Survival Resistance Effects of Cypermethrin on Rate of Aedes Aegypti

Devi Angeliana Kusumaningtiar

, Nur Endah Wahyuningsih

, Retno Hestiningsih

and Taufik Rendi

Anggara

Public Health Program Study of Health Sciences Faculty, Universitas Esa Unggul, Jakarta

Environmental Health, University of Diponegoro, Semarang

Faculty of Computer Sciences, Universitas Esa Unggul, Jakarta

Keywords: Aedes Aegypti, Cypermethrin, Survival Resistance, Resistance of Mosquitoes

Abstract: Infectious diseases caused by vectors are still a problem for tropical countries including Indonesia. The

number of dengue cases in Indonesia fluctuates every year, in 2017 dengue cases were 17,877 cases with 115

deaths. Incidence Rate (IR) in 34 provinces in 2015 reached 50.75 per 100 thousand population, and IR in

2016 reached 78.85 per 100 thousand population. This figure is still higher than the national IR target of 49

per 100 thousand population. The most common mosquito control is chemical control consisting of synthetic

insecticides. The use of insecticides used by the community, because it is considered practical and quickly

controlled. Aerosol which in this study was sipermethrin. Preliminary research results state that all existing

aerosol insecticides have a very high ratio with this study. The purpose of this study was to analyze the

fecundity, fertility and survival resistance of Ae aegypti. This study used a quasi-experimental study with post

control design only the control group, with a ratio between sipermethrin 0.0055 ppm, 0.0110 ppm, 0.0165

ppm,and 0.0220 ppm. A statistical test of One Way ANOVA and KruskalWallis Hadith to analyze research

data. The results showed that there were no differences in the number of eggs, larvae,and number of

mosquitoes after sipermethrin exposure, but there were some pupae and survival of Ae aegypti mosquitoes

after exposure to sipermetrin. Sipermethrin exposure can increase the number of Ae aegypti eggs and prolong

Ae aegypti mosquito.

1 INTRODUCTION

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused

by the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito

bites. Recently, problems of DHF cases have a

problem classic it happens almost ascertained appear

every year especially at the beginning of the rainy

season (BLPK, 2015). In many countries tropical,

dengue virus very endemic. In Asia, this disease often

attacks in southern China, Pakistan, India, and all

country in southeastern Asia since 1981. This virus

found in Queensland, Australia. Along the east coast

of Africa, this disease is also found in various

serotype. Dengue has also spread throughout the

Pacific Islands countries and areas. Between 2001

and 2008, the six most affected Pacific island

countries and areas were French Polynesia (35869

cases), New Caledonia (6836 cases), Cook Islands

(3735 cases), American Samoa (1816 cases), Palau

(1108 cases) and the Federal States of Micronesia

(664 cases). The total number of deaths for the six

island countries was 34 (official country reports).

Although no official reports have been submitted to

WHO by Kiribati, the country did experience a

dengue outbreak in 2008, reporting a total of 837

cases and causing great concern among the national

authorities and among some of the other countries in

the region. Historically, dengue has been reported

predominantly among urban and peri-urban

populations where high population density facilitates

transmission. However, evidence from recent

outbreaks, as seen in Cambodia in 2007, suggests that

they are now occurring in rural areas. Implementing

the Bi-regional Dengue Strategy for Asia and the

Pacific (2008--2015) is a priority following

endorsement by the 2008 resolution WPR/RC59.R6

of the WHO Regional Committee for the Western

Pacific (Clark, 2005).

Data from provincial health department central

java in 2004 incidence rate was recorded at 19.2 /

10,000 population, In the year 2005 of 2,171 / 10.000,

in the year 2006 of 3.39 / 10,000 population, then year

2650

Angeliana Kusumaningtiar, D., Endah Wahyuningsih, N., Hestiningsih, R. and Rendi Anggara, T.

Survival Resistance Effects of Cypermethrin on Rate of Aedes Aegypti.

DOI: 10.5220/0009949926502656

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2650-2656

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

2007 increasing to 6,35 /10,000 , next year 2008 at

5,92 / 10,000 population and in 2009 is 5.74 / 10,000

population where higher incidence of the incidence

rate (IR) 2 / 10,000 population. Data from the health

department of Semarang city noted that the number

of sufferers in the year 2008 as many as 5249 people

with 18 people died (IR = 36,08 / 10,000 population

and CFR = 0.3 % ) , the number of sufferers year 2009

is about 3649 people with 42 people died (IR = 23,79

/ 10,000 population and CFR 1.15 %) and the number

of sufferers year 2010 as many as 5616 people and 47

people died (IR = 372,68 / 100,000 population and

CFR = 0.8 %) (Dinkes Provinsi Jateng, 2009). The

number of dengue cases in Indonesia fluctuates every

year, in 2017 dengue cases were 17,877 cases with

115 deaths. Incidence Rate (IR) in 34 provinces in

2015 reached 50.75 per 100 thousand population, and

IR in 2016 reached 78.85 per 100 thousand

population. This figure is still higher than the national

IR target of 49 per 100 thousand population

(Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2018).

An infectious disease caused by a vector until now

still be a heavy burden for the majority of tropical

countries including Indonesia. Infectious diseases

through a vector especially because the bites of still

endemic in many regions in Indonesia and claimed

thousands of lives every year. Hence, needed a

material potent, safer and cheaper (including

insecticide) that can be used to control vector.The use

of pesticides synthesis (use of chemicals synthetic)

assessed practical, cheap and fast control has caused

consumers to continue to consume these products.

Mosquito controls the most do is controlled chemical

consisting of an insecticide synthetic organic, organic

natural and inorganic. An insecticide synthetic this

work more effectively and the results can be seen

quickly compared to control biological and physical

(Sastrodihardjo, 1997). Means discharging repellent

an assortment, burned with fire, evaporated with

electricity, applied to the body or sprayed. Repellent

fuel and electricity usually the only function repel

mosquito, a repellent that which is smeared body

function to prevent mosquito came upon of body skin.

These three types of repellent as it does not kill

mosquitoes, while that can kill a mosquito is repellent

that is sprayed (Nurcahyono, 1999).

Comparison in the use of products an insecticide

households indicated that most of the people use

aerosol, The percentage of the use of aerosol, formula

a liquid oil (oil-liquid formulations) by 77 %,

repellent fuel is 62 % , repellent liquid of 13 % , and

repellent electric was about 6 % (Boewono, 2007).

One of the active used in formulation repellent

aerosol is cypermethrin. Cypermethrinfound in 1975.

An insecticide non systemic this works as a poison

contacts and poison the stomach, the use of effective

especially to control the Lepidoptera, the Coleoptera,

Diptera, the Hemiptera, and other classes.

Cypermethrin used in the agricultural sector,

households, public health, and animal health

(Djojosumarto, 2008). The use of cypermethrin very

popular because of effectiveness and low price. A

chemical structure cypermethrin resemble spiretrum

(poison exterminator insects natural contained in

chrysanthemum), with a capacity of poison an

elevated biological and more stable poison other than

natural. Cypermethrin classified world health

organization (who) as a risk being (class II), because

of its effects the nervous system stimulation

(Badjuka, 2008). Preliminary research shows that the

percentage of deaths of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in

aerosol mosquito repellent with active ingredients of

sipermetrin, Raid®, and Tiga Roda Mortein® is

100%. The researchers conducted dilution on aerosol

mosquito repellent with active ingredients of

sipermetrin to determine differences in fecundity,

fertility,and survival of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

after exposure to aerosol insecticides.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

2.1 Experiment Design

This research was an experimental study (quasi-

experiment) with research used is post test only

control group design. Treatment was given at a more

group and done the measurement of after he received

treatment. The difference between the results of

measurement between the two groups showed effect

treatment. This test is performed in the laboratory of

the Center for Research and Development and

Reservoir Vector Disease (B2P2VRP) Salatiga.

2.2 Instruments

Insect / Mosquito test: the mosquito maintained in big

hall research and development vector and a reservoir

disease (B2P2VRP) Salatiga city. The mosquito that

used is Aeaegypti mosquito male and female 2-3 old

days in full sucrose. Insecticide used in the trial is

anti-mosquito aerosols uranium active cypermethrin.

The trial using atomizer used to squirt insecticide into

a glass chamber. Concentration an insecticide aerosol

namely by way to measure solution an insecticide,

taken each 1 ml, 0.75 ml, 0.05 ml, and 0.25 ml then

dissolved in 100 ml water by concentration of the

early 0.22 % the determination of concentration

Survival Resistance Effects of Cypermethrin on Rate of Aedes Aegypti

2651

calculated based on the formula: v1x n1 = v2 x n2, so

for each concentration used is 0,0055 ppm, 0,0110

ppm, 0,0165 ppm, 0,02220 ppm. Procedure: before

testing glass chamber ascertained uncontaminated.

Weighed heavily mosquito aerosol have diluted, then

mosquito sprayed well as many as 10 times out the

laboratory. After sprayed then repeated as many as

three times and counted difference.Counted the

number of sprays for testing with the formula.

Then released 30 tail mosquito into glass chamber

and awaited 1 minute, Mosquito sprayed according to

calculation the number of sprays, observed for 20

minutes and noted the number of mosquito that dead

or faint in any period of time. Afterward in holding

for 24 hours and given cotton moistened 10 %

sucrose. Then specify the percentage death mosquito

Ae aegypti male and female. The mosquito that life

did maintenance and fed blood marmot to produce

sum eggs

a. Measuring figures the number of eggs

The number of eggs mosquito calculated based on

the ovum produced by mosquito girl after

subjected to the process of marriage.Calculation

eggs are done every day for 8 days

b. Measuring figures the number of larvaeOvum

produced immediately taken and incorporated in

a tray that contains water. Old Hatchery for ± 12

days and the calculation is done on larval instar

III-IV. Eggs that hatch becomes larvae after ± 12

days regarded as the number of eggs that hatch

and eggs which do not hatch become a larva

regarded as egg not hatch.

c. Measuring survive mosquito

Many whose larvae survive ( % ) is the number

whose larvae into a pupa, long whose larvae

survive in the day is long whose larvae into a

pupa, many the pupa who survive ( % ) is the

number the pupa who became mosquito, long a

pupa who survive in the day is long a pupa who

became mosquito, Many mosquitoes that survive

( % ) is how many mosquitoes survive to die, and

the length of mosquito that survive ( day ) is the

length of mosquito that survive to die.

2.3 Statistical Analysis

Statistical test One Way ANOVA and

KruskalWallishave used to analyze data research.

ANOVA (α=0,05) with an analysis of variance

concentration of cypermethrin 0.0055 ppm, 0.0110

ppm, 0.0165 ppm,and 0.0220 ppm.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Household insecticide efficacy is determined from

the percentage of dead mosquitoes test after storage

(holding) after insecticide exposure for 24 hours.

Table 1: Description The death of Aeaegypti after 24 hours Exposure holding Aerosol in Salatiga B2P2VRP Laboratory

Where C = Control; P1-P4 = Various concentration;

and U1-U6 = Repetition of each concentration.

Based on Table 1 it is known that the percentage

of deaths in the highest concentration of 0.0220 ppm

concentration was 80.6%. While at the lowest

concentration on a concentration of 0.0055 ppm Ae

aegypti mosquito mortality percentage was 50.6%.

According to Figure 1, the average mortality after

24 hours of exposure to mosquito aerosol active

ingredient cypermethrin the highest concentration of

0.0220 ppm 24.2 tail, while the average in the lowest

concentration of 0.0055 ppm of 15.1 tail and on

average control by 1 tail.

Group

intervention

Cypermethrin

concentration

(%)

Water

volume

(ml)

Ae aegypti Death

Total Average Percentage

(%)

U1 U

U4 U5 U6

P1 0,0220 ppm 1000 20 22 27 25 25 26 145 24,2 80,6%

P2 0,0165 ppm 1000 18 21 18 21 22 20 120 20 66,7%

P3 0,0110 ppm 1000 20 24 22 17 23 23 129 21,5 71,7%

P4 0,0055 ppm 1000 16 14 7 21 17 16 91 15,1 50,6%

C 0 1000 1 1 0 1 2 1 6 1 3,3%

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2652

Figures 1: The Average Number of eggs

The average number of eggs highest after exposed

mosquito aerosol active made cypermethrin of 40,17

the eggs in concentration 0,0055 ppm. While the

average number of eggs lowest of 33,88 the eggs in

concentration 0,0110 ppm, to control the average

ovum produced of 28,85 eggs.

Differences in the number of eggs this shows

differences in the ability of female mosquito eggs to

process become ripe and ready issued.In this ability

and behavior, mosquito girls suck blood as nutrients

maturation eggs very influential. Research conducted

by Ullah et al. (2006) on female rabbit should be

given treatment of cypermethrin where histology the

changes observable in the ovaries of the rabbit

proliferation of connective tissue in the cortex that

causes decay epithelial along with the proliferation of

connective tissue in the tissues of the uterus, so as to

affect the reproductive system. While research

conducted Jalal et al. (2010), of mammals mice male

cypermethrin points to the harmful effects that cause

a decrease in an enzyme on the biosynthesis of

testosterone, so it influences the sexual behavior of

the male. [12] The analysis showed ANOVA which

means there is no difference the number of eggsAe

aegypti mosquito after being exposed to aerosol

active ingredient cypermethrin among treatment with

various concentrations of control.

Figures 2: The number of larvae Figures 3: The number of larvae

Figures 4:The number of Mosquito Figures 5: The number of Mosquito Survive

Based on Figure 2 until Figure 5, the number of

larvae days for all concentration levels are calculated

for 6 days. The highest number of larvae at a

concentration of 0.0055 ppm day 1 (1495 larvae).

Lowest number of larvae at a concentration of 0.0110

ppm day 1 (635 larvae). The number of pupae per

days to for all concentration levels are calculated for

7 days. The highest number of pupae the

concentration of 0.0220 ppm on day 1 of 863 pupae.

Pupae for all concentration the test and control is six

days, and long a pupa survive for all concentration the

test and control are2 days. The Mosquito amount per

day for all concentration levels are calculated for 7

days. The highest number of mosquito at a

28.85

40.17

33.88

38.45

37.84

The Average Number of

Eggs

Concentration Mosquito Aerosol Active

ingredient Cypermethrin

The average number

of eggs

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

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Concentrati

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Concentrati

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The number of

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0,0055ppm

Concentration

0,0110ppm

Concentration

0,0165ppm

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400

600

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Survival Resistance Effects of Cypermethrin on Rate of Aedes Aegypti

2653

concentration of 0.0220 ppm day 1 of 860

mosquitoes. Ae aegypti mosquitoes survive after

exposure mosquito repellent active ingredient

cypermethrin with various concentrations, calculated

over 38 days beginning one day after pupae turn into

adult mosquitoes until all adult mosquitoes die. The

percentage of mosquitoes survive is 100%. The

number of mosquitoes days to survive the

concentration is calculated for 38 days. While the

control is calculated for 28 days.

Table 2:Data normality and homogeneity of eggs, larvae, pupae, mosquito and mosquito survive

Concentration Eggs Larvae Pupae Mosquito Mosquito Survive

N H N H N H N H N H

0,0220 ppm √ x √ x √ √

√ x √ x

0,0165 ppm √ √ √ x √

0,0110 ppm √ √ √ √ √

0,0055 ppm √ √ √ x √

Control √ √ √ √ √

Where N = Normality; H = Homogeneity; √ = Data normality or homogeneity; and X = Data Not normality or homogenity.

Table 3:Analysis ANOVA difference the number of eggs, larvae, pupae, Mosquito and Mosquito Survive after aerosol

exposure

Variable p-value Information

The differencethe number of eggs 0,850 Not Significant

The differencethe number of larvae 0,151 Not Significant

The differencethe number of pupae 0,000 Significant

The differencethe number of mosquitoes 0,980 Not Significant

Difference Mosquito Survive 0,044 Significant

Differences in the number of eggs this shows

differences in the ability of female mosquito eggs to

process become ripe and ready issued.In this ability

and behavior, mosquito girls suck blood as nutrients

maturation eggs very influential (Kusnawati, 2006).

Research conducted by Ullah et al.(2006) on female

rabbit should be given treatment of cypermethrin

where histology the changes observable in the ovaries

of the rabbit proliferation of connective tissue in the

cortex that causes decay epithelial along with the

proliferation of connective tissue in the tissues of the

uterus , so as to affect the reproductive system. While

research conducted Jalal et al.(2010) of mammals

mice male cypermethrin points to the harmful effects

that cause a decrease in an enzyme on

biosynthetictestosterone,so it influences the sexual

behavior of the male. In pregnant female animals in

the laboratory by the treatment of cypermethrin effect

on their offspring. In pregnant rabbits treated with

cypermethrin resulted in an increased number of the

organs and caused abnormalities in the offspring

framework. In rats treated cypermethrin also can lead

to the development of the appearance of the teeth,

open your eyes and certain progress is slow. It also

carried out on male rats by cypermethrin show

adverse effects on the reproductive system, namely

the proportion of abnormal sperm are increased and

with increasing concentrations of cypermethrin.

Another study also showed an increase in the

concentration of protein in the testes and disrupting

the function of sex hormone (Cox, 1996).The analysis

showed ANOVA value p-value = 0,850 > p. sig 0,05)

which means there is no difference the number of

eggs of Ae aegypti mosquito repellent after being

exposed to aerosol active ingredient cypermethrin

among treatment with various concentrations of

control.

The difference in the number these larvae can

cause by because at the time when maturation eggs, a

mosquito to lack of protein intake in full of the blood

that her, So although eggs formed but after he was

born cannot have developed, or hatch becomes a

larva.Sufficiency protein in every eggvary depending

upon the number of the proteins in the blood which is

inhaled by mosquito girl (Depkes RI, 2008). The

analysis showed p-value = 0,151 > p. sig 0,05) which

means there is no difference the number of larvaeAe

aegypti mosquito after exposed to aerosol active

ingredient cypermethrin between treatment with a

variety concentration and control. This research in

accordance with research conducted by Purnomo

(2001) of the influence of selection malathion on

mosquitoes Aeaegypti to power eggs shows that

power eggs selected with malathion the

organophosphate to 20 generation the gnat does not

affect or no different significant.

This research much different from research

conducted by Siswoyowati (2008) the number of eggs

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

2654

mosquito Ae aegypti that hatch the results of exposed

mosquito aerosol with the active propoxur and

transfluthrin of 82,33 %. Long days required by for

the larvae survive was 6 - 15 days. It is less according

to research Sihite(2010) in repellent sear with the

active ingredient transfluthrin and d-alethrin that long

pupae 6 -11 days. The results of the analysis showed

value = 0,000 < p. sig 0,05) which means there is a

difference of the number of pupaeAe aegypti

mosquito after exposed to aerosol active ingredient

cypermethrin between treatment with a variety

concentration and control. This research not

according to research conducted by Purnomo (2001)

about the effects of the selection malathion on

mosquitoes to the development of larvae into a pupa

shows that success larva develops into a pupa selected

competent malathion organophosphate with the to 20

generation gnat does not affect or similar significant.

Long days required by to a mosquitoare 2- 15

days. It is less according to research Sihite(2010) in

repellent sear with the active ingredient transfluthrin

and d-alethrin that long a pupa survive consisting of

3 -11 days. Test normality the number of mosquitoes

before and after transformation data using Shapiro-

Wilk suggests that the concentration 0,0110 ppm and

concentration 0,0220 ppm not normal. The analysis

showed p-value = 0,980 > p. sig 0,05) which means

there is no difference the number of mosquitoAe

aegypti after exposed to aerosol active ingredient

cypermethrin between treatment with a variety

concentration and control. Research in accordance

with research conducted by Purnomo(2001) of the

influence of selection malathion on mosquitoes Ae

aegypti to successful eklosi (the pupa changed into

adult mosquito) shows that the success of selection

eklosi with malathion the organophosphate to 20

generation the gnat does not affect or no different

significant.

Ae aegypti mosquito survives that is exposed to

aerosol active ingredient cypermethrin is 100 % on all

treatment concentration. The higher concentration

cypermethrin so longer mosquito to die.Long days

required by Ae aegypti mosquito survive on

concentration 0,0220 ppm is 38-day, Ae aegypti

mosquito survive on the concentration 0,0165 ppm is

37 day and long days needed mosquito ae mosquito

to survive on concentration 0,0110 ppm concentration

and 0,0025 % is similar 32 day. While long days

needed mosquito ae mosquito survive in control is 28

days.

Results of the analysis showed p value = 0,044<

p. sig 0,05) which means there is a difference in

mosquito survive after is exposed anti-mosquito

aerosol active made cypermethrin between treatment

a variety concentration and control. Research

conducted by Sihite (2010) on exposure against

mosquitos Ae aegypti adult that mosquitos Ae aegypti

exposed to cause fertility, (long live this life

mosquito).

4 CONCLUSION

Based on the result of this research can be concluded

that mosquitos Ae aegypti who has is exposed anti-

mosquito aerosol active made cypermethrin can

multiply the number of eggs and the higher

concentration, the longer mosquito survive.

The results as follows: there is no point

differences fecundity mosquito Ae aegypti after is

exposed anti-mosquito aerosol active made

cypermethrin with a variety concentration between

treatment by control. There is no point differences the

number of larvae mosquito Ae aegyptiafter is exposed

anti-mosquito aerosol active made cypermethrin with

a variety concentration between treatment by control.

There is a difference the number of pupae after is

exposed anti-mosquito aerosol active made

cypermethrin with a variety concentration between

treatment by control. There is no difference the

number of a mosquitoafter is exposed anti-mosquito

aerosols uranium active cypermethrin with a variety

of concentration between treatment by control. There

is a difference mosquito survive after is exposed anti-

mosquito aerosols uranium active cypermethrin with

a variety of concentration between treatment by

control.

Advice for the namely the use of chemical doses

insecticide in circulation too high and least possible

harm not using insecticide is constantly for causing

mosquito be old age, add eggs. The

concentrationitcannot be used forever for some time

fore can cause resistance to mosquitoes. Community

more attention to the impact of the use of the chemical

insecticides for the environment, man and insects.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank you for providing the research

support.

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