vigente. Salud Pub. Mex.,34, 335–341.
Hounkong, K., Nongyao Sawangjaroen, N.,
Kongyen, W., Rukachaisirikul, V.,
Voravuthikunchai, P. S. and Souwalak
Phongpaichit, S. (2014) Anti-intestinal protozoan
activities of 1-hydroxy-2-
hydroxymethylanthraquinone from Coptosapelta
flavescens. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 4, 457-462.
Moundipa, P. F., Flore, K. G. M., Bilong, C. F. B.,
Bruchhaus, I. (2005) In vitro amoebicidal activity
of some medicinal plants of the bamun region
(Cameroon). Afr. J. Trad. Cam.,2, 113–121.
Newman, D.J., and Cragg, G.M. (2012) Natural
products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years
from 1981 to 2010. J. Nat. Prod.,75, 311–335.
Nugraha A.S. and Keller P.A. (2011) Revealing
indigenous Indonesian traditional medicine: anti-
infective agents. Nat. Prod. Commun.,6, 1953–
1966.
Rukachaisirikul, V., Naklue, W., Phongpaichit, S.,
Towatana, N. H. and Katesarin Maneenoon, K.
(2006) Phloroglucinols, depsidones and
xanthones from the twigs of Garcinia parvifolia.
Tetrahedron,62, 8578–8585.
Samarawickrema, N.A., Brown, D.M., Upcroft, J.A.,
Thammapalerd, N., Upcroft, P. (1997)
Involvement of superoxide dismutase and
pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase in
mechanisms of metronidazole resistance in
Entamoeba histolytica. J. Antimicrob.
Chemother,40, 833–840.
Samuel, L., Stanley, J., Sharon, L. and Reed. (2001)
Microbes and microbial toxin: paradigms for
microbial- mucosal. Interactions VI. Entamoeba
histolytica: parasite-host interactions. Am. J. Phy.
Gastrointest Liver physiol., 2806, 1049-1054
Singh, S., Bharti, N. and Mohapatra, P. P. (2009)
Chemistry and Biology of Synthetic and Naturally
Occurring Antiamoebic Agents. Chem. Rev.,109,
1900–1947.
Tantapakul, C., Maneerat, W., Sripisut, T.,
Ritthiwigrom, T., Andersen, R. J., Cheng, P.,
Cheenpracha, S., Raksat, A., and Laphookhieo, S.
(2016) New benzophenones and xanthones from
Cratoxylum sumatranum ssp. neriifolium and
their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. J.
Agric. Food Chem.,64, 8755−8762.
Tanyuksel, M. and Petri, W.A. (2003) Laboratory
diagnosis of amebiasis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.,16,
713–729.
Towson, S.M., Borehman, P.F.I., Upcroft, P. and
Upcroft, J.A. (1994) Resistance to the
nitroheterocyclic drugs. Acta. Trop.,56, 173-194.
Wahyuni, T.S., Tumewu, L., Permanasari, A.A.,
Apriani, E., Adianti, M., Rahman A.,
Amoebicidal Activities of Indonesian Medicinal Plants in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan
5