Biosurvey of Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb)

Contamination in Reclamation Island-Jakarta Bay

Salmita Salman

, Achmad Sjarmidi

and Salman

Ecology Research Group, School of Life Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia

Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Keywords:

Biosurvey, Heavy Metals, Jakarta Bay, Reclamation

Abstract:

Man-made islands allegedly alter the coastline that slowing pollutants retention time. Green mussels (Perna

viridis) are one of the organisms known to accumulate heavy metals. Biosurvey needs to be conducted

to acquire information on heavy metal content in man-made habitat and biota. The aims of this research

are to identify the water quality related to heavy metal presence; to measure heavy metal content in green

mussels (Perna viridis) around the reclaimed island to determine heavy metal level pollution on reclamation

island. Sampling was conducted in August 2017 in reclamation islands C and D. Heavy metal measurement

values refer to the SNI method 3554-2015. Data of heavy metal content in water, sediment, and green

mussels were analyzed with quantitative descriptive method. The results show biological oxygen demands

(BOD), and chemical oxygen demands (COD) has exceeded the water quality standard which indicates a high

level of pollution. The results of the examination of the heavy metal in seawater show that mercury (Hg),

cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are below the tools detection limit (<0.0002; <0.00011; <0.00086 mg/L) and

below seawater pollution standard for biota. Concentrations of heavy metals mercury, cadmium, and lead in

sediments around the reclaimed islands and Teluk Naga area are below heavy metal pollution standards for

sediments. Mercury (Hg) levels below the tools detection limit (<0.0004 mg/L); cadmium (Cd) ranges from

0.02-0.20 mg/L; lead (Pb) ranges from 0.50 to 5.46 mg/L. Heavy metals examination in green mussels indicate

that mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are below the tools detection limit (<0.001; <0.00011;

<0.00086 mg/L) and below the heavy metal pollution standard on bivalves. Generally, water and sediment

around the reclaimed islands and natural habitat in August 2017 are not polluted by heavy metals so there is no

harm to biota. Heavy metals quality in water, sediment and mussels are below the pollution standard and based

on the USEPA system belong to grade A. The heavy metal index on Reclaimed Island is 18 and considered

good. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the reclaimed islands C and D in August 2017

were safe from heavy metal mercury, cadmium, and lead pollutions.

1 INTRODUCTION

One of the purposes of island reclamation in DKI

Jakarta Provincial Regulation is to comply with

land needs with consideration of the ever-increasing

population. Modeling research by (Badriana, 2015;

Aprilia and P., 2017)states that

• There is current velocity value decrease after

reclamation, the current velocity value change

occurs in the gap and around reclamation area

• The increase in sediment may potentially appear

around the inland/near coastal reclamation area

and in inter-island reclamation gap.

Changes in currents around the reclaimed

island will decrease the retention time in washing

contaminants from the land. This results from

sedimentation rates increase around the estuary,

eutrophication and contaminants cumulation

including heavy metals. Research on heavy

metal pollution in Jakarta Bay has been conducted

before and indicating heavy metals detected with

varying levels (Cordova, 2011; Putri et al., 2012;

Permanawati et al., 2013; Suryono, 2006).

Green mussels have a sedentary lifestyle, attached

to the substrate using byssus, and ﬁlter feeder that

allows heavy metals to enter the body (Cordova

et al., 2016). Green mussels are able to bind metals

and integrate metal concentration in water over time

(Dumalagan et al., 2010) so they can be recommended

as heavy metal bioﬁlter (Koropitan and Cordova,

Salman, S., Sjarmidi, A. and Salman, .

Biosurvey of Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) Contamination in Reclamation Island-Jakarta Bay.

DOI: 10.5220/0009151202050210

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICoSET 2019), pages 205-210

ISBN: 978-989-758-463-3

205

2017). Currently, there is no information about

the content of metals in green mussels that live in

reclaimed island C and D habitat. Based on these

condition biosurvey of heavy metal content on green

mussels and their habitats is necessary. Thus the

objective of this research was to identify the water

quality related to the heavy metal presence and to

measure heavy metal content in green mussels (Perna

viridis) around the reclaimed island.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Research Location, Time, and

Design

The research was conducted from July to December

2017. Sampling station determined purposively based

on green mussels presence at the point of biota

monitoring attached in Environmental Management

Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RKL-RPL)

of C and D reclamation islands (A, B, C, and

D) and Teluk Naga (ﬁgure 1). There are

three observation points at each station, positioned

by Global Positioning System (GPS). Sampling

was conducted in August 2017 and expected to

provide an overview of water conditions in the dry

season. Descriptive method research was used to

determine levels of heavy metals in green mussels.

Mussels were collected by hand-sorting techniques

(Abdulgani and Aunurohim, 2010).

Figure 1: Sampling Station

2.2 Tools and Materials

Tools used in this research include water sampler

model JT-1 made in the USA, sediment sampler, 250

ml and 500 ml polyethylene plastic bottle, Global

Positioning System (GPS) Garmin GPSMAP64s,

coolbox, plastic clip bag, beaker glass, pipettes,

meter, FiveGo pH meter, Atago refractometer made

in Japan, turbidimeter, oven, funnel, vernier caliper,

adhesive label paper, analytical balance, Mettler

Toledo Seven2Go dissolved oxygen (DO) meter,

action camera for underwater photo and videography,

Fujiﬁlm Finepix s4800 camera, stage sieve, 700

series inductive coupled plasma optical emission

spectrometry (ICP-OES) device year 2013 made in

Australia. Materials used include green mussels

(Perna viridis), water samples, sediment samples,

distilled water, preservative samples (86% H

70% HNO

2.3 Sample Storage, Preservation, and

Handling

Sampling and handling of the sample refer to

Puget Sound Water Quality Action (PSWQA)

(PSWQA., 1997) and Standar Nasional Indonesia

(SNI) 06-2412-1991 (SNI, 2008). The data taken

include the measurement of several physical and

chemical parameters of water quality. Measurements

were performed either in-situ or ex-situ through

laboratory analysis and were done three times at each

observation point. In-situ measurements included

depth, temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen

(DO). Ek-situ measurements for grain size analysis

was done at the Ecology Laboratory of School

of Life Science and Technology Institut Teknologi

Bandung (SITH ITB) and for Total Suspended Solid

(TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical

Oxygen Demand (COD) and heavy metals samples

were sent to Saraswanti Indo Genetech (SIG) Bogor

laboratory. Sediment texture was determined based

on (K., 1922) by ﬁltering sediment using a stratiﬁed

ﬁlter. The sediment type is determined using

Miller’s triangle (Miller and White, 1998). TSS,

sediment grain and green mussels samples are stored

at 4

◦

C. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) samples

are stored in dark bottles at 4

◦

C. Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD) samples were preserved with H

Water samples are preserved with HNO

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Heavy Metals in Seawater and

Sediment

Analysis result of heavy metals cadmium (Cd),

mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in the water and sediment

of Reclamation Island and Teluk Naga provided in

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Table 1. All metals values were below seawater

quality standards (Decree Ministry of Environment

and Development No. 51, 2004) so they are relatively

safe for biota. This result was similar to (Putri et al.,

2012) that reported the concentration of mercury,

cadmium, and lead in the waters of Muara Kamal is

below the standard of seawater so it is suitable for

mussels and other biota growth. The concentration

of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem due to the

presence of natural heavy metals and heavy metal

waste. The concentrations of heavy metals are higher

with the input of waste into the waters and accumulate

in the ecosystem. Heavy metals in an aquatic

ecosystem experiencing various processes such as

precipitation, dilution, dispersion, and absorption

by living organisms in aquatic habitat (Warner and

Preston, 1974; HP., 1984).

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in sediments around

Reclamation Island and Teluk Naga are not hazardous

to the environment and living organisms. Mercury

(Hg) concentration in the research area probably low

that it is undetectable. Cadmium (Cd) concentration

in sediments range from 0.07 to 0.15 mg/L.

The concentration value was below the standard

of IADC (International Association of Drilling

Contractors)/CEDA (Central Dredging Association)

(1997). Cadmium (Cd) at that concentration has no

potential hazard to the living organism. The results of

Cd analysis showed higher concentrations in sediment

than water column in each research site. This happens

due to heavy metals have a tendency to settle because

of the large mass. Lead concentrations in sediments

range from 2.10 to 4.62 mg/L. The concentration

values were below the standard of IADC/CEDA

(1997). Presence of Pb metal allegedly due to the

concentration of Pb in the waters and the amount

of organic and inorganic particles in the waters (CC

et al., 2007; Begum et al., 2009; S and MH., 2010).

Metals content in sediment is inﬂuenced by

several factors, among others; organic matter content,

grain size, and mineralogy. High concentrations

of heavy metals are generally associated with grain

size texture (SE., 2001). Sediment textures on

Reclamation Island are mainly sand which may

be one of the reasons for the low metal content.

Cadmium and lead content in sediment is greater

than in seawater but below the pollution standard of

sediment. The levels of heavy metal sediment at each

station can be said not to endanger marine organisms.

It is accord to (Permanawati et al., 2013) which states

that heavy metal content (copper (CU), lead (Pb), zinc

(Zn), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr)) in water

and sediments in Jakarta bay waters below pollution

standard.

3.2 Heavy Metals in Green Mussels

Table 1 shows the concentration of heavy metals

mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the

green mussels are not detected and below heavy

metal pollution standards for bivalves according

to Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN) 7387 (SNI,

2009). Mercury, cadmium, and lead contained in

water and sediments have not exceeded the speciﬁed

standard threshold. This shows that heavy metal

concentration does not pollute the environment even

though Jakarta bay has the potential to be highly

polluted. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in green

mussels can occur because heavy metal enters into

the body of the living organism easily and quickly

(de Astudillo L. R. et al., 2005). But this research did

not show the accumulation of mercury (Hg), cadmium

(Cd), and lead (Pb) on the green mussels. This is

probably due to low of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd),

and lead (Pb) content in water and sediment. Heavy

metal accumulation in aquatic organism according to

(SE., 2001) are inﬂuenced by many factors, among

others:

• The concentration of heavy metals in water

• The concentration of heavy metals in sediment

• Acidity of the water and sediment

• Chemical oxygen demand (COD) level in water

• Sulfur content in water and sediment

• Types of aquatic organism

• Organism age and body weight and

• Organism life phases (eggs, larvae)

If concentrations of heavy metals in water are

high then there is a tendency for heavy metals

concentrations to be high in sediments, and the

accumulation of heavy metals in the demersal

organism occur (K. et al., 2004; IDL and SM., 1996).

• Seawater Standard Quality for Marine

Biota, standard criterion set by Indonesia

Government Decree Ministry of Environment

and Development (DMED) No. 51/2004. Tool

detection limit for mercury (Hg) 0.0002 mg/L;

cadmium (Cd) 0.00011 mg/L; lead (Pb) 0.00086

mg/L.

• Sediments pollution standard in Indonesia has

not been established. IADC (International

Association of Drilling Contractors)/ CEDA

(Central Dredging Association) (1997) has been

used as standard. Tool detection limit for mercury

(Hg) 0.0004 mg/L.

Biosurvey of Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) Contamination in Reclamation Island-Jakarta Bay

207

Table 1: Water quality and heavy metal content in water, sediment and green mussels.

No. Parameter A B C D TN Standard Quality

Water

Physical

1 Bright(m) 0,9 1,8 1,4 0,9 1,7

Coral: >5;

mangrove: -;

seagrass: >3;

natural >0,5

2 Turbidity (NTU) 10,5* 7,0* 4,5 8,3* 5,5* <5

3 Total suspended solid

(mg/L)

9,3 7,3 8,3 13,0 3,6 20

4 Waste - - 3 5 - Nihil

5 Temperature (0C) 28,9 28,7 29,0 29,1 30,2 Natural (20-30)

Chemical

pH 8,4 8,6 8,6 8,9* 8,6 7-8,5

1 Salinity (%) 29,3* 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,8 Natural (30-40)

2 Disolved oxygen (mg/L) 3,89* 4,70* 4,67* 4,55* 5,16 >5

3 COD (mg/L) 70,0* 85,1* 71,2* 79,6* 81,7* 20

4 BOD (mg/L) 265,3* 474,8* 373,8* 593,2* 418,2* 20

5 Mercury (mg/L) nd** nd** nd** nd** nd** 0.001

6 Cadmium (mg/L) nd** nd** nd** nd** nd** 0.001

7 Lead (mg/L) nd** nd** nd** nd** nd** 0.008

Sediment

1 Mercury (mg/L) nd** nd** nd** nd** nd** 0.03

2 Cadmium (mg/L) 0.14 0.07 0.08 0.15 0.09 0.8

3 Lead (mg/L) 3.19 2.29 2.1 4.62 2.5 85

Green mussels

1 Mercury (mg/l) nd** nd** nd** nd** nd** 1

2 Cadmium (mg/l) nd** nd** nd** nd** nd** 1

3 Lead (mg/l) nd** nd** nd** nd** nd** 1.5

*value higher than pollution standard, ** nd=not detected

Figure 2: Mechanism of accumulation and detoxiﬁcation of heavy metals by bivalves (Soto et al., 2003)

• Green mussels pollution standard based on

Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 7387: 2009

[17] as the maximum limit of heavy metal

contamination in food. Tool detection limit for

mercury (Hg) 0.009 mg/L; cadmiun (Cd) 0.00011

mg/L; lead (Pb) 0.00086 mg/L.

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The heavy metals entering cells through the lipid

layer of the membrane by endocytosis, through a

pumping and organic chelating system. Non-essential

metals that enter the cells will compete with essential

metal to bind to ligands. Binding mechanism of

metal and proteins generally damages sulﬁde bonds

(N. et al., 2004). Metals binding to biomolecules then

will accumulate in hepatopancreas or be detoxify.

The mechanism of accumulation and detoxiﬁcation

of heavy metals in bivalve can be seen in Figure

2. Heavy metals modify existing enzyme processes

by interfering with and replace calcium (Ca) ions

that affect oxidation. In this research-heavy metal

mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) of

green mussels samples are inert within the acceptable

limit for green mussels and other predators. This

can be observed from the absence of heavy metals

accumulation in mussels indicating that cadmium

(Cd) and lead (Pb) in sediments that enter mussels

body has been detoxiﬁed.

3.3 Heavy Metal Pollution Level on

Reclamation Island

Pollution level of heavy metal on water, sediments,

and biota are determining using STORET method

(US-EPA/United States Environmental Protection

Agency) based on scores (Decree of the Minister

of Environment (DMED) no. 115/2003 about

Guidelines for Determining Status of Water Quality)

(DMED No.115, 2003). Results show that heavy

metal mercury, cadmium, and lead in water,

sediments, and green mussels around reclamation

island are below standard quality so that it is included

in class A. This is probably due to the intensity of

waste disposal consist of low heavy metals.

Although in this research there was no heavy

metal pollution, it does not indicate the condition

around the reclaimed island is good. Physical and

chemical analysis of water shows that turbidity,

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical

Oxygen Demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen

(DO) parameters do not comply with water quality

standards in Decree Ministry of Environment and

Development No. 51/2004. Biological Oxygen

Demand (BOD) concentrations in water range from

265,3 to 593,2 mg/L, it is much higher than the

standard quality which is 20 mg/L. Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD) concentrations in water range from

70,0 to 85,1 mg/L that higher than the standard

quality which is 20 mg/L. dissolved oxygen (DO)

concentrations in water range from 3,89 to 5,16 mg/L

that below than the standard quality which is 5 mg/L

except for Teluk Naga station. These parameters

illustrated the high pollution around the reclaimed

island.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results it can be concluded that :

• Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)

content in the water below the water quality

standard for biota. Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd)

and lead (Pb) content in sediments below the

standard set by IADC/CEDA. The content of

heavy metal in water and sediment of reclamation

islands are safe for biota. High Biological Oxygen

Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD) content showed high organic pollution

around reclaimed islands C and D

• There is no accumulation of heavy metal mercury

(Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) occur in green

mussels.

• Heavy metal pollution level in the water,

sediment, and green mussel organs based on the

STORET (US-EPA) method included in class A

which is classiﬁed as not contaminated by heavy

metals mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead

(Pb). Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead

(Pb) quality index in reclamation island C and D

amounts to 18 so that it is classiﬁed as good.

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