Internet Memes as Online Countering Violent Extremism in

Indonesia

Maria Ulfa

Department of English Literature, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Keywords: Internet Meme, Online, Countering Violent Extremism, Terrorism, Semiotics of communication, Indonesia.

Abstract: Internet memes have been popular in Indonesia in the last decade, including for the use of responding to

terrorist acts in Indonesia. There are many memes spread virally in the internet and social media related to

terrorism cases in Indonesia with the messages of countering violent extremism (CVE). This paper addresses

this phenomenon by investigating and examining a number of internet memes in responding to terrorism case

of suicide bombings on M.H. Thamrin street, Central Jakarta, on 14 January 2016 called ‘Sarinah bombing’,

to understand and explain their roles related to CVE, specifically through their contents, meanings, messages,

and functions or purposes. This qualitative-descriptive analysis is an interdisciplinary study of language-

cultural studies and terrorism studies. The memes are examined by using the semiotics of communication of

Roland Barthes and Umberto Eco and CVE concept to understand the images, signs, languages, and meanings

as well as their contexts. The memes are part of the online communication to deliver messages of fighting

terrorism and countering violent extremism in Indonesia that can be called as part of the online CVE

movement. The meme creators and distributors have also contributed and engaged in developing strategies

for CVE in the internet and social media.

1 INTRODUCTION

Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) in Indonesia

have been done by government and non-government

agencies as well as the civil society through various

ways including creative media that one of them is

done by civil society by using internet meme. It is one

of the phenomena seen after the terrorist attacks on 14

January 2016 where Indonesia was hit by the terrorist

suicide bombings and shootings the police in Jakarta.

The attack was also called as ‘Sarinah bombing,' due

to its location that closes to Sarinah mall in M.H.

Thamrin street, Central Jakarta as one of the biggest

and oldest malls in Jakarta.

The bomb attack killed eight people including five

perpetrators of the terror (terrorists) and three

civilians. There were around 26 people injured

casualties from both police and civilians. The attack

was claimed as the act of the ISIS networks

(Yulianingsih, 2015).

After two suicide bomb blasts in the Starbuck cafe

in the mall and a police post in front of the mall, the

attack continued with gunfire between some terrorists

with many police officers and also six more blasts

from the terrorists during the gunfire. After the fierce

shootout, the police could kill the terrorists who were

holding bombs.

Along with the sad news from mainstream media

for giving empathy and support for the victims and

their family, there were also viral internet memes in

the form of images widely spread across various

social media and the internet during the attack and for

several days after that that respond the attack. The

social media include Facebook, Instagram, Path, and

Twitter. The memes were viral along with the hashtag

#PrayForJakarta and #KamiTidakTakut (we are not

afraid).

The hashtag #Kamitidaktakut (we are not afraid)

became very viral with many memes also under this

jargon. The jargon shows the fight against terrorism

(Hariadhi, 2016). The memes with this jargon also try

to support the victims and to emphasize the fight

against terrorists (Ngazis, 2016). In other words, a

hashtag is also a form of refusing to fear and shows

the strong mentality of Jakarta residents (Aziz, 2016).

The use of internet meme is increasingly popular

along with the booming use of social media. Literally,

there are some definitions of ‘meme’ in many

dictionaries. In some online English dictionaries, it

has the same point concerning the internet context.

Ulfa, M.

Internet Memes as Online Countering Violent Extremism in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009934017071714

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1707-1714

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

1707

One of the definitions of ‘meme’ (/mi:m/) (countable

noun) is: “An image, video, piece of text, etc.,

typically humorous in nature, that is copied and

spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight

variations” (Oxford Dictionaries). In an online

Indonesian dictionary, ‘meme’ is “image footage

from television shows, films, etc. or pictures that are

modified by adding words or writings for humorous

and entertaining purposes” (Kamus Besar Bahasa

Indonesia).

The Internet meme is one of the media used to

express reactions from many Indonesian people,

especially the internet and social media users called

‘netizens’ in responding to Sarinah bombing. Most of

the memes in the form of images were taken from the

situation around the terror scenes such as several

photographs of the terrorists, the police and the

people near the scenes. Besides photos, some other

memes use pictures with captions and posters with

some words without any picture. The combination of

the photos or pictures and some captions created

some messages, views, with some purposes related to

fighting against terrorism or countering violent

extremism in Indonesia.

The images are used with some captions that the

main message is ‘we are not afraid.’ The memes can

be understood as also part of the communication ways

of the netizens to strengthen the heart of the grieving

Indonesian people to stay strong and be steadfast

from the terrorist attack and as a form of resistance to

terrorism by digital or online communication.

Internet memes are essential as part of the internet

and social media communication nowadays. As it is

said by Limor Shifman, author of Memes in the

Digital Culture, “Memes are becoming a significant

part of how humans communicate with one another...

They appeal to our need to be part of a larger group,

and simultaneously our desire to be individuals”

(Fulton, 2017). In Indonesia, internet memes have

become popular since the emergence of discussion

forums on the internet in late 2008 (Aliansyah, 2014).

Then it becomes more popular since around 2012

after the establishment of ‘Meme Comic Indonesia’

as the most significant Indonesian meme community

in Indonesia with more than 1,7 million members

through Facebook fan page (Meme Comic, 2015).

Besides as part of digital communication

nowadays that connect many people in the world,

internet meme also can create more prominent effects

or influences as its viral nature. It is because the

internet culture involves users participation and

online sharing for making viral, which also has

contributed to the growth of internet memes users and

receivers. What is more, memes with its creative

contents and forms can have many functions, such as:

entertaining by joking, parody, or comedy, and also

delivering messages, ideas, views, opinions, values,

ideologies, or products to respond certain

phenomena.

Based on the above background, this paper

focuses on the analysis of several viral memes, which

responded the Sarinah bombing on 14 January 2016,

with the contents that are related to countering violent

extremism (CVE) messages. This is to investigate and

explain the roles of the memes related to CVE,

specifically through their contents, meanings,

messages, and functions or purposes. Semiotics of

communication explains the meanings and functions

of the memes through the understanding of the

language, signs, and symbols. By this, it can

understand the responses, reactions, and messages of

the netizens in creating and spreading the memes to

public related to the Sarinah bombing.

2 THE CONCEPT OF INTERNET

MEMES

The term ‘Meme’ has been used far before the era or

digital communication, however nowadays it has

been used widely by internet users. Therefore,

internet meme is one of important keys to understand

the digital culture in broader dimensions (Shifman,

2014). Originally the term meme was introduced by

the biologist Richard Dawkins in his book The Selfish

Gene (1976) (Shifman, 2013). Shifman explains that

Dawkins’ study of meme is part of his larger effort to

apply evolutionary theory to cultural change, where

he defines memes “as small cultural units of

transmission, analogous to genes, which are spread

from person to person by copying or imitation” that

“commonly applied to describe the propagation of

content items such as jokes, rumors, videos, or

websites from one person to others via the internet”

(Shifman, 2013). He also adds that based on this

concept, “memes may be abstract ideas, texts or

practices. Memetic diffusion is based on a

combination of repetition and variation” (Segev,

Nissenbaum, Stolero, & Shifman, 2015).

Shifman explains more that there are three main

attributes ascribed to memes to the analysis of

contemporary digital culture. Firstly, memes as

cultural information that passes from person to person

that becomes as shared social phenomenon that shape

mindsets, forms of behavior, and actions of social

groups. Secondly, memes as reproduction by various

imitation that memes can be spread by forwarding,

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linking, copying, or creating with their own versions.

Thirdly, memes is their diffusion through competition

and selection (Shifman, 2013).

Apart from that, the term meme has been studied

including in academid field in many disciplines, such

as philosophy, psychology, anthropology, linguistics,

folklore, and communication (Shifman, 2013). In

language studies, Erhan Aslan explains that “They

[memes] may seem basic, but from a linguistic point

of view, they are surprisingly sophisticated. Meme

creators use “multimodal grammar” (in other words,

images, and captions) to express and share ideas and

opinions” (Aslan, 2018). Therefore, it is important to

study internet memes in order to understand the

meanings such as through images and captions or

texts.

3 SEMIOTICS OF

COMMUNICATION,

TERRORISM & COUNTERING

VIOLENT EXTREMISM

Semiotics of communication is one of the schools of

semiotics developed by Roland Barthes and Umberto

Eco. According to van Zoest, the semiotics of

communication studies the sign as part of

communication which emphasizes the theory of sign

production, that one of which assumes the presence

of six communication factors, namely the sender,

receiver, message, communication channel, and

reference. Briefly, the semiotics of communication is

a systematic study of signs to obtain the meaning of a

communication (Sobur, 2013, pp. xxii-xxiii). Yasraf

Amir Pilliang explains it as “the use and production

of signs socially in the process of communication”

but not separates from the other semiotics theory,

namely semiotics of signification and semiotics of

communication (Sobur, 2013, p. xvii). According to

Umberto Eco in A Theory of Semiotics, as quoted by

Pilliang, “semiotics of communication emphasizes

the aspect of ‘sign production’ rather than ‘sign

system.' Whereas a ‘production machine’ the

meaning of semiotics of communication relies

heavily on the ‘labor’ who chooses the sign from the

raw materials of the existing signs and combines them

in order to produce a meaningful language

expression” (Sobur, 2013, p. xii).

As an interdisciplinary study of linguistics,

cultural studies, and terrorism studies, the memes as

text do not only need to be analyzed by using

semiotics of communication perspective, but also in

the context of terrorism studies, in particular, the

CVE concept. The term ‘terrorism’ has many

definitions and has been defined by many experts,

researchers, as well as governments and international

agencies. One of them is basedn on a dissertation

study in Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A

Comparative Cross-National Analysis by Eran Shor.

In his dissertation, based on many debates and studies

of its definitions, he defines terrorism as “the strategic

use of violence or threats of violence by non-state

political actors againts non-combatans for symbolic

purposes, usually with he intention of influencing

policies” (Shor, 2010, p. 5).

According to Encyclopedia of Terrorism, the most

definitions of terrorism involves three factors, namely

(1) the method is violence, (2) the target is civiliant or

government, and (3) the purpose is to instill fear and

force political or social change (Kushner, 2003, p.

359).

Shor in his study also defines definition of

counterterrorism as “state policies, commonly

implemented following terrorist events or threats,

which are usually declared as directed at preventing

or limiting future terrorist acts” (Shor, 2010, p. 8). In

recent studies, in other words, it is also named

‘Countering Violent Extremism (CVE).’

CVE is the term that is used to counter terrorism.

The United Nations Security Council explains that

one of the approaches to countering the spread of

terrorism and violent extremism is known as CVE.

The Council encourages all people from government

to non-government actors and local communities to

engage in developing strategies to counter violent

extremism narrative that can incite terrorist acts and

the spread of violent extremism (United Nations,

2014). In other words, CVE can be done by anybody

by using any kinds of media. In this case, it can be

seen that CVE is done by using creative media of

internet memes in responding to the Sarinah

bombing.

4 CONTENT ANALYSIS

Many viral internet memes respond to the Sarinah

bombing on 14 January 2016 on M.H. Thamrin street,

Central Jakarta. The primary data of this research are

some memes related to CVE. The memes found from

the internet are taken with the keywords on Google

namely ‘Meme Bom Sarinah 14 January 2016'.

Based on this, there are 12 articles [ (Yulianingsih,

2015), (Hariadhi, 2016), (Ngazis, 2016), (Aziz,

2016), (Khoiruddin, 2016), (Surayabaya Tribun,

2016), (Young, 2016), (Bintang, 2016), (Abdul,

2016), (Berberita, 2016), (Habananggroee, 2016)]

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that have already collected many memes from many

sources in the internet and social media namely

Facebook, Twitter, Path, and Instagram. There are 20

memes in the form of image or picture as the main

data related to CVE selected from the 12 articles.

Furthermore, to understand and explain the roles of

the memes related to CVE, specifically through their

contents, meanings, messages, and functions or

purposes, qualitative-descriptive approach with

content analysis is used with close reading of the text

that involves interpretation into new analytical

narratives (Krippendorff, 2013, p. 23) with the

perspectives of semiotics of communication and the

context of terrorism studies.

5 INTERNET MEMES & CVE

The viral internet memes in responding to Sarinah

related to CVE are 20 memes in the form of image or

picture. The memes are categorized into three topics

based on their contents. The memes have some

varieties in the kinds of images, captions, and art

aspects.

5.1 Hashtag #KamiTidakTakut (We

Are Not Afraid)

During the Sarinah bombing, there were many

supports from netizens through various memes to

pray for the victims, to support the police, and also to

encourage Indonesian people for not afraid of

terrorism. Some of them can be seen from the memes

that use the hashtag #kamitidaktakut (we are not

afraid) and the message of ‘we are brave’ (Fig. 1).

These jargons are the sign, the symbol, and the central

message of the contents of the memes.

Figure 1: Memes with the hashtag of "We are not afraid"

(#Kamitidaktakut)

The same messages are shown through different

variation of memes (Fig. 2) that show the images of

people (edited photo of the terrorist with other

people) saying directly to the terrorist that they are not

afraid of terrorist.

Figure 2: The People say ‘We are not afraid of the

terrorist.'

The same message but with stronger images is

shown in some other memes (Fig. 3). The images

show a phenomenon of the Indonesian people who

crowded the terror scenes after the bombing and

during the gunfire between the police and the

terrorists. The memes try to say that the people were

not hiding or escaping from the terror scenes, but they

are watching and standing there as a symbol of ‘not

afraid of terrorism’ and support for the police in

fighting the terrorists.

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Figure 3: People are watching around the terror scenes

The messages from these memes are created

through the combination of the signs of the language

by using some words as its captions, the jargon as the

symbol of countering terrorism or CVE, and some

photos related to the context. It can be said that the

creators of the memes try to communicate to the

audiences of the internet and social media by giving

the messages.

5.2 Street Sellers Support the Police

Another phenomenon is the people who crowded the

terror scene after the bomb blasts and the gunfire

including the street sellers (Fig. 4 & 5). The crowd

watched the terror scene and also the gunfire between

the police and the terrorists not far from the scene. On

the other side, some street sellers were selling food,

snack, and drink around the scenes including to the

police. These are seen through some memes that try to

show the condition on the scene after and during the

attack and the courage of the crowd who were not

afraid of the terrorists and also as a symbol of

supporting the police. The messages are strongly

delivered through the photos supported by the captions.

Figure 4: The drink and snack sellers close to the terror scene.

Figure 5: The peanut and satay sellers close to the terror scene

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Figure 6: The joke shows the sellers want to go to other

terror scenes

Another meme related to the street seller is a

comedy picture of street sellers that want to go to

another terror scene to sell their food (Fig. 6). This is

understood metaphorically as a joke and symbolically

as a symbol of bravery to fight against terrorism. This

also shows that ordinary people from food street

sellers are also part of the movement in fighting

terrorism.

5.3 Mocking and Joking the Terrorist

The other memes are about mocking the terrorist (Fig.

7). The memes use a photo of the terrorist taken from

the scene added with some captions as a parody. The

memes show that the terrorist is mentioned as deaf

because he was phoned and ordered by ISIS leader

Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi to attack Suriah, but he went

to Sarinah (the name of the mall in Jakarta). Because

of this, he was scolded by his leader. The memes try

to mock and make a joke of him, which means not

taking him seriously and this is also a symbol of the

failure of the terrorist in creating fear to the people so

that the people dare to mock him through memes.

Figure 7: Parody to mock and joke the terrorist

Mocking and joking terrorist by using memes is

also can be said as one of the ways to look the

terrorists down and fighting them back. As it is said

by Faturochman, a social psychology expert at

Gadjah Mada University (UGM) Yogyakarta, that

such memes as acts of resistance or anti-terror against

the tragedy of terror and not because of insensitivity.

Forms of resistance or anti-terror acts can be varied

and for those who do not have weapons, making the

incident as a joke or mocking the terrorist is one of

their ways that can be done. Thus, the people try to

overcome its fear by changing it fighting terror

through memes. He also mentions that in this case

“Indonesians have different characteristics compared

to Europeans or Americans. Indonesians are more

relaxed" in responding to the case that compared to

European and Americans (Syarief, 2016). In other

words, Indonesian people have several ways and

strategies to fight against terrorism or countering

violent extremism, and one of the creative ways is by

using internet memes and mocking the terrorist and

their actions.

In short, based on the above analysis and from

semiotics of communication point of view, it can be

said that the memes are signs of production of

symbols of people who are countering terrorism or

violence extremism. The memes are also used as one

of the media, ways, and strategies to counter terrorism

or violence extremism narrative, which is fear and

terror through Sarinah bombing. The memes are used

as digital communication to produce and spread the

messages (sign production) through six

communication factors, namely the sender (netizens

as creators of memes), receiver (netizens as audiences

or readers), message (the idea of CVE),

communication channel (the memes), and reference

(related to the context). Furthermore, the netizens of

the meme creators and distributors have contributed

and engaged in developing strategies of CVE that can

incite terrorist acts and the spread of violent

extremism to the public through raising awareness by

delivering the messages of fighting terrorism through

the memes.

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6 CONCLUSIONS

The importance of internet memes cannot be

neglected as part of digital communication nowadays.

In the case of Sarinah bombing, memes that contain

signs and symbols are also one of the sources of sign

productions that have significant meanings in

understanding the phenomena of Indonesian society

related to the terrorist attack and some people's

responses to that.

This digital or online communication through

memes has shown the responses or reactions of some

netizens in Indonesia in creating and spreading the

messages related to terrorism case and CVE. The

responses in the form of the products of memes are

not only seen as media of CVE but also as the

strategies of CVE that involve the internet nature and

culture, namely voluntarily and participatory actions

to make them viral and received by the broader public

in the internet and social media. In semiotics of

communication it is called as ‘the use and production

of signs socially’ and ‘the process of communication

received and interpreted meaningful language

expression.

The public’s fear of terrorism due to Sarinah

bombing was opposed by various CVE memes so that

to some extent they aroused public awareness and

spread the message of ‘not to be afraid of terrorists’

without reducing their concern and sorrow for the

victims. The memes created common awareness

effect proved by the various viral memes in many

internet and social media sources that can also be

called as the movement of the internet community

and social media users to counter violence extremism.

Finally, the memes related to CVE messages are

quite a lot with many variations of images and

contents. They also could influence other people to be

involved in the online movement of CVE by

participating in creating and spreading the memes

with the similar messages. Since for the internet users

nowadays this is quite easy to be done by using some

mobile phone applications to make memes.

Therefore, internet memes can be one of the media for

CVE by involving more stakeholders especially the

millennial generation as the biggest users of the

internet and social media where many terrorists and

violent extremism narrative have also been viral in

the internet and social media.

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