Analgesic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata L.f

Schott Leaves in Mice Induced by Acetic Acid

Sumaiyah

, Masfria

and Aminah Dalimunthe

Department of Technology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Department of Chemistry Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Department of Pharmacology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Analgesic, Rhaphidophora pinnata, acetic acid, percentage of writhing movements.

Abstract: Rhaphidophora pinnata, Araceae Family, were suspected able to reduce pain. This study aimed to

determine the effect of Rhaphidophora pinnata to reduce pain by acetic acid induced writhing response in

mice. This effect was examined by the acetic acid induced writhing response in mice. The animals were

divided into five groups (n=5) and received ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves at doses of

50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW, Sodium CMC 0.5% as negative control and acetosal 200 mg/kg BW as positive

control. These preparations were given orally 30 minutes before the given acetic acid 3% (w/v) as the pain

inductor. Analgesic activity was measured by counting the percentage of writhing movements. The study

showed that all of dose ethanol extract of Rhapidophora pinnata gave significant pain reduction in mice

induced by acetic acid (p<0.05) compared to control group. The effective dose was shown by ethanol

extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata 50 mg/kg BW. Ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves can

reduce pain in mice induced by acetic acid.

1 INTRODUCTION

Rhaphidophora pinnata, Araceae Family, has been

traditionally used to relieve pain,cough, anti anemia

and antirheumatic. Some study have been

conducted on this plant to prove its pharmacology

activities such as bacterial infection, cytotoxic and

antimutagenic. Chloroform fraction of this plant can

inhibit proliferation on MCF-7 cell line (Masfria,

2015; Masfria, et al, 2017; Sumaiyah, et al, 2018).

This effect arises because Rhaphidophora pinnata

leaves contained some active compound such as

flavonoids, alkaloids, glicoside tannins and saponins

(Masfria, et al, 2017). Flavonoids may be

responsible for inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)

enzyme in some plant. Sixty-four papers were found

concerning the potential analgesic activity of 46

flavonoids (Xiao, et al, 2016).

COX is enzyme that is responsible for the

formation of prostaglandin from arachidonic acid

and cause pain when the body tissue damage. If pain

disturbs activity of the body, an analgesic drug is

used for the relief of pain without losing

consciousness (Hasimun, et al, 2014). Conventional

analgesic drug can cause acute or chronic renal

damage when it is used frequently. So, there is a

need for effective analgesic without causing much

of adverse effects. This study aimed to determine the

effect of Rhaphidophora pinnata to reduce pain by

acetic acid induced writhing response in mice.

2 METHODS

2.1 Materials

Rhapidophora pinnata leaves were collected from

Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia and authenticated

by Biological Department of Faculty of Math and

Science, University Sumatera Utara, Medan. The

other chemical was used in this study: Acetosal

(Bayer), Acetic Acid 3% (Merck), Normal saline

(Widatra Bakti), and ethanol 96% pro analysis.

2.2 Preparation of Plant Extract

The dried powder of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves

were extracted by ethanol 96% using percolation

Sumaiyah, ., Masfria, . and Dalimunthe, A.

Analgesic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata L.f Schott Leaves in Mice Induced by Acetic Acid.

DOI: 10.5220/0009845000002406

In Proceedings of BROMO Conference (BROMO 2018) - Symposium on Natural Product and Biodiversity, page 1

ISBN: 978-989-758-347-6

method. The percolat was concentrated in a rotary

evaporator until obtained the thick extract.

2.3 Analgesic Activity of

Rhaphidophora pinnata

Animals were allowed to acclimate for 14 days in

the cage separately before getting treatment. All of

animals has been given permission by the

Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of

Biological Department Of Faculty of Math and

Science, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. Fifty

five of mice were randomly divided into 5 groups of

five animals each. Every group was treated as

follows: (1) Sodium CMC 0.5% as negative control;

(2) Acetosal 200 mg/kg BW as positive control;

ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata (EERP) at

dose 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW, respectively for

group of 3-5. This preparation were given orally 30

minutes before the given 0.5 mL/20 g BW acetic

acid 3% (w/v) as the pain inductor and then all of

the animals were observed for writhing behavior

which indicated by muscular contractions and

counted every 10 minutes for 60 minutes (Hasimun,

et al, 2014; Manivannan and Aeganathan, 2016).

The percent protection of analgesic was calculated

using the formula:

% protection= 100 - { (Wt / Wn ) × 100% } (1)

Where,

Wn = Number of writhes in negative control group,

Wt = Number of writhes in test group

The percent effectivity of analgesic was calculated

using the formula:

% Effectivity= { (Wt / Wp ) × 100% } (2)

Where,

Wp = Number of writhes in positive control group,

Wt = Number of writhes in test group

2.4 Statistical Analysis

All of experimental data were expressed in multiple

comparisons of Mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed

statistically by ANOVA and considered significant

at P< 0.05.

3 RESULTS

The acetic acid-induced writhing method was a

sensitive test to evaluate the effect of analgesics

drugs on visceral pain by releasing endogenous

mediators indirectly that stimulate nociceptive

neurons such as prostaglandins into peritoneum

(Xiao, et al, 2016; Hasimun, et al, 2014). In this

study, the analgesic effect of EERP in the acetic

acid-induced writhing model was shown in Fig 1.

Figure 1. Number of writhings of acetic acid induced

writhing for 60 minutes

The number of writhing responses were

significantly reduced in mice treated at dose of 50,

100 and 200 mg/kg BW compared to negative

control. But there were not increasing analgesic

activity by increasing doses. It means that effective

dose of EERP as analgesic was 50 mg/kg BW.

The percent protection of writhing was a

parameter that describes the protection of extract

against pain compared to the control. The percent

protection of pain of the treated group was

calculated from the mean writhing count of the

treated group and control group (Hasimun, et al,

2014; Marivannan and Aeganathan, 2016). The

result showed that EERP can protect the pain by

74.58, 60.41 and 55.647% compared to control

whereas acetosal showed 81.55% (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. The percent protection of analgesic of EERP

BROMO 2018 - Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity

The percent of effectivity of analgesic of EERP were

shown in Fig 3. The data showed that percent

effectivity of EERP 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw

were 92.80, 73.39, and 68.30 % respectely.

Figure 3. The percent effectivity of analgesic of EERP

One of the active compound that contained by

Rhaphidiphora pinnata is flavonoid. Flavonoid

inhibits the release of endogenous substances

(arachidonic acid metabolites) in inflamatory

processes. Previous study showed that quercetin,

myricitrin, hesperidin, and dihydroxy flavones have

analgetic activity through some mechanism like

inhibition of cytokine and prostglandin production

or inducing nitrooxide production (Waldiceu, et.al,

2012). The result of this experiment alleged that The

mechanism of Rhaphidophora pinnata as analgesic

was mediated by peripheral process (Hasimun, et al,

2014; Manivannan and Aeganathan, 2016; Hijazi, et

al, 2017; Couto, et al, 2011).

4 CONCLUSION

The study concluded that ethanol extract of

Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves can reduce pain in

mice induced by acetic acid.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very much indebted to University of

Sumatera Utara for the financial support by

TALENTA to carry out this study.

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Analgesic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata L.f Schott Leaves in Mice Induced by Acetic Acid