The Use of Sociolinguistic Code Switching, Code Mixing,

and Interferencing of Lhokseumawe Society in

Globalization Era

Juni Ahyar

Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Malikussaleh, Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract. Humans are creatures that interact and socialize throughout their lives.

To realize the goal of good social interaction is by communicating.

Communication is a way to express ideas, opinions, intentions, reality, and so on.

The use of communication often lead to language deviation by code switching,

code mixing and interferencing in conversation. This study was conducted to

determine the variety of languages, code switching and code interferencing, as

well as the choice of words in communication, and find out the factors were

behind the people using Acehnese in switching codes, mixing codes and

interferencing, and looking at the functions of using Acehnese languages in

Lhokseumawe Society. This study specializes in the use of Acehnese and

Indonesian languages by the Lhokseumawe Community, in the field of formal

and informal interactions with one another. In obtaining the data, the researchers

did direct observation or engaging in conversation activities. Researchers record

conversations by using a recording device, such as a audio recorder and assisted

by a stationery in recording important matters. The results showed that there were

a large variety of languages, code switching, code mixing, and interferencing, as

well as certain word choices that occurred while communicating. The strong

reason for some people in Lhokseumawe to use Acehnese was because the

Acehnese language as their mother tongue, it could make them easier to apply

and understand easily one another to avoid misunderstandings in communication

to run smoothly. Because the same understanding and comprehending in

communication was the main goal of good and right communication.

Keywords: Code Switching ꞏ Code Mixing ꞏ Interferencing

1 Introduction

Every member of society and community always involved in language communication,

whether he acts as a communicator (speaker or writer) or as a communicant (talking

partner, listener, or reader) (Sumarlam, 2005:1). The Acehnese language is a part of the

archipelago language and belongs to the Austronesian language family that exists in

this world. Linearly, the Acehnese language has a long history, a wide amount of usage

and a large number of speakers, the number of Acehnese (Wakit Abdullah and Sri

Lestari Handayani, 2007:11).

In the context of human life, language always used specifically and has its own

Ahyar, J.

The Use of Sociolinguistic Code Switching, Code Mixing, and Interferencing of Lhokseumawe Society in Globalization Era.

DOI: 10.5220/0010528600002900

In Proceedings of the 20th Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics, Management and Accounting (MIICEMA 2019), pages 737-745

ISBN: 978-989-758-582-1; ISSN: 2655-9064

737

grammar rules. Like the Indonesian language has rules for good and correct grammar

called Enhanced Spelling (EYD).

Some people think that language is something we do for others, a game of verbal

symbols based on our sense of taste (imaging). As a mediation system, language not

only describes the way humans view the world and its conception, but also forms a

vision of reality. That, knitting on the thought that by describing language as the

incarnation of thoughts and feelings, that was human mind, the language gets a meaning

far higher than the sound system or phonemes. Indonesia has a wide variety of cultures,

ethnicities, and customs, but all can join hands and relate with communication, namely

language as a unifying nation.

From the statement above, it could be concluded that language is one of the tools

to carry out interactions with other humans. Therefore, language could not be separated

from human life. With our language we could related with other communities that

ultimately give birth to communication in the community. So this study was entitled

“The use of Sociolinguistics Code Switching, Code Mixing and Interferencing of

Lhokseumawe Society in Globalization Era”.

Issues to Be Researched

According to introduction, this study present three research questions:

1. What is the form of language usage by the Lhokseumawe Society? (this formula

includes a variety of languages, code switching, code mixing and interference).

2. What factors are behind the use of Acehnese language by the Lhokseumawe

society? (this formula examines the speech component contained in the speech

event).

3. What is the function of the use of the Acehnese language by the Lhokseumawe

society? (this formulation discusses functions, various languages, code switching,

code mixing, and interferencing).

1.1 Research Objectives

The aim of linguists is to learn as completely as possible about everything that is

systematic in the use of language (Uhlenbeck, 1982:15). The objectives to be achieved

in this study were:

1. Describe the forms of language diversity by the Lhokseumawe society includes

various languages, code switching, code mixing and interferencing.

2. Determine what factors behind the use of the Aceh language of the Lhokseumawe

society.

3. Describe the function of using Acehnese language by the Lhokseumawe society.

1.2 Research Methods

In this study, researchers used descriptive qualitative research, which means seeks to

describe linguistic data. In general, qualitative methods were methods of assessment or

research methods on a problem that was not designed or used statistical procedures (Edi

Subroto, 1992:5).

MIICEMA 2019 - Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics Management and Accounting

738

According to the linguistic situation, the research location took part in the

Lhokseumawe society and partly in a formal place (mosque around Lhokseumawe ,

Aceh). The location was chosen as a research location because, the location as a place

where language users can communicate with the community freely, so that it was

possible to use more than one language, especially the Acehnese language which was

the preferred language in this study.

The data in this study was oral data. Oral data as the main data to be examined. Oral

data in the form of language from all linguistic activities that contain code switching,

code mixing, and interferencing. Oral data is linguistic data that lives in the language

user community to be studied, namely the Lhokseumawe Society. Oral data in the form

of language from all linguistic activities that contains code switching, code mixing, and

interferencing. This data was in the form of linguistic phenomena with all aspects of

the speakers of language users who would be examined naturally, meaning without

making up.

Population is all research objects. The population in this study was whole individual

in certain aspects of language (Subroto, 1992:32). The population in this study was the

whole language users by the people of Lhokseumawe, especially the language user by

the community that contains code switching, code mixing, and interferencing.

The research sample is a portion of the population that is used as the object of direct

research, which represents or is considered to represent the population as a whole

(Subroto, 1992:32). The sample of this study was language users in Lhokseumawe City.

The sampling technique is in accordance with the problem and research objectives.

Purposive sampling technique, namely selective taking and really meet the interests and

objectives of research based on existing data (D. Edi Subroto, 1985:28). The study took

a sample in the community. The scope of the community to be examined by others:

1. Lhokseumawe society scope,

2. Types of activities by taking a sample on the society in educational activities in

an official, relaxed, and familiar situation,

3. Research Tools

There are two kinds of research tools, namely the main tool and assistive devices. The

main tool is the researcher himself, the researcher in qualitative research with the help

of others is the main data collection tool. (Fatimah Djajasudarma, 1993:11). Assistance

in the form of recording equipment (MP3, or walkman), stationery (paper, pen, pencil,

set of computers), and other tools that support research. The method looks at listening

to the use of the language of the Lhokseumawe Society. basic techniques using tapping

techniques, which was to get data by tapping the use of the language of the society.

Advanced techniques: (1) Techniques of Listening. Involved Capable, Researchers are

directly involved in data retrieval, meaning that researchers were involved with speech

partners. (2) Free Engaging Technique, which means taking data without including

research to engage directly in conversation. The researcher is only an observer who is

outside the conversation. (3) Record Technique, these technique could be open, that is,

the recording was known by the recorder and closed was the recording that was not

Edi Subroto. Pengantar Metode Penelitian Linguistik. Surakarta: Universitas. 1992. Hlm 5

Subroto Penelitian Kwalitatif, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada., 1992, hlm. 32.

D. Edi Subroto, “Proposal Linguistik Tentang Bahasa Jawa”, 1985, hlm 28

The Use of Sociolinguistic Code Switching, Code Mixing, and Interferencing of Lhokseumawe Society in Globalization Era

739

known by the informant to obtain reasonable data. (4) The technique of note taking, In

addition to recording the recorded data was estimated to require special attention or

information, such as the time and place of the speech act, the identity of the speaker,

the situation, speech, and the purpose of the speech. The note taking technique was used

to document data from interviews / observations (Sudaryanto, 1993:133-116). To get

supporting data, so that the data obtained was more complete by adding Library

Techniques, what is meant here was to use written sources to obtain data. The written

sources used were chosen which reflect the use of Singkronis language (Edi Subroto,

1992:42).

In analyzing the data, researchers uses his study by distributional method and the

matching method. The distributional method for the formulation of the first problem,

for the formulation of the second and third problems using the equivalent method.

1.2.1 Distributional Method

Distributional method is a method that analyzes certain lingual units based on linguistic

behavior or behavior, the unit is in relation to other units. The distributional method

was used to analyze the form and variety of Acehnese languages used in society. The

method was ordered for techniques: breaking down the smallest elements, breaking

down the direct elements, minimal pair opposition, two-way opposition, substitution,

extension, release, deletion, insertion or interruption, reversal (permutation), and

paraphrase (D.Edi) Subroto, 1992:84).

1.2.2 The Padan Method

The matching method, the deciding tool outside, is detached and does not become part

of the language (langue) concerned. Based on the determinant tool, this method could

be divided into five sub types, including:

a. The fact pointed out by language (referent) language

b. Language forming organs or speech organs.

c. Other languages or (langue) others.

d. Recorders, language preservatives (ie written)

e. People who become speech partners.

The referent or what was said, the organ of speech, and the person who was the partner

of the speech, obviously all of it was not language, whereas other langue, as evident

from the mention, it was clearly not the language that the target of the study was the

death of or its identity was determined based on the high level of comparability, its

harmony, its compatibility, its suitability , compatibility, or similarity with the relevant

determinant which also becomes the standard or standardizer.

The equivalent method was used if the language under study does have a

relationship with things outside the language concerned, however the nature of the

relationship.

- Nouns often called nouns or words that refer to or express objects and verbs that

are often called verbs

- A verb is a word that states a particular action so the person concerned is in the

line of work of the equivalent method in the first sub-type.

MIICEMA 2019 - Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics Management and Accounting

740

- Vocals are sounds that are produced without obstruction except on the vocal

cords.

- a sentence is a series of sounds that end with silence because there is no longer

working organ of the speech (second determinant; speech organ)

Verbs or Indonesian verbs are words that are conjugated in English, French or other

Indo-European languages and Indonesian prepositions or prepositions. Chart sub-type

method of the equivalent method

Determinants Method Name

1. Referent

2. Speech organs

3. Another langue

4. Writing

5. Dialogue partners

Referensial

Fonetis Artikulatoris

Translasional

Ortografis

Pragmatis

1.3 Method of Presentation of Analysis Results

The method of presenting the analysis in this study, uses the method of informal

presentation. That was to formulate the results of the analysis with the form of

description in the form of ordinary sentences. (Sudaryanto, 1993:145). Informal

techniques to describe the variety of languages and their forms. The results of data

analysis in the form of language rules relating to the formulation of the problem and

accompanied by data on the use of the Aceh language by the people of the City of

Lhokseumawe, so as to facilitate understanding of the research results obtained.

1.4 Research Results and Discussion

In this chapter the researcher presents the results of research and discussion on code

switching, code mixing, and interferencing in the Lhokseumawe society environment

and in formal places (mosques around Lhokseumawe City, Aceh). Described in the

discussion or qualitative, and fully contained in the appendix.

2 Variations in Code Transfer Form, Code Combination, and

Interference

Before presenting variations in the form of code switching, code mixing, and

interference in the Lhokseumawe society, researchers need to differentiate about the

language code that the speaker uses in daily conversation related to code switching,

code mixing, and interference. The language codes that are often used are Acehnese

(BA) and Indonesian (BI), Acehnese is the mother tongue or first language for most of

Sudaryanto. Metode Formal dan Informal. Surakarta: Universitas. 1993. Hlm 145

The Use of Sociolinguistic Code Switching, Code Mixing, and Interferencing of Lhokseumawe Society in Globalization Era

741

the people of the city of Lhokseumawe, Aceh, while Indonesian is the second language

for the people of the city of Lhokseumawe.

The use of Acehnese language was more dominant in daily life for the people of

Lhokseumawe city especially parents, and the use of Indonesian language mostly

dominates in formal places such as in schools, lectures, offices, recitation, etc., as the

language of instruction. The following were the results of conversations between the

Lhokseumawe society who are bilingual speakers in their daily lives, this event took

place in a public place, in one of the coffee shops in Lhokseumawe.

Transcript 1: context in a relaxed or informal situation.

Speaker 1: What do you want, sir?

Speaker 2: hmmm .. what is good?

Speaker 1: a lot of pack ... coffee, food too.

Speaker 2: kupi itam mantong saboh. Do you have snacks with broth?

Speaker 1: Is there a pack ... Blukaat tuhee jet soup? Mangat

Speaker 2: oh yeah ... you can. Good luck, Ken? ok saboh beuh ..

Speaker 1: yes sir ... (nods his head right)

From the conversation above shows that there are several variations of the language

code used by speakers 1 and 2. Speaker 1 uses the BI code as an opening conversation

for others in general with the intention of serving customers, but in the middle of the

conversation the speaker 2 uses the BA code as a form of transfer code and BI as a form

of code mixing to convey their wishes. Then speaker 1 also responds by switching codes

and mixing codes on at the same time "there sir .. blukaat tuhee jet soup? Encourage

... ", and the conversation continues with the use of switching and interfering codes and

interference at the same time with the intention of conveying or confirming the wishes

of speaker 2 and giving explanations by speaker 1 with the same direction and purpose

of the conversation.

The same thing was also found by researchers in another informal situation, namely

at one of the supermarkets that became children's playgrounds in the city of

Lhokseumawe. This place is an icon of children's play in Lhokseumawe today, so that

various levels of society visit this place every day. Then it is very suitable to be made

as a place of observation of this study.

Tranksip 2: self-service context and children's playground

Speaker 1 (Mother): What do you want to play?

Speaker 2 (children): naek it is mak .. (designating one of the games)

Speaker 1 (mother): wait a minute, please ask the ticket first ..

Speaker 2 (children): okay mommy

Transcript 3: In another conversation, in the play area.

Speaker 1 (mother): meeuah meeuah, be careful yes dear!

Speakers 2 (children): it's okay dad, adek pande e mak e

Speaker 1 (mother): do not pande-pande, keudeh ie enters new entek know

Speaker 2 (children): what is your mother, can you do it. Just calm down mamak ...

The conversation above in transcript 2 shows clearly that there was no limit in

someone doing code switching, code mixing, and experiencing interference in a

language. When speaker 1 said "what do you want to play neuk?", The mother mixed

BI and BA codes in one sentence, because of her habit of calling the child with the BA

MIICEMA 2019 - Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics Management and Accounting

742

code, the term "Neuk" which means the child in the BI code. So habits are often the

cause of code mixing when someone talks. Then speaker 2 answers "okay mommy",

here speaker 2 has switched codes in English. This means that not only BA and BI

codes are often used in code switching, code mixing, and interferences occur, but there

is also English often used in daily conversation.

Furthermore, code switching and code mixing are also seen in transcript 3, mother

and child talk in one of the play areas in Lhokseumawe City. Speaker 1 uses mixed BA

and BI codes in his speech. Followed by speaker 2 responding with mixed code, but at

the end of conversation the speaker 2 again switches the code to BI until the

conversation is over. So it could be concluded that there was rarely consistency in

switching code mixing and interferencing in every conversation. Such matters as

revealed by Ohoiwutun (2002: 69. In Juni Ahyar), in a state of bilingualism

(bilingulism) will often be found a symptom that could be seen as a language disorder

or language interference. This phenomenon takes the form of using elements from a

particular language in one sentence or other language discourse. These symptoms were

called code switching and code mixing.

Transcript 4: Recitation situation at Baiturrahman Mosque

Speaker 1 (ustad): Hijrah is our way to go home to God, so now we must prepare

all our practices in the world for the afterlife. If in the past a lot of neglect, leave the

habit so, migrate! Better than before. How, diligently going to the mosque,

diligently participating in recitals, not necessarily with me, anywhere we can learn,

associate with people pious, because the environment is very influential. All can

change as long as there is a strong intention from our hearts to keep close to God

and only to God alone. Heading hijrah buk ,, heavy yes sir ibuk, because the reply

heaven is not an umbrella .. hehehe

Speaker 2 (pilgrims): Hahhahha ... actually the cleric, heavy at the beginning but

God willing slowly istiqomah.

Speaker 1 (ustad): Masya Allah, father of mother ... commitment with yourself first

and with God, please make all paths of hijrah easier, our path to Him ... the danger

is the attitude of manum oak manok if aceh people say. A month sholeh, all the

goodness is done, in the stock because of teungoh suum siat but then back again to

the old habits, a lot like that. So this is where it is important to get along with pious

people, so that he always reminds us, keeps on inviting kindness, looking after each

other.

In this context it is a formal context and place that is the process of teaching and learning

of Islam in a room. This situation is a conversation between the cleric and jammaah in

the mosque. Speaker 1 of the cleric delivered his speech in the BI code, the recitation

took place in Indonesian. However, on several occasions in giving examples or certain

terms, speaker 1 did the mixing of the code "suum ek manok", used the BA code to

make it easier and more familiar with the meaning to be intended, and the term was

closer and closer to the worshipers, the cleric tried to answer as simple as possible so

that it's easy to understand and understand. The use of Aceh language is considered

more effective in explaining in more detail to achieve the objectives of the material.

From the above data, the researcher concludes that code switching, code mixing, and

interferencing were very common in the Lhokseumawe City community both in BA

and BI and the possibility of language deviation in various situations and conditions

The Use of Sociolinguistic Code Switching, Code Mixing, and Interferencing of Lhokseumawe Society in Globalization Era

743

both formal and informal, due to the influence of one language with language the other

has become a habit of the community around Lhokseumawe City.

3 Conclusion

The use of bilingual was indeed an interesting phenomenon to study, where speakers

use two languages in everyday conversation. Considering Indonesia as a country that

has a variety of nations, ethnicities and languages, so almost every Indonesian as a

bilingual speaker. Likewise the people of Lhokseumawe City are bilingual speakers or

users. The results of the study found that the people of Lhokseumawe City many forms

of various languages used in code switching, code mixing and interference. This was

caused by several factors namely; has become a habit, do not deliberately do it, forced

to do it code, mix code and interference with the intent and purpose to be more familiar

and can be understood well by the other person. This causes variations in language and

communication.

Suggestion

The results of this study could be the basis of other linguistic studies, of course by

examining more deeply about language shifts that were usually done by speakers

especially in Lhokseumawe.

1. It was recommended that the people of Lhokseumawe use correct language in

communication, 2. It was recommended to the government of Lhokseumawe city as

often as possible to socialize the use of correct language to the public, 3. It was

recommended that the people of Aceh especially the city of Lhokseumawe be proud to

use their own local language.

References

Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina. 2004. Preliminary Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Chaer, Abdul. 2007. Language Studies: Internal Structure, Usage and Learning. Jakarta: PT

Rineka Cipta.

Ahyar, Juni 2016. Careful Indonesian Language and Scientific Writing for Higher Education.

Lhokseumawe: Sefa Bumi Persada.

__________. 2018. Guide to Thesis Making and Facing a Presentation without Stress.

Bojonegoro: Intermedia Library

Ahyar, Juni and Muzir. (2019). Dictionary of Scientific Terms. Sukabumi: Trace of the Publisher.

Djajasudarma, Fatimah. 1993. Semantics II, Understanding the Science of Meaning. Bandung:

Eresco

Hymes, D.H. 1972. On communicative competence. In J.B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.),

Sociolinguistics (pp. 269–293). London: Penguin.

Kridalaksana, H. 2001. Linguistic Dictionary - Third Edition -. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka

Utama.

MIICEMA 2019 - Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics Management and Accounting

744

Rosyantina, I.L. 2014. Code Transfers, Code Mixes, and Interference in Events of Sellers and

Buyers in the Traditional Market Area of Sanggarung Losari, Brebes Regency (thesis).

Yogyakarta State University.

Sudaryanto. 1993. Methods and Various Techniques of Language Analysis, Introduction to

Linguistic Cultural Vehicle Research. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.

Subroto, D.Edi. 1992. Introduction to Structural Linguistic Research Methods, Surakarta: Eleven

March University Press.

Sudaryanto. 1993. Methods and various techniques of language analysis: an introduction to

linguistic cultural research. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.

Mustikawati, D. A. (2013). Interference in Indonesian Language in the Use of English Student

Discourse Writing in RSMPBI 1 Jetis Ponorogo. Journal of Education and Learning

Dimensions, 2 (1), 105-115.

Wildan et al. (1999). Acehnese Grammar. Jakarta: Center for Language Development and

Development.

Wild (2001). Acehnese Grammar: for Basic Madrasas and Advanced Madrasas. Banda Aceh:

Global Educational Consultant Institute.

The Use of Sociolinguistic Code Switching, Code Mixing, and Interferencing of Lhokseumawe Society in Globalization Era

745