The Development of Photovoltaic Application in Indonesia: A Review

Rahmat Subarkah

, Ghany Heryana

and Candra Damis Widiawaty

Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia

Mechanical Engineering Department, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Wastukancana Purwakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: photovoltaic, solar panel, photovoltaic/thermal

Abstract: Indonesia has abundant solar energy potential because it is located near the equator. To reduce dependence

on fossil energy sources, the government began to promote renewable energy sources; one of them is solar

energy. The government has made a strategy for implementing solar energy by issuing regulations and also

cooperating with private parties and foreign countries. However, the dissemination of photovoltaic are quite

low and need to be encouraged by private investment support. At the same time, the government has to be

more active in synchronising the rules in technical, administrative and financial point of views. This study

presents the development of photovoltaic application in Indonesia which might be useful in improving the

utilization of photovoltaic in Indonesia. The production of solar panels is also being encouraged, at this time

the national industry has been able to produce solar panels with a composition of local content that continues

to increase. The research to analyse the main function of photovoltaic for generating electrical power has also

been carried out. For examples are for household electricity and street lighting and other automation systems.

Additional advantages of photovoltaic technology to absorbing heat have been proposed in several studies on

photovoltaic/thermal. Furthermore, there are some potential challenges to overcome. Those are the utilization

of heat energy and the floating photovoltaic which solve the lacks of land area.

1 INTRODUCTION

The rapid growth of population and industrialization

create a high increase of energy demand. Recently,

the energy demand is supplied by fossil fuel;

however, it generates pollutions which cruelly

destruct the environment. Fossil fuel reserves are

decreasing which means slowing down the economic

growth in many countries, including in Indonesia.

Indonesia, as one of the archipelagic country in

the world, is facing a challenge to fulfil the electricity

supply and demand in remote areas and outer islands.

In 2017, the electrification ratio was about 95.35%.

However, there were some provinces had not reached

65% such as Nusa Tenggara Timur (59.85%) and

Papua (61.42%) (Kementerian Energi dan Sumber

Daya Mineral, 2017). There are some difficulties of

being un-electrified areas such as isolated from

knowledge insights and economic growth.

Furthermore, the government is looking for the most

useful methods to solve these problems; one of them

is to utilize more renewable energy as a replacement

for fossil fuel.

There are some renewable energy resources such

as hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy,

solar energy and so on. Renewable energy resources

are significantly worthy because the amount of the

reserves is very large and environmentally friendly.

Furthermore, the utilization of solar energy is the

most favourable alternative since it is cheap,

inexhaustible and abundant without any expense. In

addition, the utilization is affordable and convenient

for rural system.

As a tropical country, Indonesia has lots of solar

energy resources. This becomes a way out to electrify

the rural area which far from grid electricity (Hidayat,

Wahjono, & Nansur, 2011a). Solar energy can be

used to generate electrical energy and thermal energy.

Recently, it becomes a common use of solar energy

to produce electricity or thermal energy only.

However, in the last couple of years, solar energy has

been applied to generate hybrid energy, namely

electricity and thermal energy.

This study presents the development of

photovoltaic application in Indonesia which might be

useful in improving the utilization of photovoltaic in

Indonesia.

108

Subarkah, R., Heryana, G. and Widiawaty, C.

The Development of Photovoltaic Application in Indonesia: A Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0009906100002905

In Proceedings of the 8th Annual Southeast Asian International Seminar (ASAIS 2019), pages 108-113

ISBN: 978-989-758-468-8

2 ANALYSING ELECTRICITY

DEMAND AND AVAILABILITY

There are lots of challenges in electrical operational

systems; one of them is maintaining the effective and

efficient electrical power supply to the customers,

especially in remote islands area which is far away

from the sources of power plant. Retnanestri, et, al.

2004 and Akhmad, 2014 examined the sustainability

of PV system for rural and remote areas which far

from electrical power generation resources by

considering the sustainability of economic, social,

environmental and institutional dimensions of system

(Retnanestri, Outhred, & Healy, 2004), (Akhmad,

2016).

The study of supply and demand in the

commercial industry has been done by Oxa, et. al

2012. This study discussed the impact of energy

deficiencies on industrial production by analysing

energy supply and consumption patterns by

developing a model and simulation. The results

showed the demand for industrial electricity in the

industrial sector based on current conditions and

predict industrial electricity demand in the future and

how the availability of electrical energy in the future

(Oxa & Erma, 2012).

The output voltage of photovoltaic might be

unstable; it relies on solar intensity. However, in

order to charge the accumulator, the output voltage of

photovoltaic must be stable at 14.5 volts. So then, a

regulator device such as buck-boost converter is used

to govern the output voltage of photovoltaic. Hidayat,

et, al. 2011, developed a system to utilize the solar

energy to support household electrical energy

provided by PLN by using a microcontroller. This

system equipped by accumulator, inverter and

microcontroller (Hidayat, Wahjono, & Nansur,

2011b).

The application of photovoltaic in a remote island

such as in Bengkalis has been done by Custer, et, al

2012. This study carried out a technical and economic

analysis of photovoltaic application for housing with

a capacity of 900 VA. Analysis consideration based

on load requirements, the amount of solar intensity

and the capacity of available solar panels. The results

concluded that the usage of photovoltaic is relatively

expensive but in the future, it is feasible to develop

(Custer & Lianda, 2012).

In a small scale of supply and demand, electrical

power study has been conducted by Ariani, et, al.

2014. This study analysed the sustainability of

communal solar power generation (PLTSA)

operation to determine the capacity of the solar power

system. This study was conducted in Kaliwungu,

Banjarnegara. The results showed that the daily load

of 8,922 kWh can be supplied from the PLTS system

with capacity of 2.85 kWp (Ariani & Winardi, 2014).

Furthermore, Ruskardi, 2015 conducted technical and

economic analysis of the off-grid solar system to

supply electrical power in Dusun Sedayu. The

technical assessments comprised the investigation of

solar panel, battery, controller and inverter. While the

economic analysis concluded that the energy price is

about Rp.13.294,46, - / kWh and the payback period

is about 4.01 years (Ruskardi, 2015). While

Massarang, 2016 analysed the use of solar energy as

the powerhouse at Puro’o village, Sigi. The demand

for electrical load was 393,598 Wh / day which was

supplied by 459 units of solar panels with the capacity

of 250 Wp (Masarrang, 2016).

Another case in Madura, photovoltaic power plant

is utilized to improve the sustainability of electrical

power supply. Photovoltaic power plant is the best

solutions since it is a fast and independent option.

Furthermore, in real application, the electrical

operating system must be analysed by creating a

scenario model to determine the influenced factors

and variables to the system. Quentara, et, al. 2017,

analysed the electrical operational systems using

system dynamics method. This study showed that a

Rp 632 billion investment of photovoltaic power

plant is needed to supply the electrical power for 58

remote villages in Pamekasan to generate 24,935 MW

(Quentara & Suryani, 2017).

One of the advantages of photovoltaic panel that

it is compatible with the electricity grid to afford

credits and more lessen electricity expenditures.

Naim, et, al. 2017 connected photovoltaic panel to a

small scale electricity grid. This study designed a

1500 Watt on-grid photovoltaic system in Timampu

village (Naim & Wardoyo, 2017). Joewonoo, et, al

2017 linked a 200 Wp solar panel into the electricity

grid to drive submersible water pump (Joewono,

Sitepu, & Peter R Angka, 2017).

In a large scale of established electricity grid such

as in the Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) interconnected

system, the photovoltaic has a future potential of

utilization in supporting the JAMALI grid. Tanoto, et,

al. 2017 analysed the potential of future use of PV in

JAMALI grid. This study presented a detailed

potential of PV output along JAMALI area. The

results showed that PV has a significant contribution

in fulfilling the demand of electricity in JAMALI area

(Tanoto, Macgill, Bruce, & Haghdadi, 2017).

In a couple decades before, the high investment

cost of photovoltaic installation made these devices

were not attractive compared with the fossil fuel

power generation. However, it is predicted that

The Development of Photovoltaic Application in Indonesia: A Review

109

photovoltaic would be competitive against

conventional power generation. Rahardjo, et, al. 2005

developed a MARKAL model to predict the

competitiveness of photovoltaic in the future. The

result of this study showed that the installed

photovoltaic capacity would increase dramatically

about four times in the year 2030 and would substitute

the fossil-based power plant in some region in

Indonesia (Rahardjo & Fitriana, 2005).

Based on these studies, it is cleared that the use of

photovoltaic is feasible to fulfil the demand for

electrical power in rural and remote areas in

Indonesia.

3 THE STRATEGY OF

PHOTOVOLTAIC

IMPLEMENTATION

The utilization of photovoltaic system in Indonesia

has been implemented in three stages: the first is the

demonstration stage, the second is a repetition of

demonstration stage and the third is the spreading

stage (Dasuki, Djamin, & Lubis, 2001). Those

programs had been done under a bilateral cooperation

project. For example, the cooperation between the

government of Indonesia and Germany, Dutch,

Australia, Japan and World Bank had supported

thousands units of photovoltaic for lighting, irrigation

system, refrigerator system, public TV, street lights

and solar home systems in remote and rural areas.

Recently, solar energy-based is commonly taken

into account to be a reliable resolution for rural

electrification. Unfortunately, the spread of the use of

photovoltaic in Indonesia is quite low. With regard to

scale-up, the dissemination of photovoltaic, private

investments support are required. Schmidt, et, al.

2013 investigated the viewpoint of the risk/return

projects in Indonesia. The findings stated that positive

returns of solar energy could be achieved. The risk

aspect could be minimized by choosing the

appropriate business model. This study also

mentioned that the government need to take action

regarding enhance the risk/return outline, so then the

photovoltaic project in Indonesia would be more

attractive (Schmidt, Blum, & Sryantoro Wakeling,

2013).

The government has established two most

important programs with regard to provide electricity

in rural area; those are Super Extra Energy Saving

that is financed by PLN and Solar Home System

which belongs to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral

Resources. Based on the East Nusa Tenggara

experiences, it is clear that the government has to

initiate some actions in order to synchronize the rules

of administrative, financial and technical (Sambodo,

2015).

4 THE APPLICATION OF

PHOTOVOLTAIC IN

INDONESIA

4.1 Photovoltaic Manufacturing

A photovoltaic system includes the photovoltaic

panel, energy storage, inverter and controller. The

technology development of each sub-system has been

well established by national industry except

photovoltaic panel. Photovoltaic manufacturing in

Indonesia resumed in 2009, however, national

industry has a focus on the solar panel assembly

where solar panel components such as photovoltaic

panel, glass and frames are imported from abroad

(Kumara, 2010).

From raw material point of view, Indonesia has an

abundance of silica which is a vital substance in

photovoltaic panel fabrication. Moreover, the

government of Indonesia stated that will support

photovoltaic manufacturing to fulfil the national

demand (PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara, 2019).

4.2 Photovoltaic Operational Setting

In order to increase the effectiveness of collecting

solar radiation, the photovoltaic have to face the sun

perpendicularly. So, the photovoltaic must always

follow the sun’s movement by using a solar tracker

system. Manan, 2009, and Ramadhan, 2016

developed a solar tracker system to optimise received

solar radiation on photovoltaic (Manan, 2009),

(Ramadhan, Diniardi, & Mukti, 2016). While

Ubaidillah, et, al. 2012 developed a solar tracker

system by using microcontroller. The result showed

that the average power output is 10% higher than the

static panel (Ubaidilllah, Suyitno, & Juwana, 2012).

In terms of the position on earth, the inclination

angle of the photovoltaic panel would be varied.

Pangestuningtyas, et, al. 2013 analysed the influence

of the inclination angle of the photovoltaic panel. This

study was conducted in Semarang. This study

concluded that the variation of the inclination angle

of the photovoltaic panel depends on the position of

the sun. it varies from 1 to 24 in wet and dry

seasons, respectively (Pangestuningtyas, Hermawan,

& Karnoto, 2013).

ASAIS 2019 - Annual Southeast Asian International Seminar

110

Other efforts to improve the performance of solar

cells are also carried out by adding solar collectors.

Ilyas, S, et, al. 2017 presented an experimental study

to enhance the performance of the solar power plant.

This study utilized two parabolic reflectors and

showed an increase in efficiency for about 1.3%

(Ilyas & Kasim, 2017).

Installation of photovoltaic can be applied in a

centralized and distributed installation. Widiyantoro,

2015, discussed the comparison of the results of the

efficiency and economic aspects between centrally

installed photovoltaic and distributed installed

photovoltaic (Widiyantoro, 2015).

4.3 Photovoltaic Electrical Power

Generation

Photovoltaic is a device to generates electrical power

by converting solar radiation. The generated electrical

power could be used directly for any electrical

appliances or stored in a battery. It is worthy that

photovoltaic could be used for photovoltaic for

lighting, irrigation system, refrigerator system, public

TV, street lights and solar home systems.

The common use of photovoltaic is for solar home

system to supply electrical power for home

appliances. As’ari, et, al. 2014 and Bachtiar, 2016

proposed a procedure of designing a solar home

system. The result of the study could be a reference

of the user to determine the specifications of the

photovoltaic panel that can satisfy the electrical

demand of a house (Asy’ari, Rozaq, & Putra, 2014),

(Bachtiar, 2016). While Abidin, et al. 2017 conducted

an implementation study of photovoltaic for street

lighting system in Lamongan Regency. This study

also installed an optical concentrator in order to

increase the efficiency which achieve an increase of

15% (Abidin & Bachri, 2017).

In the agriculture and farming industry,

photovoltaic also has a significant contribution to

supply electric power. Subandi, et, al. 2015 and

Joewono, et, al. 2017 discussed the implementation

of photovoltaic in driving the water pump. Those

experimental studies included photovoltaic, battery

and solar charger controller (Joewono et al., 2017),

(Subandi & Hani, 2015). Those studies concluded

that the photovoltaic is compatible to supply electrical

power for agriculture purposes.

Another application of photovoltaic in Indonesia

is conducted by Julisman, et al. 2017. The aim of this

study is to develop a prototype of an automatic system

of open-close stadium roof. The source of electrical

power is from 50 Wp photovoltaic. The system

includes a microcontroller and electrical motor

(Julisman, Sara, & Siregar, 2017).

4.4 Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T)

Combinations of photovoltaic and solar thermal

modules are called photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T). This

combined system generates electricity and heat

simultaneously. PV/T is made up of thermal

collectors and PV layer.

Figure 1. Cross-section of PV/T (Chow, 2010)

The thermal collectors absorb heat then transported

away by air or water as working fluids, and

simultaneously the photovoltaic modules generate

electricity (Jia, Alva, & Fang, 2019). This combined

system enhances the efficiency of the PV systems.

The schematic of PV/T is as shown in Figure 1.

One of the benefits of PV/T is reducing the PV

temperatures which increase the efficiency of

electrical power generation. This results as can be

proven by a study conducted by Subarkah, et al. 2014.

The study showed that the PV temperatures decrease

up to 8C and the efficiency increase as 1.6%

(Subarkah et al., 2015). Another PV/T study was

conducted by Ubaidillah, et, al. 2012 which designed

and built up the power scale household utilise the

photovoltaic and thermoelectric cells of solar

radiation (Ubaidilllah et al., 2012).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Indonesia has abundant solar energy potential

because it is located near the equator. To reduce

dependence on fossil energy sources, the government

began to promote renewable energy sources; one of

them is solar energy. Several studies on the potential

of solar energy prove that solar energy can be relied

upon as an energy source in the future.

The Development of Photovoltaic Application in Indonesia: A Review

111

The government has made a strategy for

implementing solar energy by issuing regulations and

also cooperating with private parties and foreign

countries. The production of solar panels is also being

encouraged, at this time the national industry has been

able to produce solar panels with a composition of

local content that continues to increase. However, the

dissemination of photovoltaic are quite low and need

to be encouraged by private investment support. At

the same time, the government has to be more active

in synchronising the rules in technical, administrative

and financial point of views.

Technically the use of solar panels is well

understood. Several studies on equipment settings

have been carried out to determine the orientation of

the solar panels. The research to analyse the main

function of photovoltaic for generating electrical

power has also been carried out. For examples are for

household electricity and street lighting and other

automation systems. Additional advantages of

photovoltaic technology to absorbing heat have been

proposed in several studies on photovoltaic/thermal.

Furthermore, there are some potential

improvements in the photovoltaic application in

Indonesia. Such as the utilization of heat energy

which comes with the photovoltaic. The knowledge

of absorbing heat from the photovoltaic surface need

to be explored more. Thermosyphon and heat pipe

could be introduced as a superconductor. Moreover,

the lacks of potential land area need to be solved by

presenting the floating photovoltaic. It means that the

photovoltaic is installed on the surface of the water

such as in lake, pond or sea.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thanks, P3M Politeknik

Negeri Jakarta for funding this research through

“Hibah Penelitian Produk Unggulan 2019” with

contract number 215/PL3.18/PN/2019.

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