The Quality of Drinking Water Preparation in Drinking Water Refill

Depots in Kendari, Indonesia

Erwin Azizi Jayadipraja

*, Dedeh Nurhayati

and Muhammad Chaerul

College of Mandala Waluya Health School, Kendari, Indonesia

Jalan Jend. AH. Nasution, Kambu, Kec. Kambu, Kota Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara 93561

Health Department of Southeast Sulawesi Province, Kendari, Indonesia

Jalan Bumi Praja Boulevard Kel. Mokoau, Kec. Kambu, Kota Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara 93231

Fajar University, Makassar, Indonesia

Jalan. Prof. Abdurahman Basalamah No.101, Karampuang, Kec. Panakkukang, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90231

Keywords: Drinking water refill depots, drinking water quality, coliform, Fe.

Abstract: The society in Kendari are using drinking water have a source of drinking water refill depots. The drinking

water should qualify the physical, chemistry and microbiology rules and regulations. The population in this

study is the whole drinking water depots in Kendari that carrying by Kendari Health Department in January

2018 as many as 87 depots. The number of sample as many as 36 drinking water depots. Sampling technique

is proportionate random sampling. The result of this study is finding that from 36 depots obtaining as many

as 91, 7% water resources (water standard) is unqualified (contains coliform and Fe). After processed by

drinking water depots, the water quality is re-test and obtaining as many as 16,7% the water fickle by drinking

water depot is unqualified (contains coliform and Fe). There are still drinking water depots that the preparation

system of drinking water are unqualified by the health regulation of Republic Indonesia. So that evaluation

and supervision is necessary in term the implementation so it does not fazing health.

1 INTRODUCTION

Water is the important thing in life because the whole

creatures in this world are needing water

(WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply and

Sanitation, 2014). Predominantly water in this world

sea water as many as 97%, while as many as 2% water

is stuck in ice form and the number of clean fresh

water that can be used by people to suffice their lively

need on a day generally 1%. Clean and fresh water

can be organized as underground water, river water

and lake water (Pimentel et al., 1997).

Everyone needs water around 64, 8

liter/person/day a day (Prima et al., 2017). Indonesian

drinking water is getting clean water from local

drinking water region company, especially the

citizen, and the others are using the well or another

source. In the dry season, water crisis can be occur

and the gastroenteritis disease is appear everywhere

(Hall and Guyton, 2011). There are some sources of

drinking water in Kendari , Drinking Water Region

Company (PDAM) is distributing drinking water

however the water quality which is distributed by the

pipeline system generally turbid, rust colored and

obtaining bacteriology.

So, it needs special treatment for consuming

before it is using like filtering Total Suspended Solid

(Syauqiah, Wiyono and Faturrahman, 2018) and also

it is boiling until 100

C for slewing the bacteriology

(Barke, 2019). Today, the boiling water habit (Geetha

and Sivachidambaranathan, 2019) and water filtering

is rarely to find in citizen because it needs more

energy (the fossil fuel) and spending hours. The

citizens recently choose to use drinking water that

immediately consume which is come from the

drinking water depots around Kendari.

Drinking water depots that have operated should

be qualified in administration or technical rules

(Nurlila et al., 2019) and regulations according to

legalization regulations (Adam, 2019). Technical

regulation is begin at water quality (water standard

and drinking water), place, instrumentation that used

and operator of drinking water depots. Drinking water

should be fulfilling the physical, chemistry and

microbiology rules and regulations.

Water preparation in drinking water depots fulfils

the health standard of drinking water based on Health

Ministry of Republic Indonesia Rules and Regulation

Number 32 years 2017 about quality standard of

environmental health rules and regulation of water for

Jayadipraja, E., Nurhayati, D. and Chaerul, M.

The Quality of Drinking Water Preparation in Drinking Water Reﬁll Depots in Kendari, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009123000920095

In Proceedings of the 2nd Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2019), pages 92-95

ISBN: 978-989-758-462-6

the hygiene sanitation necessity, swimming pool,

solus per Aqua and bathing place. However in fact,

there are still drinking water distribute their water that

obtaining Fe and coliform (Wiyata, 2013).

2 METHODS

This research is observational study. Population in

this research as many as 87 drinking water depots in

Kendari, the number of sample in this research as

many as 36 drinking water depots. This research is

using the official regulations orientation of Health

Ministry of Republic Indonesia Number. Water

quality testting in Laboratorium Kesehatan Provinsi

Sulawesi Tenggara (Dinkes Sultra, 2017).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Water resources quality (water standard).

Water standard is the water resources that using to be

the basic material that will be processing in drinking

water depot. Standard water quality can be seen in

table 1.

Table 1: Standard water quality of drinking water depots in

Kendari in 2018.

Water Standard

Qualified

8,3

Unqualified

91,7

Total

100

Drinking water quality.

Drinking water is the fickle water result by the

drinking water depot that immediately consume by

citizen. The quality of fickle water result by the

drinking water depot can be seen in table 2.

Table 2: The distribution of drinking water quality in

Kendari in 2018.

Depot Drinking Water Quality

Qualified

83,3

Unqualified

16,7

Total

100

Figure 1: The map of water quality of depot drinking water

in the whole Kendari.

Refill drinking water depot is a place where refill

drinking water is done. The depot is a place where

refill drinking water is done by using water filling

machine. This filling machine is the machine that has

function to convert water into drinking water after

several filtering processes, so the basic water is ready

to drink (Bartram et al., 2014)

Based on the result of this research obtaining the

information that from 36 drinking water depots, there

are 33 drinking water depots (91,7%) that have basic

water which is unqualified, and there are 3 (8,3%)

drinking water depots that qualified. After doing the

preparation in drinking water depot obtaining that

water quality in drinking water depots are qualified as

many as 30 (83,3%) drinking water depots, while the

water quality that unqualified as many as 6 (16,7%)

drinking water depots.

Several researches indicate water quality that

distributed in Kendari the drinking water depots is

unqualified. (Nurlila et al., 2019) found that there are

81, 8% drinking water depots unqualified (coliform

>50 CFU/100ml) from 11 drinking water depots.

Others research also found 60% bacteria (Askrening

and Yunus, 2017).

This research found the depot which the basic

water is unqualified caused of the result of physical

water inspection that there are 17 drinking water

depots are smelly, have contents Fe over the basic

quality of drinking water which has been set in (1

mg/l) as many as 14 drinking water depots. The depot

that contents the basic water has Fe contents over the

basic quality using water resources from dig well and

electric pump well. The contents of iron elements

naturally found in groundwater, especially in well

water (Khatri, Tyagi and Rawtani, 2017).

The basic water that come from Drinking Water

Region Company (DWRC/PDAM) become the basic

water usually has qualified physical quality, it caused

of the water basic which comes from Drinking Water

Region Company (PDAM) has been processing or

The Quality of Drinking Water Preparation in Drinking Water Reﬁll Depots in Kendari, Indonesia

treatment process is not distributed yet and become

water basic by the drinking water depots.

The quality of drinking water in drinking water

depot is very determined by the preparation process

in the drinking water depot. Start from the instrument

that used in the drinking water depot, the instrument

maintenance, hygiene employee and the employee’s

treatment toward the produced water.

Drinking water should be qualified based on

Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia

Nomor 32 Tahun 2017 about basic quality of

environmental health and health regulations of water

for sanitation hygiene necessity, swimming pool,

Solus pe Aqua, bathing place. Physical parameter

condition including turbidity (<25 NTU), color (<50

TCU), Total Dissolve Solid (<1.000 mg/l),

temperature (±3

C air temperature), tasteless and

odorless, biological parameter consist of coliform

total (<50 CFU/100 ml), and E.coli (0 CFU/100 ml).

Several addition of chemistry’s parameter is included,

if there is a contamination toward that water.

Drinking water that peaceful to consume should

be free from the dirty microbe, Coliform and E. coli

is the normal flora toward the digestion access (large

intestine). The high condition of Coliform and E.coli

is caused by the disturbance of digestion system

(Adzitey et al., 2012). Smell, taste and color toward

the drinking water can be one of the first indicator of

that water is reasonable or unreasonably to consume

(Watts and Linden, 2007).

The labor drinking water depot appears not only

in Kendari but also in several regions including

developing counties. The preparation system of water

basic in drinking water depots are using reverse

osmosis or UV treatment (Pérez-González et al.,

2012)

The problem appears when the instrumental is not

taking care goodly. Some of them are not substitute

the old micro filter that not used anymore and also

some of them is not pay attention to the ultraviolet

lamp that has been expired. The sleazy instrument

make the instrument activity cannot be working

optimally. Other factors also influence the water

quality in depot like the employee’s behavior who not

keep the sanitation and hygiene.

4 CONCLUSIONS

There is shelf potential of coliform and Fe in citizen’s

drinking water that produced from drinking water

depot. Organization evaluation from local

government and resembling supervision is necessary

in drinking water depots, so the water that distributed

will qualified based on the standard of Peraturan

Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 32

Tahun 2017 about basic quality of environmental

health and health regulations of water for sanitation

hygiene necessity, swimming pool, Solus pe Aqua,

bathing place (Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik

Indonesia Nomor 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010,

2010).

REFERENCES

Adzitey, F. et al. (2012) ‘Isolation of Escherichia coli from

ducks and duck related samples’, Asian Journal of

Animal and Veterinary Advances. doi:

10.3923/ajava.2012.351.355.

Askrening, A. and Yunus, R. (2017) ‘Analisis Bakteri

Coliform Pada Air Minum Isi Ulang Di Wilayah Poasia

Kota Kendari’, Jurnal Teknologi Kesehatan (Journal of

Health Technology). doi: 10.29238/jtk.v13i2.9.

Barke, H. (2019) ‘Water boils at 100 degree Celsius and has

an angle’, CHEMKON. doi: 10.1002/ckon.201800021.

Bartram, J. et al. (2014) ‘Global monitoring of water supply

and sanitation: History, methods and future challenges’,

International Journal of Environmental Research and

Public Health. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110808137.

Dinkes Sultra (2017) ‘Profil Kesehatan Propinsi Sulawesi

Tenggara 2016’, Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi

Tenggara.

Geetha, V. and Sivachidambaranathan, V. (2019) ‘An

overview of designing an induction heating system for

domestic applications’, International Journal of Power

Electronics and Drive Systems. doi:

10.11591/ijpeds.v10n1.pp351-356.

Hall, J. E. and Guyton, A. C. (2011) Guyton and Hall

Physiology Review, Guyton and Hall Physiology

Review. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-5452-8.00020-2.

Khatri, N., Tyagi, S. and Rawtani, D. (2017) ‘Recent

strategies for the removal of iron from water: A review’,

Journal of Water Process Engineering. doi:

10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.08.015.

Nurlila, R. U. et al. (2019) ‘Hygiene and Sanitation

Management of Drinking Water Refill Depots for

Feasibility Consumption in Kendari City, Indonesia’,

Indian Journal of Public Health Research &

Development. doi: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02177.6.

Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor

492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 (2010) ‘Persyaratan

Kualitas Air Minum’, Peraturan Mentri Kesehatan

Republik Indonesia.

Pérez-González, A. et al. (2012) ‘State of the art and review

on the treatment technologies of water reverse osmosis

concentrates’, Water Research. doi:

10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.046.

Pimentel, D. et al. (1997) ‘Water Resources: Agriculture,

the Environment, and Society’, BioScience. doi:

10.2307/1313020.

Prima, E. C. et al. (2017) ‘Automatic Water Tank Filling

HSIC 2019 - The Health Science International Conference

System Controlled Using ArduinoTMBased Sensor for

Home Application’, in Procedia Engineering. doi:

10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.060.

Syauqiah, I., Wiyono, N. and Faturrahman, A. (2018)

‘SISTEM PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM

SEDERHANA (PORTABLE WATER

TREATMENT)’, Konversi. doi: 10.31213/k.v6i1.16.

Watts, M. J. and Linden, K. G. (2007) ‘Chlorine photolysis

and subsequent OH radical production during UV

treatment of chlorinated water’, Water Research. doi:

10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.032.

WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply and Sanitation

(2014) Progress on drinking-water and sanitation -

2014 update, … Monitoring Programme for water

supply and sanitation …. doi: 978 92 4 150724 0.

The Quality of Drinking Water Preparation in Drinking Water Reﬁll Depots in Kendari, Indonesia