Attitudes to Help: Reviewed from Sexual Harassing Experience and

Assertive

Nur Hayati

, Firyal Nabila

, Fathul Lubabin Nuqul

and Ardana Reswari Miranda Ningrum

Psychology Faculty Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Indonesia

Ardana_Ningrum@yahoo.com

Keywords: Assertiveness, Sexual harassment experience, Help-seeking

Abstract: Sexual harassment cases experienced over time. Annual Note of the National Commission of Women 2017

indicates sexual violence that occurs in community reach 3,092 cases. Sexual harassment victims who face

intimidation from perpetrator tend to bury their experience and do not tell others, refuse to seek help from

professionals. Most victims do not want to tell the story because shame, fear, and afraid will suffer more,

both socially and economically. Victims also feel that reporting their cases may lead to negative public

stigma and lead to chronic trauma. The subject in this research is the female student of UIN Malang. This

research uses purposive sampling technique of 322 subjects. The instrument used in data collection is the

Sexual Experience Questionnaire scale developed by Fitzgerald et al., the Assertiveness scale, Mental

Help-Seeking Attitudes Scale. The results showed that overall, there was an effect of assertiveness and

experience of sexual harassment on attitudes in relief seeking. The partial analysis shows that as the more

severe the experience of sexual abuse experienced, the more reluctant the victim seeks help. This result

means that victims who get light harassment such as gender harassment will tend to seek professional help,

whereas victims of severe sexual coercion will tend to be reluctant to seek help.

1 INTRODUCTION

Currently, the community often faced with cases of

sexual abuse experienced by children and adults.

Sexual harassment defined as a behavior that

contains sexuality elements and is done by some

people so that the victim gets an adverse effect on

the behavior that happened.

Victims of sexual

harassment will feel ashamed, angry, humiliated

even feel losing their self-esteem.

In this case, the

perpetrators' sexual

harassment includes flirting,

puffs, touch on specific body parts, invitation to

have sex and rape (Bahri, 2015). Perpetrators of

sexual harassment are generally male, and most of

the victims are women and children.

Annual Note of the National Commission of

Women in 2017 describes the sexual violence that

occurred in the community reached 3,092 cases

(22%). In comparison with other cases of women,

sexual violence was ranked first with 2,290 cases

(74%), then physical violence 490 cases (16%) and

other violence below 10%, such as psychological

violence 83 cases (3 %), migrant workers 90 cases

(3%), and trafficking 139 cases (4%).

Type of

sexual violence is most common in the community

sphere is rape (1,036 cases) and sexual abuse (838

cases).

In cases of sexual violence that occur, often

not found relation kinship, biological relationships

or marriage between the perpetrator and the victim.

The perpetrators of sexual violence are employers,

neighbors, teachers, co-workers, community leaders,

or unknown persons (Perempuan, 2017)

Another analysis of the Ministry of Women

Empowerment and Child Protection of the Year

2017 shows the number of sexual violence that

occurred in Indonesia divided into several categories.

First, based on the crime scene: 622 cases occurred

in the household,

18 cases at work, 58 cases at

school, 128 cases in public facilities, and 238 cases

elsewhere. Second, victim classification based on

education:

consists of 232 victims are in elementary

education, 206 are in junior high school, 406 victims

are in high school education,

92 victims are not in

school, 107 victims are in higher education. Third,

based on the relationship between the victim and the

perpetrator, the perpetrator is the victim's parents

166 cases. The perpetrator has a family relationship

244

Hayati, N., Nabila, F., Nuqul, F. and Miranda Ningrum, A.

Attitudes to Help: Reviewed from Sexual Harassing Experience and Assertive.

DOI: 10.5220/0009926002440251

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 244-251

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

with the victim 64 cases. The perpetrator has

marriage relationship 273 cases; the offender is the

boyfriend of the victims 186 cases, the perpetrator is

the teacher of victim 34 cases, while the other

relationship of perpetrators and victims not

identified as many as 169 cases.

This case shows

that sexual violence still occurs anywhere with an

unbalanced power relations relationship and a more

submissive inclination of victims (SIMPONI_PPA,

2018).

The results of Artaria revealed 11 victims of

sexual abuse at a renowned faculty in Indonesia.

Most victims do not want to tell the story because of

embarrassment, afraid, worried about experiencing

other consequences both socially and economically

when the perpetrator knows that the victim has told

him what he has done.

The victim feels that it will

significantly affect the psychological condition and

negative stigma of the community when it is known.

They also claimed that the incident caused trauma

well after the incident and many years after the

incident.

Victims from their student environment

will change academic plans,

cancel even they quit

college (Artaria, M.D, 2012)

Victims tend not to be able to reject invitations

because they get threats from the perpetrator. This

condition is allegedly related to the victim's

assertiveness.

A study says that an assertive person

is a person who can defend, express the feelings,

opinions, and wishes

of others directly, frankly, and

firmly without any feelings of anxiety and not envy

others.

Individuals with high levels of assertiveness

tend to perform effective and adaptive self-defense

when faced with threats, whereas others with low

levels of assertiveness tend to experience mental

stress.

Individuals with assertive behavior have the

belief that people can learn from their mistakes

because mistakes are not the end of everything.

Mistakes are necessary corrected. Formation of

assertive behavior can be done through steps to

realize what beliefs have been in the self-individuals

and realize the rights they have (Jempormasse,

2015).

Another study found that in sexual violence in

courtship, women will tend to seek help over men.

Help-Seeking Behavior (HSB) is an action taken by

a person to get help from others, both formally and

informally, according to the difficulty level of the

problem faced with the goal of solving the problem

at hand. The victim will seek help from a man or

woman who is still in close contacts, such as a

parent, friend or person who happens to be around

the incident. Satisfaction of sources of assistance

obtained from friends is higher than other aid

providers that is as much as 79.9% (Panglipur, 2014).

Victim attempts to report sexual harassment at the

institution will tend to decrease if it gets

a negative

response from the institution (Bergman, Langhout,

Palmieri, Cortina, & Fitzgerald, 2002).

Available

evidence shows the risk of significant sexual

violence affecting both girls and boys in many

geographical and institutional settings. Married

teenage girls are vulnerable to sexual violence by

couples in their homes. Children in schools are

vulnerable to sexual abuse by peers and adults.

Victims rarely reveal incidents and rarely seek

support. Besides, the experience of trauma in

childhood was strongly linked to acts of sexual

violence and revisitation in the future (Rumble et al.,

2018).

In Indonesia, the phenomenon of sexual

harassment has relatively recently discussed.

Various factors inhibit the emergence of phenomena,

especially individual factors. Sexual harassment

victims faced with an equally painful choice of

losses faced by sexual harassment and

embarrassment when the issue publicized.

The

absence of clear legal procedures and regulations in

Indonesia regarding sexual harassment resulted in

unsatisfactory sexual harassment problems.

As a

result, victims of sexual harassment choose to

resolve non-legal issues such as reconciling

with the

perpetrator, resolving family matters, withdrawing

from work or ignoring the disorder with the risk of a

psychological impact affecting his or her

performance (Dzuhayatin & Yuarsi, 2002).

Present

those exposures, the study of the impact of the

experience of sexual harassment and the victim's

assertiveness on the attitude of seeking help

becomes essential for the study.

2 THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 Sexual Harassment

There are three important aspects of sexual

harassment

— first, behavior. In this case, the

person's behavior associated with the sexual content,

whether the individual's behavior is sexual. Second,

the situational aspect. A situational speak of review

differences in individual behavior and where such

behavior occurs.

Third, the aspect of legality,

whether the behavior of individuals is reasonable

and legal.

These three aspects can generally define

sexual behavior (Cornell, 2016).

Attitudes to Help: Reviewed from Sexual Harassing Experience and Assertive

245

Based on behavioral aspects, sexual harassment

described as a form of behavior in which there is a

sexual element so unwanted by the recipient or the

victim.

Such behavior arises in various forms, both

temporally and verbally. In general, verbal abuse

happens more often than physically. Experts

mention the verbal form of unwanted sexual

harassment in the form of sexual jokes, dating

invitations,

messages that contain sexual elements

and requests for continuous sexual services with

threats.

Sexual harassment in the form of physical

temptation that often happens is gaze on the parts of

the body of the opposite sex that can increase the

perpetrator's sexual desire,

not infrequently the

perpetrator will give a different look to the victim

usually in the form of an eye blink.

It can happen in

a quiet and supportive situation. Besides, sexual

harassment also viewed from the situational aspects

that can occur and be done anywhere in certain

conditions.

Most of the victims were women and

children of racial origin, age, characteristics, marital

status, social class, education, occupation, workplace,

and income (Fitzgerald & Cortina, 2017).

2.2 Assertivity

Baron argues that assertiveness is an individual's

ability to express what he feels, ideas and beliefs

openly and to maintain the truth without being

aggressive. While Myers's assertiveness is the style

of personal communication that is open, direct, and

honest in expressing feelings, maintaining rights,

thoughts, as well as needs (Baron & Byrne, 2005)

according to Lloyd, assertiveness behavior is an

active behavior,

direct and honest. Individuals who

have assertive behavior can express concern for

themselves and others so that there is good

communication about what the desire, needs and

self-rights with what others want (Novalia &

Dayakisni, 2013).

Assertive behavior influenced by gender this is

related to the role, and education applied to men and

women.

Since childhood, the community has

instilled that men must be firm and women tend to

be passive, so it is seen as a weak individual because

it tends to be subject to command.

It means that men

will be more assertive behavior compared with

women (Bossuyt & Van Kenhove, 2018; Parham,

Lewis, Fretwell, Irwin, & Schrimsher, 2015).

Lloyd argues there are several assertiveness

characteristics, including

a) able to say no politely

and decisively; the individual can state no when

there is a desire from

others or his views. b) able to

express honest feelings, the individual does not deny

his or her feelings or feelings

toward others, be

realistic, the individual does not exaggerate,

downplay something

. c) the individual will speak

truthfully and honestly to others

, and d) be able to

express likes and priorities, the individual does not

suspend anything to associate with anyone and the

individual will express his or her priority without

any distress (Novalia & Dayakisni, 2013).

2.3 Attitude Seeking Help (Helping

Seeking Behavior)

Helping-seeking is an individual effort to get help

from others. Help-seeking is a complex and

dynamic process that includes people who ask for

help, people who provide help, the type of aid

requested, and the situation when asked for help.

Rickwood and Thomas define help-seeking as a

form of communication with others to get help. Such

help may be in the form of advice, information, and

support for troublesome problems or

experiences(Rickwood & Thomas, 2012).

Help-

seeking can interpret as a form of problem-solving

that depends

on the help of others. Help-seeking or

seek assistance is defined as a process of responding

to problems that cannot solve on their own,

including active efforts and involving third parties.

As a process, the behavior of seeking help has three

characteristics, namely: problem-oriented, deliberate

action, and interpersonal interaction (Cornally &

McCarthy, 2011)

Sexual harassment is an act that contains the

element of sexual intercourse, which in most cases

the perpetrator is male and the victim is a woman.

While the form of acts committed to sexual

harassment in the form of physical and non-physical

activities.

A study shows that significantly women

who are victims of sexual abuse tell more about their

experiences of sexual abuse because of limited

perceived support (Young, Pruett, & Colvin, 2018).

Assertive behavior is an honest behavior can

convey the wishes, needs and what is right in line

with what the other person wants.

So that

established

communicate well. In cases of sexual

violence, victims tend not to be able to reject the

invitation because they get threats from the

perpetrator.

This condition is related to the

assertiveness of the victim. Assertiveness can help

the victim to respond negatively to the invitations

and threats of the perpetrator.

Besides, assertiveness

can also encourage victims to seek help after the

occurrence of sexual harassment. The victim will

ask for help to men or women who still have close

relationships such as parents, friends or people who

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

246

happen to be around the incident. Satisfaction of

sources of assistance obtained from friends (79.9%)

(Panglipur, 2014). So it can be concluded that

assertiveness may affect the attitude of seeking help

in sexual harassment cases.

3 METHODS

This research uses a survey method with a

quantitative approach. The reason for using this

method is that the researcher wants to do mapping of

student experience related to sexual harassment that

is related to motivation to seek help and

assertiveness. The results of the data obtained will

be analyzed using the statistical calculation of

multiple linear regression analysis. The goal is to

know the effect of the dependent variable can be

predicted through independent variable predictors,

individual, or together.

The population of this study is a female student

of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang which

amounted to about 9000 students. Reason for using

the female student as a respondent because from

previous studies mentioned that compared to male

students, a female student has a higher susceptibility

sexually abused.

The sample used in this study are 322 female

students taken by purposive sampling. From the age

of the participants in this study between the ages of

17-24 years with an average of 19.6 years

Data collection instruments used; 1). Sexual

Harassment Experience Scale: this scale adapted

from the Sexual Experience Questionnaire (SEQ)

develop by Fitzgerald et al., (1988), consists of 35

items. The scale divide to 3 sub-scale that is; a).

Gender harassing; On a subscale consisted of 7

items. In this research have the value of Cronbach's

alpha of 0, 629. The example items for the sub-scale,

e.g., "Looking at you from head to toe to the fullest

lust." b) unwanted sexuality concerns. On a

subscale consists of 21 items. In this research have

the value of Cronbach's alpha of 0.875. For example,

Inviting "you to sit beside him for some reason"; c)

forcing sexual coercion:

 On a subscale consisted of

7 items. In this research have the value of

Cronbach's alpha of 0.441. For example, "firing you

when you are not physically or sexually related to

her. 2). Assertiveness scale from Alberti &.

Emmons The scale consists of 18 items. Examples

of the items I can express my feelings to others

frankly. (Alberti & Emmons, 1970) 3). Seeking-Help

Attitude scale. (Hammer, Parent, & Spiker, 2018).

This scale consists of 9 items that are semantic

differential. In this research have the value of

Cronbach's alpha of 0.830 For example, asking for

help from others for sexual trespassing on campus

"in vain - useful."

This research uses the method of analysis of

linier multiple regression analysis and description.

The data analysis is done using the Microsoft Excel

help and Statistical Product and Serice Solution

(SPSS) 20 for windows. A report of the report aims

to expose the subject description for each of the

dimensions in sexual harassment and Helping –

seeking attitude — analysis of categorization by

using a scale of norms by calculating the mean

hypothetical (M) and standard deviation (SD).

Categorization divided into three categories covering

high, medium and low on each variable.

Table. 1. Categorization Standart

Category Range

High >Mean+1SD

Medium 1SD - Mean + 1 SD

Low < Mean-1SD

To perform hypothesis testing or to view the

relationship between the variables of assertiveness,

gender harassing; sexuality concerns: forcing

unwanted sexual coercion toward helping-seeking

attitude. Using multiple linear regression analysis.

4 RESULTS

As described above, that in order to give you an idea

about the description of the data, then the following

descriptive data analysis results for each variable.

Table 2: Experient As Gender Harassment Victim

Intention Frequency Percent

Often 1 ,3

Ever 32 9,9

Never 289 89,8

Total 322 100,0

Most of the participants or 89.8% claimed to

have never experienced gender harassment. On the

other hand, there are 10% more female students are

involved as participants in the study admitted to

never and often experienced abuse as women.

Includes harassment start talks about gender and

sexually charged jokes, teasing, showed interest in

gestures or words.

Table 3. Unwanted Sexuality Concerns Victim Experient

Intention Frequency Percent

Often 1 ,3

Ever 25 7,8

Never 296 91,9

Total 322 100,0

Attitudes to Help: Reviewed from Sexual Harassing Experience and Assertive

247

Most of the participants or 91.9% admitted not ever

to treat unpleasantly related to sexuality. On the

other hand, there are 8.1% more female students are

admitted once and often have gotten treatment.

Unwanted sexuality concerns, e.g., pokes at the hit

and other treatments deemed objectionable shows

good pictures as well as videos, sites related to

pornography. Try to make physical contact, such as

poking, patting shoulders and pinch

Table 4: Experient As Forcing Sexual Coercion Victim

Intention Frequency Percent

Often 0 0,0

Ever 2 0,6

Never 320 99,4

Total 322 100,0

. The data shows that almost all respondents

claimed to have never experienced coercion to

sexual intercourse, there are only two people, or

0.6% admit to never experience the imposition for

sexual intercourse. Some things money related to

coercion in a sexual context is pleading for sexual

intercourse, threatening, libelous, and if as a tool for

sexual intercourse. Also, there have been attempts to

perform acts of kissing even raped physically.

Table 5. Helping Seeking Attitude

Categorization Frequency Percent

High 246 76,4

Medium 71 22,0

Poor 5 1,6

Total 322 100,0

Most of the participants had a positive attitude

that the assistance of professionals will give

advantages for search help. There is only 1.6

percent claiming to be not too sure that assistance in

the case of sexual harassment did not have a positive

impact.

In seeking a helping attitude shows the extent to

which the subject rate that professional help in the

case of sexual harassment on campus have the effect

of rewarding, invigorating, runs effectively, are

considered essential, desired by the victim and

satisfactory

Based on the analysis of experiences of sexual

harassment and assertiveness influence the attitude

of seeking help. The regression results show that (F

= 2.495. P < 0.05). In the experience variable sexual

harassment contributes (R

= 0.031) or in other

words 3.1%. The results of partial analysis based on

among the variables described in Table 6. as

follows:

Table 6. Analysis for effect sexual harassment and

assertiveness toward attitude helping seeking

Model Standard

ized

Coeffici

ents

t P

Assertiveness 0,016 0,282 0,778

Gender

Harassment

0,140 1,671 0,096

Unwanted

sexuality

concern

-0,107 -1.216 0,225

Sexual coercion 0,153 -2,383 0,018

Based on table 6 is described that the variable

experience of sexual abuse has three aspects which

contribute to a higher gender (β = 0, 140) compared

with the unwanted aspects (β = -0.107 ) and on the

sexual aspect has a contribution (β = -0.153). It

means that the

more severe the sexual abuse

experienced, the lower the person will be to perform

assertiveness behavior. Meanwhile, assertiveness

variable contributes (β = 0.016). As for the partial

variable

assertive (t = 0,282; p > 0,05), variable

experience of

sexual harassment on the gender

aspect (t = 1.671 ,p > 0.05), unwanted aspects (t = -

1.216: p > 0.05) and on the sexual aspect (t = -2.383,

p < 0.05). That is, a variable experience of sexual

harassment

and variable assertiveness do not affect

the attitude of seeking help. This result happens

because the higher the experience of sexual abuse

that experienced than the individual will be lower to

ask for help to others.

5 DISCUSSION

From the results of the data shows that most of the

participants claimed to have never experienced

sexual harassment, either gender harassing; sexuality

concerns: forcing unwanted sexual coercion as

reflected in the data. Although the figures did not

show a statistically dominant, but these data

illustrate that there are strict precautions in the

handling of the case of sexual harassment in the

institutions of higher education.

The reasons could put forward is; the first that

the campus is the institution that is supposed to be

zero accident. It means that the campus should be

completely clear of sexual harassment cases. Given

the campus became the site of education upholding

morality.

Colleges as institutions and campuses as the

location of learning had the official mandate and

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

248

expected to create private students to uphold the

values and culture of the sublime. The campus is

expected to contain with like-minded people outside,

well-behaved and deep spirituality. People who are

on the campus, ranging from leadership, professors,

employees, and students must meet these criteria.

Students as agents of change need to learn to

control themselves on campus, as well as a lecturer,

the leadership and employees as the more powerful

to have a central role in shaping a student personal

should be a role model either. Ironically, relations

of power between student-lecturers became a factor

in the occurrence of sexual harassment on campus.

Second, cases of sexual abuse are a sensitive case;

not everyone was reluctant to reveal the case. The

phenomenon of the iceberg followed this case. It is

this means that the data revealed surface represents

only the facts.

For victims of sexual abuse is not a comfortable

experience to tell. The condition of trauma, fear,

threats and feel sinful are the psychological

conditions often experienced by victims. For victims

telling others, even with a trusted person ever need

struggle. For victims recount experience sexual

harassment which had befallen him is tantamount to

opening a personal disgrace, especially if under

threat.

Third, another vulnerability in the case of sexual

abuse is a victim of a potentially sustainable loss —

a psychological condition that filled with the trauma

of making victims angry even depression.

Impingement this anger can be in the form of the

direct perpetrators of the assault, but that much is

redirection by doing redirects to another object.

Even not rarely do impingement by doing self-injury.

Feelings of anger will make victims feel entitled to

do everything, then as the victim who is still a

student's status as this incident will make him

experience a decrease in concentrations and even to

the failure in the study

Results of research conducted on 322 female

students

show that the experience of sexual abuse

and assertiveness influences the attitude of seeking

help.

The significance value of the attitude of

seeking help to female students is (F = 2.495.

p < 0.05).

While the experience of sexual

harassment shows that the higher the experience of

sexual harassment then the attitude of seeking help

will be lower, the majority of respondents chose not

to tell what had experienced because

of its shame,

useless and even be

life-threatening. As Rusyidi and

Nurwanti findings, the absence of resistance by

victims of sexual harassment does not mean they are

willing to be raped. The victim experienced feelings

of fear, anger and threatened the safety of his soul so

choose to avoid and not to fight to anticipate the

occurrence of things worse. Also, a passive attitude

in seeking help can cause by the victim has not

believed that there are people who can keep a secret

and can provide solutions (Rusyidi & Nurwati,

2016).

Seeking essential help is done by people who are

not able to solve their problems because the

behavior of seeking help has a

positive effect on

mental health (Liang, Goodman, Tummala-Narra, &

Weintraub, 2005). However, some individuals

consider

looking for help is unnecessary as a way of

finding solutions (Schreiber, Renneberg, &

Maercker, 2009).

One of the factors that influence

the intention of seeking help is the individual's

attitude toward seeking behavior for help. Attitudes

toward information seeking behavior are weak

predictors of behavior controls believed to be.

Logsdon et al. (2009) also found that attitudes were

not a significant predictor of the intensity of seeking

help to teenage mothers (Logsdon, Usui, Pinto-Foltz,

& Rakestraw, 2009).

An individual who believes that the behavior of

seeking help will bring benefits and goodness to

himself will have the possibility to have an intention

to seek help.

Conversely, if one believes that the

behavior of seeking help will not bring benefits and

goodness for himself will have a small possibility to

seek help (Nabi, Southwell, & Hornik, 2002).

The results show that the victim will feel that the

help of others is increasingly burdening the problem.

There is a tendency that the more severe the abuse

experienced by victims will be more reluctant to tell

stories and not believe that help will be a solution.

Help-seeking is an essential factor in the handling of

victims. The reluctance to seek help is due to mental

blocking. The victim felt dirty and reluctant to

stigmatize the community further. This condition is

deplorable for the victim. If not addressed

immediately, the negative emotions experienced by

the victim can trigger a prolonged trauma even

depression that leads to self-injury. Based on the

result, it can suggest, to handle sexual harassment

cases, besides improving the system of the world of

work or campus atmosphere for prevention, the role

of professionals to "pick up the ball" on victims of

sexual abuse becomes very important to help the

victim. Reliable channels like peer counseling are

helpful. Results show that no correlation between

assertive and a positive attitude of seeking help

illustrate that the victim of sexual abuse who has

self-efficacy to express his or her desires will likely

Attitudes to Help: Reviewed from Sexual Harassing Experience and Assertive

249

choose to overcome his problems to avoid further

risks if asked for help.

Some of the weakness in the study is the first not

all participants have experience regarding sexual

harassment. Researchers understand that finding

victims is difficult if any exist they are not

necessarily willing to become participants in the

research.

There is no presence of the influence of

assertiveness against the attitude of helping-seeking

is the thing that needs to test again. Theoretically,

assertiveness is a variable that can reduce sexual

harassment. One of the things that could consider is

the obedient culture developing in college. For it

was suggested at the next researcher to involve

several variables that could help explain about this

phenomenon, such as a trust to authority and social

support.

6 CONCLUSION

From this research, it can conclude that the more

severe sexual harassment tends to be the more

making victims feel reluctant to seek help. In

addition to this assertiveness no effect on a positive

attitude in seeking help. Sexual harassment provides

a substantial psychological impact on victims. It is

necessary for the involvement of institutions in the

prevention and healing of victims

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