Metaphor Translation from the French Novel Vingt-mille Lieues Sous
Les Mers of Jules Verne into Bahasa Indonesia
Yusi Asnidar
1
, Ninuk Lustyantie
2
, and Emzir
1
1
Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jln.. Rawamangun muka, East Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Applied linguistics, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
Keywords: Equivalence, metaphor, shifts, strategies, transposition
Abstract: Metaphor is figurative and cultural. A translator should be capable of making a good translation by applying
appropriate strategies such as transposition and modulation (Vinay & Dalbernet 1958), foreignisation, and
domestication (Venuti, 1995, 2018). This research focused on metaphors from the French novel Vingt-mille
lieues Sous Les Mers of Jules Verne and their translated forms into Bahasa Indonesia in the novel 20 000
Mil di Bawah Lautan by Nh. Dini. This study aimed at finding a profound comprehension of strategies
implemented in translating metaphor from French to Bahasa Indonesia, to achieve the equivalence of the
message between source language (SL) and target language (TL). Besides, the researcher also attempts to
reveal the types of shift happening and the reason of shift. This qualitative research used content analysis. The
result of the study showed that the equivalence between SL and TL was obtained by translating metaphors
with transposition and modulation. Foreignisation were used more frequently than domestication. Those
strategies caused 1) grammatical, 2) figurative and non figurative, and 3)meaning shifts. Some strategies
were absolutely needed to get the meaning equivalence. It was concluded that the different cultures and
system of French and Indonesian were important factors causing shifts.
1 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays translation is becoming more important
and has been a reliable tool for multicultural transfer
and knowledge sharing. Legal documents are
required to be translated for various purposes.
Literature works such as novel and poem have been
translated into many languages and played some
important roles in mediating countries from all over
the world, in transmitting cultural values and ideas.
Cassin (2016:17) said that a translation is “une leçon
de vivre ensemble” (a lesson to live together). It is a
lesson in a multicultural life.
Readers not only gain information but they could
understand a life in the context of plurality. In line
with this idea, Gill and Guzman in Baker (2011) said
that “Translation is a point of contact between people,
and since it is rare that two people have the same
access to power, the translator is in a privileged
position as a mediator, to make explicit the
differences between cultures, expose injustice, or
contribute to diversity in the world.” (Gill &Guzman
in Baker, 2011: xix).
Language and culture are inseparable elements that
become essential things in translation. A translator
should be capable of rendering the meaning of a text
that contains culture of a source language (SL) to a
text of target language (TL).
Translation is considered as “Les belles infidèles”
unfaithful beautiful ladies. The translation could be
beautiful but not faithful or vice versa, faithful but not
beautiful. It’s very difficult to make a translation
which preserves the same form and meaning.
According to Vinay and Dalbernet (1958) “La
transmission originale du message perd toujours
quelquechose en traduction.” (The original transfer of
message always loses something in a translation)
This phenomenon happens because of different
systems of language. Thus a mastery of SL and TL is
a must for a translator to be capable of making an
equivalent translation Translation involves at least
two languages and two cultural traditions.
Fang Gao (2014) in his article “Idéologie et
traduction: la réception des traductions de Lu Xun en
France” made a research about ideology and
translation. He found that political and ideological
factors between France and China played role in the
Asnidar, Y., Lustyantie, N. and Emzir, .
Metaphor Translation from the French Novel Vingt-mille Lieues Sous Les Mers of Jules Verne into Bahasa Indonesia.
DOI: 10.5220/0009002905290538
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society (ICELS 2019), pages 529-538
ISBN: 978-989-758-405-3
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
529

act of translating. The historical background of Lu
Xun influenced also the translation of his books.
Machaly (2012) said in her article that translator
should use different strategies when they face
culturally sensitive elements in a text. Her article
discussed about domestication and foreignization
strategies applied in translating Indonesian poetries
into English. The results of findings show the
importance of strategies employed by a translator and
also the essential aspects to consider such as the aim
of a translation and the power relation between
Indonesian and English.
Machaly (2012) focuses in poetries as the data
sources. Poetries are example of literary texts that
reflect culture and social life of a certain community
or group of people. Lustyantie (2012) in her article
“Pendekatan Semiotik Model Roland Barthes” says
that literary works are the reflection of a community.
They are produced by authors who use their personal
style of language.
Important research about relation of culture and
translation is also discussed by Santalaura (2010) in
her article The Translation of Cultural Referents:
From Reference to Mental Representation". She
focused on how the translation could be successful by
analysing cultural aspect of the two countries, in this
case, United States and Spain.
Emzir, et al (2017) in their article “Translation of
English Tasks into Indonesians Through Online
Machine Translation Program”, found the factor of
cultural differences between the SL and TL causing
deviations in translation.
Vinay and Dalbernet (1958) proposes direct and
indirect procedures of translation. Newmark (1988)
also mentions 2 important major types of translation,
direct translation which focuses on SL, and indirect
translations which focuses on TL.
Translating a metaphor has become an interesting
issue in translatology. Metaphorical expressions have
been an interesting subject in translatology.
Metaphor reflects a conceptual mind and a fact of
thought not a language. It is figurative and cultural.
Olynyk (2014) in her article explains the translation
of Ukrainian metaphors using Newmark theory. Her
findings show that maintaining the original form of
metaphors of SL is really important as long as the
balance in the overall style of the text is considered.
There are two functions of metaphors defined by
Newmark (1988); connotative and aesthetics.
Metaphors could describe concrete and abstract
concepts more deeply. They are expressed
cognitively from human mind. The aesthetics
function refers to the richness and variety uses of
metaphors giving the impact of interest and surprise
to readers. Based on these functions, Newmark
stresses the importance of preserving the form of
metaphor. There are direct and indirect strategies
employed in metaphor translation (Léfévère, 1993;
Snell-Hornby, 2006);
This qualitative research focused on metaphors
from the French novel Vingt-mille lieues Sous Les
Mers of Jules Verne and their translated forms into
Indonesian in the novel 20 000 Mil di Bawah
Lautan by Nh. Dini. This study aimed at finding a
profound comprehension of strategies implemented
in translating metaphor from french to indonesian, to
achieve the equivalence of the message between
source language (SL) and target language (TL).
Besides, the researcher also attempts to reveal the
types of shift happening and the reason of shift.
2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
TRANSLATION
Equivalence is the final goal of Translation. Nida
states “A translation of dynamic equivalence aims at
complete naturalness of expression, (Nida 1964:159).
In line with this, Barnwell (1980) mentions the three
most important qualities of a good translation are
accuracy, clarity and naturalness.
Vinay and Dalbernet (1958) classify seven
procedures of translation, that could be simplified
into direct and oblique translation.
Direct translation comprises (1) borrowings, The SL
word is transferred directly to the TL. (2) calque, ‘a
special kind of borrowing’, where the SL expression
or structure is transferred in a literal translation, (3)
literal translation, ‘word-for-word’ translation.
Oblique translation comprises (4) transposition, a
change of one part of speech for another without
changing the sense, (5) modulation, a procedure that
emphasize meaning; abstract for concrete cause–
effect part–whole part–another part reversal of terms
negation of opposite active to passive (and vice versa)
space for time rethinking of intervals and limits (in
space and time) change of symbol (including fixed
and new metaphors). (6) Equivalence in this term
refers to replacement of an SL expression/word in
another TL expression or word that is culturally
equivalent. (7) Adaptation refers to “free translation”
ICELS 2019 - International Conference on Education, Language, and Society
530

Table 1: Seven Procedures of translations (Vinay and Dalbernet, 1958:55)
Lexique
Agencement
Message
Emprunt,
(borrowing)
Bulldozer
Fuselage
Science-fiction
À la mode
Five o’clock tea
Bon voyage
Calque
(Calque)
Economiquement
faible
Normal scool
Lutetia Palace
Governor General
Compliments de la
saison
Take it or leave it
Traduction litterale
(literal translation)
Inc
Encre
L’encre est sur la
table
The ink is on the
table
Quelle heure est-il?
What time is it?
Transposition
Expediteur
From
Depuis la
révalorisation du bois
As timber becomes
more valuable
Défense de fumer
No smoking
Modulation
Peu profond
Shallow
Donnez un peu de
votre sang
Give a pint of your
blood
Complet
No vacancies
Equivalence
La soupe
Tea
Comme un chien
dans un jeu de quilles
Like a bull in a
china shop
Chateau de cartes
Hollow triumph
Adaptation
Cyclisme
Cricket
Baseball
En un clin d’oeil
Before you could
say Jack Robinson
Bon appetit!
Hi!
Based on these procedures, Chuquet and
Paillard (1987), Hoed (1993) simplified the seven
into two procedures; transposition and modulation.
Catford (1968) proposes level and category shifts
that could happen in translation process.
Important strategies which mark the history of
translation is domestication, an act of rendering SL
values as natural as possible and foreignization, an
act of preserving foreign taste of an SL text. Venuti
(1995/2018) says that Translation is believed as a
rewriting of an original text.
Léfévère in Munday (2011) sees translation as a
process of rewriting influenced by power relations
and ideologies in the
patronage and poetics of literary and cultural systems
that interface with literary translation
3 METAPHOR AND STRATEGIES
OF ITS TRANSLATION
Metaphor is well known as a figure of speech which
contains comparison. Metaphor has been an
interesting issue in cognitive linguistics. According to
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Metaphor is a cognitive
process that is commonly used to create fictive
entities and events
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) bring the idea that
metaphoric expressions are constructed conceptually
in human mind. Metaphor is not only figurative, but
the fact of thought which could be influenced by a
certain culture.
Newmark (1988) defines metaphor as any
figurative expression. Metaphors are classified from
the smallest to the biggest linguistic unit; a single
lexical unit, and compound or common, which may
be represented by a word-group, a phrase, a sentence
or a whole text.
Newmark (1988) and also cited by Oliynyk
(2014) in her article which title is Metaphor
Translation Methods, distinguished two functions of
metaphors: connotative and aesthetic. The
connotative function refers to the ability of metaphor
to describe both concrete and abstract concepts in
more detail, express thoughts vividly and characterize
the quality of the described object. The aesthetic
function refers to the ability of a metaphor to provide
the aesthetic impact on the reader, to interest and
surprise him. Metaphor is a combination of the two
function: 1) the unity of form and content, and 2),
cognitive and aesthetic functions.
Metaphor Translation from the French Novel Vingt-mille Lieues Sous Les Mers of Jules Verne into Bahasa Indonesia
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Metaphor translation is an important topic in
translatology. According to Newmark (1988) ) there
are two tasks of a translator; identification the cause
of comparison (to evaluate positive or negative
colouring of the sense in this semantic area, and
understanding whether a given area is connotative or
denotative, is to understand what amount of the
semantic component of metaphors should be rendered
in translation.
4 METHODOLOGY
This qualitative research has objective to find a
profound comprehension of strategies implemented
in translating metaphor from French to Indonesian, to
achieve the equivalence of the message between
source language (SL) and target language (TL).
Besides, the researcher also attempts to reveal the
types of shift happening and the reason of shift. Based
on this objective, the research question is “How are
strategies implemented in translation of Metaphors
from French into Indonesian to achieve the
equivalence and what types of shifts happening as an
impact of the translation?
In order to obtain the objectives of this research,
several procedures are taken.
First, Metaphors as the sources of this research
selected here are taken from the French novel Vingt-
mille lieues Sous Les Mers of Jules Verne and their
translated forms into bahasa Indonesia in the novel
20 000 Mil di Bawah Lautan by Nh. Dini. Then, the
selected metaphors are compared to their translated
form to find the strategies used and to reveal the shifts
happening. Finally, descriptive analyses were applied
to answer the research question
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Description of Data
Focusing on metaphors from the French novel Vingt-
mille lieues Sous Les Mers of Jules Verne and their
translated forms into Bahasa Indonesia in the novel
20 000 Mil di Bawah Lautan by Nh. Dini, the
research shows some important findings.
The translation of metaphor uses strategies of
transposition and modulation. Metaphors are
translated into metaphor. Metaphors are also
translated into non-figurative form, in other term,
non-metaphor. This finding showed that metaphors
are used dominantly as an equivalent translated form.
However the non-metaphors were used to get the
equivalence in translation. The translator used both
foreignization and domestication.
Table 2: Metaphor translation
N
o
Metaphors
Translation
M
N
M
1
Un écueil fuyant
(a rock/coral
which escaped)
Terumbu karang
yang menghilang
(coral reefs
which escaped)
V
2
Les évaluations
timides (the timid
evaluations)
Perkiraan kasar
(Rude estimation)
V
3
..éclata
l’interminable
polémique
(……burst the
endless
controversy)
Timbul polemik
berkepanjangan
(appeared the
endless
controversy)
V
4
La question du
monster enflamma
(The question of
monster burned)
Masalah monster
membakar opini
(The problem of
monster burned
the opinion)
V
5
des flots d’encre
(some floods of ink)
banyak tinta
(much ink)
V
6
La question parut
été enterrée (the
question seemed to
be buried)
Persoalan itu
seolah-olah
tenggelam
(that problem
seemed to be
sunk)
V
7
Elle ne semblait
pas devoir renaitre
(She did not seem
to have to be
reborn)
Itu seperti tidak
akan muncul
kembali
(That seemed not
to appear again)
V
8
Un danger reel.
sérieux, à éviter (A
real danger,
serious to avoid)
Bahaya serius
yang harus di
hindari
(Serious danger
that must be
avoided)
V
9
L’accident était
arrivé (the
accident was
arrived and
Kecelakaan itu
terjadi …….
(That accident
happened)
V
1
0
le jour commencait
à poindre the day
started to dawn)
ketika hari mulai
terang
the day started to
brighten)
V
1
1
Son intelligente
gestion (His
intelligent
management)
Kecerdikan
investasinya itu
(That intelligence
of his investment)
V
1
2
La mer etant belle
(The sea was
beautiful)
Laut tenang
(The sea was
calm)
V
1
3
Il marchait (It was
walking)
Ia berlayar
He/she was
sailing)
V
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1
4
Ses roues battaient
la mer avec une
régularité parfait
(His wheels hit the
sea with a perfect
regularity)
Roda-rodanya
memukul laut
dengan kestabilan
yang sempurna
(His wheels hit
the sea with a
balance that was
perfect)
V
1
5
Le scotia,
n’avait pas heurté
il avait été heurté
plutot par un
instrument………
……
(The Scotia had not
hurt, but had been
hurt by an
instrument)
Kapal scotia tidak
menabrak,
melainkan
ditabrak
(The ship Scotia
did not hit but it
was hit)
V
1
6
…arriva l’incident
du Scotia
(When arrived the
incident scotia)
……terdengarlah
kecelakaan kapal
scotia
(…..the accident
of Scotia Ship
was heard)
V
1
7
Ce mystère
m’intriguait
(This mystery
intrigued me)
Misteri ini
membuatku
penasaran
(This mystery
made me curious)
V
1
8
Dans
l’impossibilité de
me former une
opinion, je flottais
d’un extrème à
l’autre
(In the
impossibility of
making an opinion,
I floated from the
extreme to the
other)
Karena tidak
bisa menentukan
satu pendapat,
pikiranku
melayang dari
satu hal ke hal
lain
(Because I could
not determine an
opinion, my mind
was flying from
one thing to
another thing)
V
1
9
Le cinquième
compartiment
avait été envahi
par la mer
(The fifth
compartment was
invaded by the the
sea)
Bagian ke5 telah
penuh air laut
(The fifth part
was full of water)
V
2
0
La question brûlait
(The question was
burning)
Masalah itu
membakar
suasana
(The problem
burned the
situation)
V
2
1
Une rapidité si
prodigieuse
(A very prodigious
rapidity)
Kecepatan luar
biasa semacam
itu
(A such
extraordinary
rapidity)
V
2
2
L’hypothèse
d’une……….
tomba encore
(The hypothese fell
again)
Teori mesin juga
ditinggal
kan……………
…
V
(The machine
theory was again
abandoned)
2
3
La forme de
dilemma the form
of dilemma
Bentuk pilihan
yang sulit ini
(The form of this
hard decision)
V
2
4
Mon article
fut chaudement
discuté
My article was
discussed in a hot
way
Artikelku
didiskusikan
secara hangat
(My article was
warmly
discussed)
V
2
5
L’impatience
allait croissant
The
impatience was
growing)
Ketidaksabaran
menjadi semakin
besar
(The impatience
was getting
bigger)
V
2
6
Un pénible
voyage (The
painful trip)
Perjalanan yang
sulit
(The hard trip)
V
2
7
Où
m’entrainait la
science
(Where was
training me the
science)
Kemanapun ilmu
pengetahuan
membawaku
(Wherever the
science brought
me)
V
2
8
La vapeur siffla en
se precipitant dans
les tiroirs
(The steam siffled
in rushing in the
drawer)
Uap bersiul
ketika mendesak
laci laci…
(The steam siffled
when pushing the
drawers)
V
2
9
Le temps restait
favourable
(The time rest
favourable)
Cuaca tetap baik
(The time rest
kind)
V
3
0
La plus tenace
incredulite (the
most tenacious
incredibility)
Ketidakpercayaa
n yang gigih
(The most
persistent
incredibility)
V
3
1
Le découragement
s’empara d’abord
des esprits, et
ouvrit une brèche à
l’incrédulité
(Discouragement
first seized the
spirits, and opened
a breach of
disbelief)
Semangat yang
menurun mula-
mula menguasai
jiwa, kemudian
mengakibatkan
munculnya
ketidakpercayaan
(The spirit that
was decreasing
first dominated
the soul, then
caused the
disbelief arise)
V
3
2
La nuit approchait
(The night was
approaching)
Malam hampir
tiba
(The night was
coming)
V
3
3
De gros nuages
voilaient le disque
de la lune
(The thick clouds
were veiling the
disc of moon)
Awan tebal
menyelubungi
bulan muda
(Thick cloud
veiled the young
moon)
V
Metaphor Translation from the French Novel Vingt-mille Lieues Sous Les Mers of Jules Verne into Bahasa Indonesia
533

3
4
L’horizon qui se
réttrécissait et
s’obscurissait
(The horizon that
was shringking and
darkening)
Cakrawala yang
mengecil sedikit
demi sedikit
menjadi gelap
(The horizon that
was smaller,
gradually
darkened)
V
3
5
Toutes traces
lumineuses
s’evanouissait
dans les ténèbres
(All of luminuous
tracks were fainted
in the darkness)
Semua berkas
sinar menghilang
dalam kepekatan
(All of ray beam
disappeared in
the darkness)
V
3
6
L’obscurite etait
profonde
(The obscurity was
profound)
Kegelapan amat
padat (The
darkness was
very dense)
V
3
7
Mon Coeur battait
à se rompre
(My heart beat to
break)
Jantungku
berdebar
bagaikan akan
pecah rasanya
(My heart beat
just like going to
break)
V
3
8
Une grande
puissance
éclairante
(A very
illuminating
power)
Penyinaaran
(Illumination)
V
3
9
Un foyer ardent
(An ardent hearth)
Sumber cahaya
yang hebat
(Source of light
that was great)
V
4
0
L’insoutenabl
e éclat s’eteignait
par degradation
successive
(The unbearable
brilliance was
extinguished by
successive
degradation)
Kecermerlangann
ya yang
menyilaukan
secara berangsur-
angsur
mengurang
dengan
sendirinya
(its dazzling
brilliance was
gradually
decreasing itself)
V
4
1
Puissante lumière
(Powerful light)
Cahaya yang
sangat terang
(A very bright
light)
V
4
2
Attendons le jour
(Let’s wait the day
)
Kita tunggu saja
matahari
(We just wait the
sun)
V
4
3
L’aube commence
à poindre
(The dawn starts to
arise)
Fajar mulai
merekah
(The dawn starts
to bloom)
V
4
4
La brume roula
lourdement sur les
flots
The mist rolled
heavily on the
waves
Kabut melayang
berat di atas air.
(The mist sank
heavily on the
water)
V
4
5
Une sourd colère
courait
(The deaf anger
was running)
Kemarahan yang
ditekan
menyebar……..
(A pressed anger
spread away)
V
4
6
Un silence
profound regnait
sur le pont
(A profound
silence was
reigning the
bridge)
Di geladak sunyi
senyap
(in the deck it was
silent)
V
4
7
Les tenebres
etaient profonds
The mists were
profound
(Gelap gulita)
(really dark)
V
4
8
Mes vetements
m’embaraissaient
My clothes
embarrassed me
Pakaianku
menyusahkan
(My clothes made
me difficult)
V
4
9
La lune
apparat à travers
les franges d’un
gros nuage
The moon
appears through
the fringes of a big
cloud
Bulan muncul
melalui saringan
awan tebal
(The moon
appears through
the fringes of a
big cloud)
V
5
0
Le vent entrainait
dans l’est
The wind drove in
the east
Yang ditarik
angin ke arah
timur
(Which was
pulled by the
wind to the east)
V
5
1
Cette bienfaisante
lumière ranima nos
forces
(This beneficent
light revived our
strength)
Sinar yang
dermawan itu
menghidupkan
kembali kekuatan
kami
(This bountiful
light revived our
strength)
V
5
2
Le froid
m’envahissait
The cold
invaded me
Dingin
menguasai diriku
(The cold invaded
me)
V
5
3
Il faut que je
reprenne mes
esprits Je revivifie
mes souvenirs
I must recover
my spirits I revive
my memories
Aku harus
menghidupkan
kenanganku,
harus
mengendalikan
pernyataanku
sendiri (I must
revive my
memories,
control my
statement)
V
5
4
Ce bateau n’a
pas marché
(This ship did
not walk)
Kapal ini tidak
berjalan
(The ship was not
running)
V
5
5
Il se laisse
bercer au gré des
larmes mais il ne
bouge pas He lets
Dia membiarkan
dirinya dibuai
ombak, dia tidak
bergerak maju.
V
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himself be rocked
by the tears but he
does not move
(He lets himself
be rocked by the
clouds but he
does not move up)
5
6
Une grande
vitesse
(A high speed)
Kecepatan yang
tinggi
(A high speed)
V
5
7
La lune disparait
alors et nous laisse
dans une obscurité
profonde (The
moon then
disappeared and
left us in deep
darkness)
Bulan
menghilang,
membiarkan
kami berada
dalam kegelapan
yang pekat (The
moon then
disappeared and
left us in dense
darkness)
V
5
8
Enfin, Cette longue
nuit s’écoula
( A long night
passed)
Malam yang
panjang akhirnya
berlalu
(A long night
finally passed)
V
5
9
Une si prodigieuse
vitesse
(A prodigieuse
speed)
Kecepatan luar
biasa
(An
extraordinary
speed)
V
6
0
Le jour parut
(The day
appeared)
Matahari
kelihatan
(The sun
appeared )
V
6
1
Les brumes du
matin nous
enveloppaient.
Elles ne tarderent
pas à se dechirer
(The mists of the
morning enveloped
us. They will not be
long in tearing
themselves apart)
Kabut pagi
menyelubungi
kami. Tetapi
cepat menguap
(The mists of the
morning covered
us. They will
disappear soon)
V
6
2
Mille diables!
Thousand
phantoms!
Sialan!
(Unlucky!)
V
6
3
Un homme jeta un
cri bizzare
(A men threw a
bizzare shout)
Ia berteriak aneh
(He shouted
bizzare)
V
6
4
Un obscurite
profond
m’enveloppa
A profound
darkness
enveloped me
Kegelapan padat
mengelilingi
diriku
(A dense
darkness
surrounded me)
V
6
5
La colère ne
menèrait à rien
(The anger guided
me to nothing)
Kemarahan tidak
membawa hasil
apa apa
(The anger did
not bring any
result)
V
6
6
Trop de questions
insolubles s’y
pressaient
(Too many
insolveable
questions pressed)
Terlalu banyak
pertanyaan
berdesakan
(Too many
questions
jammed)
V
6
7
Mon imagination
se fondit en une
vague somnolence
(My imagination
melted into a vague
drowsiness)
Imajinasiku
melumat rasa
kantuk
(My imagination
melted my
drowsiness)
V
6
8
Je tombais bientôt
dans un morne
sommeil I was soon
falling into a
dreary sleep
Aku pun terlelap
tidur
(I slept deeply)
V
6
9
J’ai une faim
de diable
(I have a
honger of phantom
)
Saya lapar sekali
(I am very
hungry)
V
7
0
Cette affreuse
pensée prit dans
mon esprit une
intensité terrible
(This frightful
thought took in my
mind a terrible
intensity)
Pikiran buruk ini
menekan jiwa
(This bad thought
burdened the
soul)
V
7
1
Quand la force
peut détruire les
meilleurs
arguments
(When the force
can ruin the best
arguments)
Jika kekuatan
yang dia miliki
bisa
menghancurkan
pendapat yang
paling bagus
sekalipun.
(If the force that
he has can even
ruin the best
opinion)
V
7
2
Un goût sévère
(A cruel taste)
Cita rasa yang
kaku
(Timid taste)
V
7
3
Une table
enrichement servie
(A table that is
served richly)
meja tempat
disuguhkan
makanan mewah
(table, place
where the luxury
dishes were
served)
V
7
4
Cette salle si
ingenieusement
amenagée
(The room that is
so arranged
ingeniously)
Ruangan yang
diatur secara
cerdik.
(The room that is
so ingeniously
arranged)
V
7
5
Le soleil me
gagnant
(The sun wins me)
…. sudah
mengantuk
(I am sleepy)
V
7
6
Je me
plongeais dans
l’étude
I immersed
myself in the
study…..
Aku
mengasyikkan
diri mengamati
…………….
(I observed in an
interesting way)
V
7
7
La mer
s’enflamma sous
Laut menyala
dibawah
V
Metaphor Translation from the French Novel Vingt-mille Lieues Sous Les Mers of Jules Verne into Bahasa Indonesia
535

son regard comme
une trainée de
poudre
(The sea caught
fire under his eyes,
like a trail of
powder)
pandangnya
menyerupai
serbuk yang
bertaburan
(The sea caught
fire under his
eyes, like a trail
of powder)
7
8
Les rayons du
soleil frappaient la
surface des flots
(The sun's rays hit
the surface of the
waves)
Sinar matahari
menimpa
permukaan laut.
(The sunshine hit
the surface of the
waves)
V
Translation of Metaphor into Metaphor
Un écueil fuyant (a rock/coral which escaped)
Terumbu karang yang menghilang (coral reefs
which escaped)
Un écueil is a rock/coral that is conceptualized as a
human that could escape. In this case the translator
used metaphor as an equivalent of SL metaphor.
Transposition is marked by a translation of the noun
phrase into a noun phrase;
Un écueil fuyant
Art N Adj
Terumbu karang yang menghilang
N N Rel.pr V
The translator translates noun phrase of French
that consists of article, noun and adjective into a noun
phrase consisting of noun, noun, relative pronoun and
verb. The presence of an article in Indonesian is not
obligatory. Grammatical shift is due to the different
system of French and Indonesian.
Modulation strategy employed cause meaning shift.
Écueil (coral) is in singular form, translated into
terumbu karang which means groups of corals (coral
reefs). The translator tries to explicit the meaning by
adding word terumbu. Fuyant(fuir, in the form of
present participle is translated into menghilang is
equivalent.
2. Les évaluations timides (the timid evaluations)
Perkiraan kasar (Rude estimation)
The word evaluation is an abstract noun which
collocates with an adjective timide (timid) that
qualifies human character.
From the strategy of transposition, The translator
renders np into np. The omission of an article les (the)
is due to a different system of French and Indonesian.
The plural form is rendered into the singular form.
The grammatical shift is caused by the Indonesian
grammatical system.
Évaluation which means an act of estimating is
translated into perkiraan which has a smaller scope
of meaning.
Timid qualifies human being but kasar qualifies
human and thing. From the strategy of modulation,
the translator tries to make the meaning more explicit.
Perkiraan kasar is acceptable and equivalent.
3. La question du monstre enflamma l’opinion (the
problem of monster burned the opinion)
= Masalah monster membakar opini (the
problem of monster burned the opinion)
La question du monstre (the question of the monster)
is an abstract noun that makes an action of burning.
L’opinion is considered as a concrete thing. The
translator keeps the figurative form Enflamma
(enflammer) into membakar.
Translator uses transposition. A sentence of
French is translated into a sentence. The same form is
possible because of the similar system of the two
languages.
The modulation happens when the word question is
translated into masalah. The translator tries to make
an explicitation by choosing the word masalah,
The strategy used by the translator makes the
translation “not natural” she tries to keep the
metaphor into metaphor, however it sounds “not
natural”.
4. Un danger réel, sérieux à éviter (a real danger,
serious to avoid) = bahaya serius yang harus
dihindari (serious danger that must be avoided)
Danger (danger) is an abstract noun that collocates
with adjectives réel (real), and sérieux à éviter
(serious to avoid). An abstract noun danger is
conceptualised as human being or entity that is real
and serious that we have to avoid. In this case the
metaphor gets the equivalent of metaphor.
A French noun phrase containing elements
article, noun, adjective, adjective+preposition+verb
is translated into a noun phrase containing noun,
adjective, relative pronoun, auxiliary form, verb in
passive form. This kind of transposition is used to get
the equivalence of meaning in Indonesian. The shift
happening in grammatical system such as omission of
an article and the changing position of adjectives.
In this case, the translator uses modulation. The
translator omits the word réel but add auxiliary form
harus (must) to emphasize the verb in passive form.
This addition functions as a complement to a verb, so
the meaning becomes vivid. Overall the translation is
natural and equivalent.
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4. Le jour commencait à poindre (the day started to
dawn) = Hari mulai terang (day started to brighten)
Le jour is conceptualized as a concrete noun or entity
that does an action of dawn, an action of waking up.
The metaphoric sentence in SL gets an equivalent
metaphoric sentence in TL.
The translator uses also strategy of transposition
to mediate the difference system of SL and TL. The
sentence in SL consisting of NP (article+n) and VP
(v+prep+v.inf) is translated into a sentence consisting
of NP(N)+VP (V aux+V). commencait is employed
in “imparfait” (imperfect/ past continuous) which
remarks the process. A verb in Indonesian
grammatical system does not conjugate according to
persons and tenses
The translation of metaphor into non metaphor
1. Eclata L’nterminable polémique (the endless
controversy burst)= Timbul polemik
berkepanjangan (the endless controversy
appeared)
The sentence contains the verb éclate which has
some equivalent words burst, erupt, break, and noun
phrase with an abstract noun polémique, controversy
or polemic. Polémique is conceptualised like a
mountain that will erupt or burst easily. In this case
the translator translates éclate into timbul (verb)
which is more common and not figurative.
Transposition is used. Eclata is a verb conjugated in
passé simple (simple past), meanwhile in Indonesian,
the verb does not conjugate, and does not have tenses.
A Noun phrase (article + adjective+ noun)
l’interminable polémique is translated into a noun
phrase of Indonesian which has a simplified form
(noun+ adjective). This kind of strategy is used to
make the translation equivalent and natural in
Indonesian.
Adjective interminable (not terminable) which
contains negation) is translated into berkepanjangan,
which does not contain negation. In this case, the
translator uses the modulation of the changing of
point of view from negative to positive.
Overall, the translation of the sentence is acceptable
and equivalent.
2. L’accident était arrivé (the accident arrived)
a= kecelakaan itu terjadi (that accident
happened)
In this case, accident is an event that collocates with
the verb était arrivé (arrived). The translation
becomes kecelakaan itu terjadi literally means that
accident happens. In this case, the french metaphor is
translated into an Indonesian non-figurative form.
Noun phrase containing elements article+noun is
translated into a noun phrase consisting of
noun+article. Était àrrivé (accomplished form) has an
equivalent form terjadi in bahasa Indonesia.
The modulation is showed by rendering the
metaphor into a non-metaphor form. Arrivé that
literally means arrive is translated imto terjadi
(happen) that refers to events. This translation is
equivalent
3. Il marchait (he/it was walking)= Ia berlayar
(it was sailing)
The sentence is metaphoric. Il (he/it) refers to the ship
that is conceptualized as human who was walking
(marchait). The translator uses nonfigurative form as
an equivalent of marchait.
Transposition is showed by the translation of an
imperfect verb into a verb. Marchait literally means
“was walking (in the process of walk)”. The verb
contains imperfect aspect that explains the proces.
Berlayar means the action of going. The verb berlayar
is not focalized the process. In Indonesian, the
process or the imperfect aspect is usually showed by
adding an adverb sedang (in the process). Il (he,
singular third person pronoun , masculin)) in this case
refers to the ship, then it was translated into Ia
(singular third person pronoun). Ia compared to il has
larger scope of meaning
The modulation makes the meaning more
explicit. But the translator keeps the form il and
translate into ia. She should translate il into “kapal
itu” the ship.
6 CONCLUSIONS
The result of the study showed that the equivalence
between SL and TL was obtained by translating
metaphors with strategies of transposition and
modulation.
The dominant use of metaphors as an equivalent
translated form indicates that foreignisation is
preferred to domestication. The non-metaphors as
equivalents are also an interesting phenomenon.
The numerous metaphors found in the novel are
not only figurative and cultural, but also personal
style of the author, in other term we could say parole
of the author. their translated forms into bahasa
Indonesia are not only referred to langue, but also
parole of the translator. Hence, it could contribute
also to the enrichment of Bahasa Indonesia.
Strategies employed in translation caused shifts in
form and meaning, due to the differences of
linguistic and cultural system between French and
Bahasa Indonesia.
Metaphor Translation from the French Novel Vingt-mille Lieues Sous Les Mers of Jules Verne into Bahasa Indonesia
537

Some strategies were absolutely needed to get the
meaning equivalence. the different cultures and
system of French and Indonesian were important
factors causing shifts.
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