Characterisation of Physico-Mechanical Properties and Colour of
Physalis Angulata
Rohmah Luthfiyanti*, Dadang D Hidayat, Raden Cecep Erwan Andriansyah, Nurhaidar Rahman,
Taufik Rahman and Ade Chandra Iwansyah
Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences,
Jl. KS. Tubun No. 5 Subang, West Java, Indonesia
Keywords: Physalis Angulata, Physical Properties, Mechanical Properties.
Abstract: This work was conducted to characterise the physical and mechanical properties of Physalis angulata. At a
moisture content of 76.50 ± 1.10% wb, the study showed that the average polar, equatorial and geometric
diameters were 13.49 ± 0.69 mm, 12.92±0.76 mm, 13.10±0.66 mm. The surface area, mass and volume
were 540.19±54.55 mm
2
, 1.39 ± 0.20 gr and 2.63 ± 0.47 cm
3
respectively. The particle and bulk densities
were 0.53 ± 0.04 gr/cm
3
and 0.42± 0.005 gr/cm
3
. The sphericity, aspect ratio and porosity ranged from,
97.17 ± 3.51 %, 95.84 ± 5.18%, and 20.26 ± 6.63% respectively. The fruits were spherical, and the colour
was pale yellow with the value of CIE l*a*b* and CIE l*c*h* of (37.80 ± 0.010, 1.85 ± 0.023, 10.79 ±
0.006), and (37.80 ± 0.010, 10.95 ± 0.007, 0.002 ± 0.002) respectively. The average hardness, gumminess,
adhesiveness, chewiness, cohesiveness , resilience and springiness ranged from 625.01± 101.97 gf,
346.74±64.28 gf, -2.27± 0.60 gf/sec, 27.41±5.79 gf/sec, 0.57± 0.13, 0.32 ± 0.12 and 0.08 ± 0.008
respectively. The mean angle of repose on stainless steel, aluminium, acrylic and plywood ranged from
7.97± 3.200, 9.23±3.730, 8.77±3.740 and 7.47 ± 2.910 respectively.
1 INTRODUCTION
The identity of Physalis angulata L. as a distinct
species is now well-established (Nicolson et al.,
1998; Reddy et al., 1999) although there is known to
be several synonyms. Two of the more commonly
quoted are Physalis minima and Physalis lanceifolia,
but neither is in current use. The preferred common
name of Physalis angulata is cutleaf ground cherry,
wild tomato, camapu, winter cherry and morrel
berry. In Indonesia, Physalis angulata has known as
Ciplukan. In Indonesia, the name of Ciplukan has
varied depending on the location, such as Ceplukan
(Jawa), Cecendet (Sunda), Yor-yoran (Madura),
Lapinonat (Seram), Angket, Kepok-kepokan,
Keceplokan (Bali), Dedes (Sasak) and Leletokan
(Minahasa) (Mardisiswoyo, 1965).
Physalis angulata is native to tropical America
and has been distributed pantropically to various
regions in America, Pacific, Australia, and Asia,
including Indonesia (Reddy et al., 1999). In
Indonesia, Physalis angulata is an invasive weed of
crops. These plants have not cultivated and grown
naturally in the bushes near the settlements to the
edges of the forest and still allowed to grow wild
naturally. The fruits favoured by producers and
consumers due to their sweetness and high
nutraceutical value (Nicolas et al., 2014; Bart-
Plange, 2003). Although Physalis angulata used for
consumption as fresh products, along with the
development technology, now a day Physalis
angulata fruits have begun to processed into syrup,
sauce and marmalades. In the processing of any fruit
into a different product, physical and mechanical
properties are indispensable.
The physical and mechanical properties of
various agricultural products have been studied by
other researchers, such as, cocoa bean (Nicolas et
al., 2014; Bart-Plange, 2003; Lam et al., 2016),
Bambara groundnut (Adejumo, 2005), Kumquat
(Jaliliantabar et al., 2013), Russian olive fruit (Zare,
2012), Date fruit (Keramat et al., 2008), Sesame
seed (Tunde, 2004), Almond (Loghavi, 2011),
sunflower (Gupta, 1998), wheat (Tabatabaeefar,
2003), soybean (Manuwa, 2004; Deshpande, 1993;
Davies, 2009), Jatropha curcas (Karaj et al., 2008),
and sugar beet seed (Dursun, 2007). The physical
and mechanical properties of the agricultural crop
Luthfiyanti, R., Hidayat, D., Andriansyah, R., Rahman, N., Rahman, T. and Iwansyah, A.
Characterisation of Physico-Mechanical Properties and Colour of Physalis angulata.
DOI: 10.5220/0009983000002964
In Proceedings of the 16th ASEAN Food Conference (16th AFC 2019) - Outlook and Opportunities of Food Technology and Culinary for Tourism Industry, pages 289-295
ISBN: 978-989-758-467-1
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
289

are helpful in providing physical and mechanical
properties of Physalis angulata.
There are some researcher done studies on the
characteristics of Physalis angulata fruits. The fruit
of Physalis angulata is round and has a diameter of
about 6 - 8 mm (Reddy, 1999). The other studies
showed that the diameter of the fruits ranged from
10-18 mm (Gönen, 2000; Pier, 2011), 15 -20 mm
(Mahalakshmi, 2014), 8-14 mm (South Australia,
2012) and 12 mm (US-Departement of Agriculture,
2014). Regarding the previously published papers,
the physical and mechanical properties of Physalis
angulata have not studied completely yet. Therefore
this study aimed to measure the physical and
mechanical properties to provide the database on
Physalis angulata.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Physalis angulata samples were taken from
subdistrict of Pagaden ( 6
0
30’24” S, 107
0
48’74”E,
55 MAMSL) Subang district, province of west java.
Physical properties measured in this study consisted
of polar diameter, equatorial diameter, mass,
volume, moisture content, geometric diameter,
surface area, particle density, bulk density, porosity,
aspect ratio, and sphericity. The mechanical
properties consisted of hardness, adhesiveness,
springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness,
resilience and angle of repose. The measurements of
physical properties and angle of repose, hardness,
and fracturability, and colour were conducted on 50,
11 and ten random samples respectively, with the
moisture content of 76.50 ± 1.10% wb. The moisture
content was measured based on the AOAC
procedure (AOAC, 1995).
Instruments used for measuring the sample
consisted of drying oven , digital vernier caliper with
an accuracy 0.01 mm, an electronic balance with an
accuracy 0.01 gram, an analytical balance with an
accuracy 0.01 mg, an apparatus to determine angle
of repose , a texture analyser , a beaker glass , a
graduated cylinder and colorimeter NH310. The
statistical package was used to determine the
average value, correlation coefficient and linear
regression of the in-between relationship of physical
and mechanical properties.
2.1 Measurement of Physical
Properties
The major of physical properties determined,
consisted of polar diameter, equatorial diameter,
mass, and volume. Figure 1 showed the position of
polar and equatorial diameters measurements.
Figure 1: A position of the polar and equatorial diameter
of Physalis angulata.
The minor of physical properties consisted of
geometric diameter, surface area, particle density,
bulk density, porosity, aspect ratio, and sphericity
were found by the following relationship (Mohsenin,
1986; Sacilik, 2003; Tunde, 2004; Aluntas et al.,
2005; Loghavi, 2011; Zare, 2012; Sessiz et al.,
2013; Kaveri, 2015).
D
gm
=

D

D




mm
A
s
= 3.14(D

)

cm
2
ρ




gr/cm
3
ρ







gr/cm
3
 (%) =








 100 %
ψ = 100 x




R
a
=




x 100 %
Where :
D
p
: Polar diameter, mm D
g
m
: Geometric diameter, mm
D
e
: Equatorial diameter, mm
A
s
: Surface area, mm
2
M : Mass, gr D
g
m
: Geometric diameter, mm
V : Volume, ml ε : Porosity, %
ρ
p
: Particle density, gr/ml ψ : Sphericity, %
ρ
b
: Bulk density, gr/ml R
a
: Aspect ratio, %
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290

Figure 2: The CIE L*a*b* and L*C*h* geometric
coordinates systems.
2.2 Measurement of Mechanical
Properties
The mechanical properties measured included
texture profile and angle of repose. Texture profile
consisted of hardness, adhesiveness, springiness,
cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and
resilience. The angle of repose was measured on
four types of materials, i.e., stainless steel 1 mm,
aluminium 1 mm, acrylic 3 mm and plywood 18
mm.
2.3 Measurement of Colours
The analysis methods used were CIE (Commission
Internationale de L'Eclairage) L* a* b* and CIE
L* c* h* coordinates. The value of L*, a* and b*
obtained were used to determine the chroma, hue
angle and total colour difference between all three
coordinates by using equation as follows (Ruiz et
al., 2012). Figure 2 showed the geometric colour
coordinates of the two colour models.
Chroma, c*=

(a
∗
)

+(b
∗
)

Hue angle, h*= tan
-1
(

∗

∗
)
ΔE*
A-B
=

(ΔL
∗
)

+(Δa
∗
)

+(Δb
∗
)

3 RESULTS AND DISCCUSSION
3.1 Physical Properties
Table 1 showed the values of, minimum,
maximum, mean and standard deviation of Polar
diameter, equatorial diameter, geometric diameter
surface area, particle density, bulk density,
sphericity, aspect ratio and porosity of Physalis
angulata fruits.
Table 1 showed the values of, minimum,
maximum, mean and standard deviation of Polar
diameter, equatorial diameter, geometric diameter
surface area, particle density, bulk density,
sphericity, aspect ratio and porosity of Physalis
angulata fruits. Results of the measurement
showed that the dimension of the Physalis
angulata fruits was following results from other
studies (Gönen, 2000; Pier, 2012; South Australia,
2012; US-Departement of Agriculture, 2014), but
relatively bigger that of a previous study (Reddy et
al., 1999) and smaller than that of research
(Mahalakshmi, 2014). Based on the chart
developed in the previously published paper (Paul,
1965), the result of the study found that the shape
of Physalis angulata fruit was spherical. Figure 3
showed the coordinates of the Physalis angulata
shape.
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of the physical properties of Physalis angulata fruits.
Properties Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
D
p
(mm) 12.02 14.90 13.49 0.69
D
e
(mm) 10.90 14.39 12.92 0.76
M (gr) 1.00 1.80 1.39 0.20
V (ml) 1.80 4.00 2.63 0.47
D
gm
(mm) 11.58 14.45 13.10 0.66
A
s
(mm
2
) 420.85 655.62 540.19 54.55
ρ
p
(gr/ml) 0.45 0.64 0.53 0.04
ρ
b
(gr/ml) 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.00
Ψ (%) 88.65 105.15 97.18 3.51
R
a
(%) 83.46 107.82 95.84 5.19
ε
(%)
4.34 34.30 20.26 6.63
Characterisation of Physico-Mechanical Properties and Colour of Physalis angulata
291

Figure 3: The chart of shape coordinates of Physalis
angulata fruits.
Regarding the in-between relationship of the
physical properties, results of regression analysis
showed that equatorial diameter, geometrical
diameter, and surface area were dependent on mass.
The polar diameter and porosity were dependent on
volume and particle density respectively. The
equation of those relationships was as follows:
D
e
= 3.208 M + 8.456 R = 0.883 SEE = 0.4222
D
gm
= 3.050 M + 8.860 R = 0.905 SEE = 0.2838
A
s
= 252.687 M + 188.958 R = 0.909 SEE =
23.0163
D
p
= 1.133 V + 10.515 R = 0.776 SEE= 0.4408
ε = 102.057 ρ
p
+35.406 R = 0.982 SEE= 0.8598
3.2 Mechanical Properties
Table 2 showed the minimum, maximum, mean and
standard deviation values of the texture profile of
samples. Figure 4 showed the typical texture profile
graph of Physalis angulata fruits.
The value of gumminess was determined from
the multiplication of hardness and cohesiveness
values. The negative work between the two cycles
showed the amount of adhesiveness. Due to the
small number, figure 4 could not be able to show the
adhesiveness. The value of chewiness was obtained
from the multiplication of hardness, cohesiveness
and springiness values. The amount of Cohesiveness
was determined from the area of work during the
second compression (A1 or A5) divided by the area
of work during the first compression (A2 or A4).
The value of resilience had been measured on the
withdrawal of the first penetration before the waiting
period was started, in figure 4 that value was pointed
out as the ratio of A4 and A3. Results of the study
showed that Physalis angulata were similar to tofu
25%, hotdog 50% and Jello 50% (Bourne, 2002)
.
Figure 4: Typical texture profile of Physalis angulata
samples.
Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the texture profile of Physalis angulata fruits.
Texture Profile Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Hardness, H 467.32 769.51 625.0120 101.9654
Gumminess, G 272.09 517.81 346.7401 64.2784
Adhesiveness, A -3.33 -1.46 -2.2687 0.5953
Chewiness, C
h
18.43 38.18 27.4129 5.7940
Cohesiveness, C
o
0.47 0.91 0.5654 0.1297
Resilience, R 0.23 0.63 0.3238 0.1158
Spriginess, S 0.07 0.09 0.0788 0.0081
Table 3: Statistics description of an angle of repose on various surface materials.
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Stainless steel, α
ss
6.04 20.81 7.9704 3.19972
Aluminium, α
al
6.04 20.81 9.2276 3.73443
Acrylic, α
acry
6.04 17.62 8.7690 3.73675
Plywood, α
plyw
6.04 17.62 7.4648 2.90841
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Results of the correlation analysis showed that
springiness was dependent on hardness. Chewiness
depended more on gumminess than on springiness,
and resilience depended more on cohesiveness than
on gumminess. The equation of the relationship
between springiness and hardness, and gumminess,
and between resilience and cohesiveness were as
follows:
S = 6.683E-5 H + 0.037 R= 0.713 SEE = 0.0046
R = 0.938 C
o
-0.159 R= 0.998 SEE = 0.0057
C
h
= 0.079 G – 0.109 R= 0.881 SEE = 2.8945
Table 3 showed the minimum, maximum, mean
and standard deviation values of the angle of repose
on four different surfaces. Results of the
measurement showed that the smallest repose angle
occurred on the surface of the plywood and the
greatest occurred on the aluminium.
Results of paired t-test analysis indicated that
there was a significant difference between the angle
of repose of stainless steel and aluminium, stainless
steel and acrylic, stainless steel and plywood,
aluminium and acrylic and between acrylic and
plywood (p > 0.05). Otherwise, there was not any
significant difference in the angle of repose on
between aluminium and plywood (p<0.05).
Results of statistical analysis using stepwise
multiple regression showed that there was a
relationship between the angle of repose and the
physical properties. The angle of repose on stainless
steel had a tangential relationship with sphericity,
aspect ratio and particle density. The angle of repose
on aluminium had a tangential relationship with
sphericity, aspect ratio, mass and equatorial
diameter. The angle of repose on acrylic had a
tangential relationship with polar diameter,
sphericity, equatorial diameter and particle density.
The angle of repose on plywood had a tangential
relationship with sphericity and aspect ratio. The
regression equations of all those relationships were
presented as follows,
Table 4 showed the minimum, maximum, mean
and standard deviation values of coordinates of CIE
l*a*b* and CIE l*c*h*. Results of the colour
analysis showed that the Physalis angulata fruits
tended to have a pale yellow colour. This colour of
the Physalis angulata fruit was following that of
previous researches (Mahalakshmi, 2014; Bastos,
2006).
α
ss
= (1.816 ψ -1.239 R
a
– 0.217 Dp) tan α
ss
– 0.259
R=1.000
SEE= 0.0623
Α
al
= (1.750 ψ – 1.151 R
a
+ 2.387 M – 0.625 D
e
) tan α
al
R=1.000
SEE=0.0607
α
acry
= (2.786 D
p
+ 0.574 ψ – 2.897 D
e
-1.541 ρ
p
) tan α
acry
R=1.000
SEE=0.0445
α
plyw
= 1.693 ψ – 1.139 R
a
) tan α
plyw
+ 0.184
R=1.000
SEE=0.0275
Table 4: Descriptive Statistics of colours.
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
E* 39.34 39.36 39.3493 0.010
l* 37.79 37.81 37.7960 0.010
a* 1.83 1.87 1.8527 0.023
b* 10.78 10.79 10.7880 0.006
c* 10.94 10.95 10.9460 0.007
h* 0.00 0.00 0.0017 0.002
Characterisation of Physico-Mechanical Properties and Colour of Physalis angulata
293

4 CONCLUSION
The results of this work found that the analysed
Physalis angulata, physically had an average polar
diameter, equatorial diameter, geometric diameter
and surface area ranged from 13.49 ± 0.69,
12.92±0.76, 13.10±0.66 mm and 540.19±54.55
mm
2
respectively. These biometric characteristics
were relatively similar to those characteristics
reported in the literature for the same product. The
average mass and volume ranged from 1.39 ± 0.20
gr and 2.63 ± 0.47 cm
3
respectively. The average
particle and bulk density ranged from 0.53 ± 0.04
and 0.42± 0.005 gr/cm
3
respectively. The average
sphericity, aspect ratio and porosity ranged from
97.17 ± 3.51, 95.84 ± 5.18 and 20.26 ± 6.63 %. On
the relationship within the physical measures,
results of regression analysis indicated that
equatorial diameter, geometrical diameter, and
surface area were dependent on mass. The polar
diameter and porosity were dependent on volume
and particle density respectively In term of the in-
between relationship of mechanical properties;
springiness was dependent on hardness. Chewiness
depended on springiness, and resilience was
dependent on cohesiveness.
Regarding the angle of repose, the highest angle
of repose occurred on the surface of aluminium;
otherwise, the lowest of that happened on the
surface of the plywood. The angle of repose on the
stainless steel surface tangentially was dependent
on aspect ratio and polar diameter. The angle of
repose on aluminium surface tangentially was
dependent aspect ratio, mass and equatorial
diameter, the angle of repose of acrylic surface was
tangentially dependent on polar diameter,
sphericity, equatorial diameter and particle density
and angle of repose of plywood were tangentially
dependent on sphericity and aspect ratio. There
were significant differences of the angle of repose
between stainless steel and all of aluminium,
acrylic and plywood, between aluminium and
acrylic and between acrylic and plywood;
otherwise, there was not any significant difference
between aluminium and plywood. Regarding the
colour, the Physalis angulata fruits tended to have
pale yellow colour, with the L*a*b*c*h*
coordinates of 37.80 ± 0.0101, 85 ± 0.023,
10.79 ± 0.006, c* = 10.95 ± 0.007, and h*=0.02 ±
0.002 respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We want to thank Dadang Gandara, Iman Rusim,
Maulana F., Sutrisno, Sukwati, Neneng K. and S.
Khudaifanny for their help in carrying out this study.
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