Social Interaction and Peer Pressure on Desired Healthy Lifestyle

and Sport Motivation among the Generation Y

Widjojo Suprapto

, Dhyah Harjanti

, Zeplin Jiwa Husada Tarigan

and Bayu Dharma Setiawan

Business Management Program, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia

Magister Management Program, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Generation Y, Sport Motivation, Healthy Lifestyle, Sports Community Social Interaction, Peer Pressure.

Abstract: Generation Y is considered as the most "health conscious generation" due to their extraordinary exposures to

health information now readily available online via the internet. This health conscious mindset creates plenty

of business opportunities, from sports apparels to sport equipment and healthy food. Meanwhile, Generation

Y is seeking to balance lifestyle and work, with more emphasis on lifestyle. This generation is also craving

for a relationship with families and friends. Yet, this generation has the lifestyle habits that are damaging their

health as they become more addicted to social media platforms and less physically active. Therefore, this

research aims to investigate the influence of sports community social interaction and peer pressure on healthy

lifestyle and sport motivation among Generation Y. This research is using a quantitative method. The data are

collected from 120 respondents who are selected using purposive sampling. The data are analyzed with

smartPLS software. The results show that sports community social interaction and peer pressure have a

positive significant influence on healthy lifestyle, and a healthy lifestyle has a positive significant influence

on sport motivation among Generation Y.

1 INTRODUCTION

Generation Y, also known as the Millennial

Generation, is the demographic cohort who was born

between the year of 1982 to 2000 (Lloyd et al., 2013).

Growing up in an era dominated by technology,

Generation Y is adept with smartphones and the

internet, and is knowledgeable with digital media and

newer communication methods (Valentine & Powers,

2013). The advancement of technology and the

internet related interactions bring a huge shift in the

value of life to Generation Y, compared to the other

previous generation cohorts (Hyllegard et al., 2011).

These technological advancements in real-time media

and communication drive this generation’s

expectation for immediacy. They have launched also

this generation into an era that is accessible

everywhere to anyone (Meier & Crocker, 2010).

Generation Y is seeking to balance lifestyle and

work, with more emphasis on lifestyle. This

generation is also craving for a relationship with

families and friends, and is more interested in jobs

that can accommodate their family and personal

needs (Lloyd et al., 2013). Besides, Generation Y has

high self-esteem; they are the trophy generation that

allows every child to get a medal or praise, leaving no

one behind (Meier & Crocker, 2010). Moreover, they

are known as the most health conscious generation

due to their extraordinary access to health information

that is readily available online via the internet (The

Nielson Survey, November 2015). Yet, this

generation has the lifestyle habits that are damaging

their health as they become more addicted to social

media platforms and less physically active (Bolton, et

al., 2013).

Engaging in sports activities is considered as one

factor to promote healthy lifestyles. A survey by the

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health reveals

that adopting a healthy lifestyle can substantially

reduce premature mortality and prolong quality life

expectancy (Li, et al., 2018). The healthy lifestyle is

often measured by five low-risk lifestyle factors:

never smoking, body mass index, moderate to

vigorous physical activities, and high quality diets

(WHO, 1999). The moderate to vigorous physical

activities for a certain continuous period of time is

often associated with doing sports, which is an

activity declining among Generation Y. This

declining activity is now having a serious impact on

Generation Y, making them even less active and more

268

Suprapto, W., Harjanti, D., Tarigan, Z. and Setiawan, B.

Social Interaction and Peer Pressure on Desired Healthy Lifestyle and Spor t Motivation among the Generation Y.

DOI: 10.5220/0008430202680275

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World (ICIB 2019), pages 268-275

ISBN: 978-989-758-408-4

obese than the previous generations.

For many people, engaging in sports is not merely

a voluntary activity, because they need strong

determinations to drive them to do sports (Vallerand,

2007). These driving forces can be classified as

intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and even

amotivation in sports (Pelletier et al., 1995). Intrinsic

motivation usually refers to engaging activity for

itself and the pleasure and satisfaction derived from

participation (Deci, 1971). The extrinsic motivation

refers to engaging in an activity as a means to an end

and not for its own sake (Deci & Ryan, 1985).

Meanwhile, the amotivation refers to the lack of

purpose and thus the relative absence of motivation

(Vallerand, 2007). This research aims to investigate

the role of extrinsic motivations in creating a desired

healthy lifestyle. These extrinsic motivations are

associated with Generation Y's craving for a

relationship with family and friends, therefore, the

motivations are reflected through the social

interaction and peer pressures.

In Surabaya, the community sports clubs are

growing rapidly, along with the increasing trend of

desired healthier lifestyle among Generation Y. The

popular sports clubs, among others, are running clubs,

cycling clubs, and callisthenic street workout clubs.

The rising trend of sports engagements among the

Generation Y is reflected by the numbers of sports

clubs participating in numerous recreational sports

events and sports gatherings, such as during the

events of Surabaya Marathon 2018, and Sepeda

Nusantara 2018 (www.humas.surabaya.go.id). Sport

community clubs offer a supportive atmosphere to

exercise and an interactive community to support a

healthy lifestyle (Robertson, Eime & Westerbeek,

2018). Although the sports clubs are on the rise, the

sport participation may be fluctuating among

Generation Y as their monotonous sports activities

cause boredom. Friends and family pressures are

expected to bring new supportive drives to motivate

Generation Y to fulfil the desired healthy lifestyle.

Therefore, this research is questioning the influence

of social interaction and peer pressures in building

their sport motivations.

2 LITERATURE STUDIES

2.1 Generation Y

The idea of generation differences was popularized

by Howe and Strauss in 1991, who divided the social

generations based on the similarity of events or

happenings “according to which phase of life its

members occupy at the time” (Howe & Strauss,

2007). Several researchers have different views on

the exact dates for each generation cohort, therefore,

this research defines the Generation Y as those who

were born between 1981 to 1999 (Bolton et al., 2013).

This Generation Y has distinctive behaviors that are

different from other generation cohorts, as they are

group oriented and consider themselves to be “cool”,

with a strong sense of identity (Valentine & Powers,

2013). Yet, the members of this generation are

described as individualistic, well-educated,

technologically savvy, and sophisticated (Syrett &

Lammiman, 2003). Generation Y is considered more

trustful, more tolerant, and better traveled than their

parents (Bolton et al., 2013). In addition, members of

this generation are supportive of social causes and

socially responsible companies (Furlow, 2011).

2.2 Social Interaction in Sport

Community

Social interaction is the process of reciprocal

influence exercised by individuals over one another

during social meetings, and refers to face-to-face

meetings in which people are physically present with

one another for a specified duration (Shores, 1987).

The social interaction can happen under two

conditions: the existence of social contact and the

available of communication (Ritzer & Stepnisky,

2018). Social contact is the happening of social

relationship among individuals both verbally and

nonverbally. Social contact can be positive, which

causes collaboration among individuals, or negative,

which create tension and friction among individuals

(Lee et al., 2016). Meanwhile, communication is a

reciprocal transformation of ideas, information, and

concepts among communicators and communicants.

The purpose of communication is to create a

communal understanding by influencing someone's

mind and behavior positively or negatively (Geidne

et al. 2013).

Community is a small social group consisting of

individuals that share communal spaces, interests,

values, and identity (Beeton, 2006). Community is

also the place to share solidarity, commitment,

support, and trust building. Sport community is built

by various individuals with similar common goals

and interests, such as recreational sports and health.

According to Vallerand dan Losier (1999), the

interactions within a sports community provide

supports to have a healthier life. The spirits of

friendship in a sports community can develop the

willingness of the members to maintain a desired

healthy lifestyle through sports (Daniels & Lawton,

Social Interaction and Peer Pressure on Desired Healthy Lifestyle and Sport Motivation among the Generation Y

269

2005). The social interaction in a sports community is

measured by the reciprocal relationship among

members which causes behavior changes, the

friendship values among members, and the spirit of

togetherness among community members (Bush et

2.3 Peer Pressure in Sports

Peer pressure is a direct influence on people by their

friends that forces them to behave and think in a

certain way in order to be accepted in that social

group (Santrock, 2003). This can result in either

positive or negative effects on their behavior changes,

attitude, and values to comply with the social norms

(Treynor, 2009). One positive effect of peer pressure

is the influence to have a healthier lifestyle through

diets and sports (Bush et al., 2004). According to

Jõesaar et al. (2008), Generation Y has a greater need

to be accepted by the peer, to be connected with

friends, and to be able to fit in social networks.

Therefore, the pressure to imitate and follow the peer

group norms is strong among Generation Y. Peer

pressure in doing sports can be evaluated by some

pressures to adopt a certain value, some pressures to

be accepted in a community, and some pressures to

change attitude and behavior to follow a new adopted

social norm (Treynor, 2009).

2.4 Desired Healthy Lifestyle

Most healthy lifestyle research has focused on diet

and exercise (Kraft & Goodell, 1993). In their

research, Reeves and Rafferty (2005) construct a

healthy lifestyle with four indicators, such as

nonsmoking, healthy weights, eating 5 fruits and

vegetables per day, and regular physical activity.

Besides exercise activities, Divine and Lepisto (2005)

use wider diet indicators for measuring a healthy

lifestyle by considering white meat, red meat, fruit

and vegetables, snack chips, regular soft drinks, and

alcohol consumptions. In this research, a healthy

lifestyle is following the Exercise Orientation

Questionnaire (EOQ), which is a measurement to

assess one's exercise orientation and healthy lifestyle

(Yates et al. 1999). The EOQ is grouped into six

indicators, such as self-control, orientation to

exercise, self-loathing, weight reduction, identity,

and competition.

2.5 Recreational Sport Motivation

Engaging in recreational sports activities require

strong motivations and determinations coming from

the internal and external drives (Alexandris et al.,

2002). One reason to engage in recreational sport

activity is to maintain a healthy life. Motivations are

what gets someone started, while determinations are

what helps someone finish what he or she started

(Roberts et al., 2018). In sports, Vallerand (2007)

defines the motivation as a construct which is

perceived to describe someone’s internal and/or

external drives to create initiation, direction,

intensity, and persistence to join sports. Motivations

are grouped into two types, the intrinsic motivation,

or doing something for its own sake, and the extrinsic

motivation, or doing something as a means to an end

and not for its own sake (Deci, 1971). Later,

Vallerand (2007) adds another type of motivation,

which is called amotivation or the lack of

intentionality and thus the relative absence of

motivation.

Deci and Ryan (1985) have proposed four kinds

of extrinsic motivation: external regulation,

interjected regulation, identified regulation, and

integrated regulation. External regulation is explained

by the behavior that is regulated through external

goals, such as rewards and constraints (Alexandris et

al., 2002). Interjected regulation is explained when

individuals begin to internalize the reasons for their

forced actions, meanwhile identified regulation is

defined as behavior is done out of choice, not

interesting but important to reach certain values

(Pelletier et al., 2013). Someone displays identified

regulation when doing the activity freely even though

no pleasure in doing it. Integrated regulation involves

doing an activity out of choice, in this case, the choice

is made as a function of coherence with other aspects

of the self (Vallerand, 2007).

2.6 Hypothesis Development

A research conducted by Vallerand and Losier (1999)

finds out that interactions within a sports community

can build the awareness to have a healthy lifestyle and

motivate to start exercising. Daniels and Lawton

(2003) also discover that the desire of the younger

generation to life healthily is influenced by the

friendship and the spirit of togetherness inside the

sports community. Alexandris et al. (2002) confirm

that there is a positive effect on social interaction to

the level of participation in healthy living through

sports. Therefore,

: sports community social interactions have a

significant influence on a healthy lifestyle.

Research by Salvy et al. (2009) discovers that peer

pressure can influence the young generation in

maintaining a healthy lifestyle through sports, can

motivate the young generation in maintaining ideal

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

270

body weights, and can motivate the younger

generation in obtaining proper body mass through

physical exercises. Gil et al. (2017) observe that peer

pressure brings a strong influence on the young

generation to shape healthy behavior. Kelly et al.

(2011) also find that sports participation among the

young generation brings a positive impact to the

social aspect, in which the need to be accepted in a

group becomes the extrinsic motivation to engage

sports. Therefore,

: peer pressure has a significant influence on a

healthy lifestyle.

Research by Akkonyulu et al. (2017) reports that the

motivation for the young generation to do sports can

emerge because of the awareness to have a healthy

lifestyle. Lewis et al. (2015) prove that a healthy

lifestyle with electronic activity monitor system

(EAMS) can increase the motivation to exercise and

can reduce body weight significantly. Aaron et al.

(1995) show that adolescents with the desire to live

healthy tend to have a physically active life.

Therefore,

: healthy lifestyle has a significant influence on

sport motivation.

The research framework can be seen in figure 1.

Figure 1: Research Framework Concept.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The type of this research is quantitative causal

research, or often called explanatory research, as it

investigates the cause and effect relationships among

observed variables (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). This

research aims to describe the existing relationships or

connections between the independent variables and

dependent variables, and then draws a conclusion

after hypothesis testing. The population of this

research is the Generation Y in Surabaya who are

engaged in sports activities. Due to some limitations,

samples are drawn from the population. The sampling

technique for this research is a nonprobability

sampling, as some numbers of the population are not

included in this research, and the sampling method is

a purposive sampling or judgmental sampling.

Judgmental sampling is chosen because the sample

members have to conform to some criterion (Cooper

& Schindler, 2014). According to Hair et al. (2006),

determining representative samples depend on the

numbers of items or indicators.

Data are collected from the respondents using

questionnaires. The total respondents expected for

this research are 120 respondents. Then, the data are

analyzed with the multivariate statistical technique by

comparing the exogenous and endogenous variables

to estimate the structural equation model, which is

often called the Partial Least Square or PLS (Pirouz,

2006). With the help of SmartPLS software, several

tests are conducted, starting with the outer model test,

the inner model test, then a hypothesis test. The outer

model test is used to define the relationship between

indicators and their constructs (Ghozali, 2014). There

are three tests that construct the outer model test, and

they are convergent validity, discriminant validity,

and composite reliability. After conducting the outer

model test, the next step is the inner model test to

ensure the accuracy of the structural model (Ghozali,

2014). This inner model test is to obtain the

coefficient of determination (R2) to measure the level

of Goodness of Fit (GOF) for a structural model. The

last test is the hypothesis test to examine the influence

of independent variables of sports community (X

)

and peer pressure (X

) to dependent variables of a

healthy lifestyle (Y) and sport motivation (Z). In the

PLS method, the hypothesis tests are using the T-

statistic tests, which are obtained through the

procedure of bootstrapping to observe the significant

level among variables (Sholihin & Ratmono, 2013).

4 DATA ANALYSIS

From 120 questionnaires, the profile of respondents

is 66 (55%) male and 54 (45%) female, with the types

of sports as following: basketball (27.5%), gym

(23.3%), running (19.2%), futsal (3.3%), and others

(26.7%). The dominant frequency of the respondents

doing sports is twice a week, 55% of the respondents,

and only 3.3% doing the sports every day. The

number of respondents joining the paid sports

community is 71 respondents (59%).

4.1 Outer Model Test Motivation

After the data collection by questionnaires, the data

are processed using SmartPLS software for further

analysis. In PLS, there are two tests to follow, the

Social Interaction and Peer Pressure on Desired Healthy Lifestyle and Sport Motivation among the Generation Y

271

outer model test to examine the validity and reliability

of the instrument, and the inner model test to examine

the influence of independent variables to dependent

variables (Ghozali, 2014). In the outer model test, the

validity tests cover the convergent validity and

discriminant validity tests, meanwhile the reliability

test covers the composite reliability test. The result

from the convergent validity test reveals several items

with their loading value under 0.70, therefore, those

items are discarded (Sholihin & Ratmono, 2013).

Then, the value of all items is above 0.70, so all

indicators are appropriate for this research. The result

of the discriminant validity in this research indicates

that all cross-loading values of each construct are

higher than other constructs. The next step for the test

is to obtain the Average Variance Extracted (AVE)

value, which suggests having the value of variables

higher than 0.50 in order to be valid (Sholihin &

Ratmono, 2013). The values of AVE for all variables

are declared valid because all values are higher than

0.50, as shown in Table 1. The final test for the outer

model test is the composite reliability test, which is to

measure the reliability of a construct shown by the

value of the composite reliability higher than 0.70

(Sholihin & Ratmono, 2013). In Table 2, the values

of the composite reliability of these variables are

higher than 0.70, which affirm all variables as

reliable. The reliability of these variables is also

proved by the values of Cronbach’s Alpha, which are

higher than 0.70, as shown in Table 3.

Table 1: The Value of Average Variance Extracted (AVE).

Variable AVE Notes

Social interaction 0,697 Valid

Peer pressure 0,541 Valid

Healthy lifestyle 0,513 Valid

Sport motivation 0,534 Valid

Table 2: The Value of Composite Reliability.

Variable

Comp Reliability

Notes

Social interaction

0,932 Reliable

Peer pressure

0,825 Reliable

Healthy lifestyle

0,911 Reliable

Sport motivation

0,850 Reliable

Table 3: The Value of Cronbach Alpha.

Variable Cronbach Alpha

Notes

Social interaction

0,913 Reliable

Peer pressure

0,719 Reliable

Healthy lifestyle

0,889 Reliable

Sport motivation

0,780 Reliable

4.2 Inner Model Test

The inner model test is conducted to ensure that the

structural model is accurate. This test is conducted by

observing the value of the coefficient of

determination or R

(Pirouz, 2006). R

is used to

measure the level of Goodness of Fit between

independent variables and dependent variables

(Cooper & Schindler, 2014). The result of the R

for

a healthy lifestyle is 0.625 and for sports motivation

is 0.516. A healthy lifestyle is influenced by social

interaction and peer pressure as much as 62.5%, while

a healthy lifestyle is influenced by other variables

outside this model as much as 37.5%. Sports

motivation is influenced by healthy lifestyle as much

as 51.6%, and is influenced by other variables as

much as 48.4%. Both values of the R

belong to the

level of moderate as they are in between 0.50-0.75.

4.3 Hypothesis Tests

The hypothesis tests are based on the value of T-

statistic, which is 1.96 with the level of significance

of 5%. The summary of the hypothesis test can be

observed in Table 4. The T-statistic of sports

community social interaction to a healthy lifestyle is

6.845, which is higher than 1.96, so H

is accepted.

Therefore, sports community social interaction has a

positive and significant influence on a healthy

lifestyle. The T-statistic of peer pressure to a healthy

lifestyle is 4.579, which is higher than 1.96, so H

also accepted. Therefore, peer pressure has a positive

and significant influence on a healthy lifestyle. The

T-statistic of a healthy lifestyle to sport motivation is

13.670, which is higher than 1.96, so H

is accepted,

too. Therefore, a healthy lifestyle has a positive and

significant influence on sport motivation.

Table 4: The Value of T-statistic.



Original

Sample

Mean SD

T‐

Statistic



Social interaction >

Healthy lifestyle

0,534

0,542

0,078 6,845

Peer pressure >

Healthy lifestyle

0,372

0,365

0,053 4,579

Healthy lifestyle >

Sport motivation

0,718

0,726

0,081 13,670

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

272

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the data results, sports community social

interaction and peer pressure have positive and

significant influences on healthy lifestyle among

Generation Y. The spirit of togetherness in the

community and the availability of social interaction

in the sports community are the strongest influences

for Generation Y to be connected with the sports

community. Yet, Generation Y does not consider

highly the sports community as a place to develop

their social interpersonal skills. Meanwhile, for peer

pressure, Generation Y engages in sports activities to

follow one life value, that is a healthy lifestyle. The

members of this generation feel the pressure from

their peer to exercise or do sports in order to be

healthy together with their friends. The least

consideration from peer pressure is to gain social

recognition by altering their behavior. The healthy

lifestyle has a positive and significant influence on

sport motivation. The desired healthy life among

Generation Y is relatively high. The highest reason to

maintain a healthy lifestyle is to avoid lifestyle

illness, while the lowest reason is to spend the spare

leisure time. Meanwhile, the motivation to engage in

a sports activity is very high. The highest motivation

to do sports is to obtain an ideal healthy life.

This research has some limitations. First, the

questionnaires are distributed and collected from

limited geographical areas. Other social background

may propose different results as the social value,

norms, and attitude toward lifestyle may be different.

Then, this research does not differentiate the

Generation Y in accordance with the family life cycle.

Different stages in family life may have different

leisure time and personal interest that may give

different directions to sports engagement. Finally,

this research excludes people with special health

issues, such as those with lifestyle related illnesses.

As the background of this research is to investigate

the influences of social and peer enforcements to

personal behavior from the marketing perspective, it

is very expected for future researches to dive into

each different market segment to discover the needs

and wants, so that the motivation to engage in

recreational sport activities can open new research

topics. This research can also be replicated for other

generation cohorts, such as Generation X and Baby

boomers.

Although they are considered as the most “health

conscious generation”, Generation Y still needs

supportive encouragements to motivate to do sports.

This research affirms many previous studies that

investigate the role of social and peer pressure in

building motivation (Vallerand et al., 1999; Daniels

et al., 2003; Salvy et al., 2008; Jõesaar et al., 2011;

Robertson et al., 2018). This research also confirms

that social support and peer pressure play similarly

important roles over time regardless of the generation

cohorts. Finally, this paper is expected to bring

insight for marketers to incorporate the idea of

friendship and social supports when they create their

marketing plans for health and sport related goods

and services.

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