Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education

A. T. Bayakhmetova

, L. T. Bayakhmetova

and L. T. Bayakhmetova

Kazakh-German University (DKU), Almaty, Kazakhstan

Agency of the Republic of Kazakhastan, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Keywords: Principal-Argent Problem, Problems of Sustainable Development of Education in Kazakhstan, Citation Index,

Wages, Human Behavior Model, Futurization of Education.

Abstract: The most suitable term characterizing the modern condition of Kazakhstan's science is the "transition period".

The first years of Kazakhstan's independence are marked by a bifurcation stage for Kazakhstan's science and

education. Reforms left a painful mark, breaking the continuity, the disappearance of some scientific schools,

and in general, leading to the disorientation of the sphere of science and education. The main issue is

considered, interrelation of two factors: citation index and salary. Due to the fact that most of the elderly age

group of scientists does not have the research tools, the model of the behavior of scientists did not change due

to erroneous signals from the leader - the Ministry of Education and Science of the country, the issue about

the multiplier effect of increasing the salary of scientists in the transition period for Kazakh science arises.

The study showed that in the period under consideration, the increase in wages is not a panacea for solving

the problem. The consequence of the policy pursued by the leader is the inability and unwillingness of

education to accept the ideas of futurization.

1 INTRODUCTION

The study of the interrelation of two factors, citation

index, and salary, showed its absence. In the context

of this issue, the well-known theories in economics,

which have not been confirmed in the applied field in

relation to the Kazakh sphere of science and

education, were considered. The explanation lies in

the time gap that was formed during the formation of

the country as an independent state. This period

destroyed the basis of the Kazakhstan's science. The

lack of continuity, the destruction of the scientific and

methodological approach in the broad sense of

science has led to a low level of citation of

Kazakhstan's scientific articles.

During the period of the first reforms, the

functioning chain of interrelation between science,

real sector, and economy was destroyed. This

interrelation is not restored, and the state of education

is aggravated by aggressively implemented

technological and social trends. Education is not able

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-1513

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-2439

to respond quickly and adequately to the new

challenges of the time.

The solution is to implement the strategy of

futurization of education. The transition to the

designated vector is complicated by the lack of a

single vector for the development of science and

education. The lack of this understanding from the

leader leads to sending of wrong signals and, as a

result, to the formation of a flawed model of the

leader's behavior.

The increase in wages during the "transition

period" cannot be considered as the main motivating

tool for increasing the role of science in the economy

as a whole. The reason lies in the weak knowledge of

the research tools or in their complete absence, with

the exception of young scientists who were trained

and got their degrees abroad, who perfectly speak

foreign languages, whose number is not enough in a

general group of scientists in the country.

According to the Kazakhstani experts

(Periodicheskoye izdaniye Kursiv, 2018), there is a

"brain drain" in the country. One of the reasons for

the departure of qualified personnel from the country

548

Bayakhmetova, A., Bayakhmetova, L. and Bayakhmetova, L.

Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education.

DOI: 10.5220/0010671700003223

In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientiﬁc Forum on Sustainable Development of Socio-economic Systems (WFSDS 2021), pages 548-555

ISBN: 978-989-758-597-5

is the creation of a comfortable environment for

attracting talented people by the countries involved,

the second reason is the inability to apply the

knowledge gained abroad in Kazakhstan due to the

inability and unwillingness of the economy and the

environment to accept them.

There are lots of reasons that explain the outflow

of qualified people who are able to develop

technologies, help the state to develop the existing

potential, these the most significant reasons are:

corruption, poor quality of life, the culture of the

scientific environment, lack of investment

environment. It is impossible to commercially apply

the existing scientific developments, since the level

of industrial development is either not ready or

unwilling to accept them, and the mechanisms of the

investment climate are not worked out.

According to the Office of National Statistics of

the Republic of Kazakhstan, the share of domestic

R&D expenditures from the gross domestic product

in 2003 and 2004 was 0.25%, 2005 – 0.28%, 2017 –

0.13%, 2018 and in 2019 - 0.12%, according to

preliminary data in 2020 – 0.12%. This data shows

the need for a radical change in attitudes to science

and education. The problem lies not only in the lack

of funding but also in the competent management of

science funding in the country (Forbes Kazakhstan,

2019).

In modern Kazakhstani science, the level of

development of science is assessed by such indicators

as the number of articles and the publication of an

article in journals with a non-zero impact factor. What

can revive the country's science? What will save the

country in the future? What prevents us to improve

the quality of life of people? The answer lies in the

formation of global education and the advanced

development of science.

In the light of the changes taking place on a global

scale, the rapid development of technologies, the

ongoing changes in geopolitics make us think about

the future of the country. Many other questions led to

one of the solutions - science. An interesting aspect

of the issue under consideration lies in the plane of

the scientist's behavior. Are the two factors, citation

index and scientists' salary, related to each other?

The citation index of articles depends on the

relevance of the chosen topic, the outlined

methodology. What can serve as a nudging signal for

increased research interest? According to the results

of the conducted survey, the incentive to conduct the

study is the salary. The logic is that an increase in

wages will arouse interest in science, an influx of

young scientists to the field of science, not only

increase the number of published articles but also

have a positive impact on the research process, on the

citation index. In general, there will be a shift in

science, including through the interaction of the real

sector and science. At the same time, we should not

forget about the principal-argent problem, about the

context that contains information about salaries and

concepts of the internal labor market, which makes it

possible to assess not the place of work, but its

competence and skills.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study of the subject is based on a quantitative

research method. To confirm the assumption, the χ

criterion of independence between qualitative

(categorical variables) is applied. When verifying

independence, two factors were considered, each of

which has several levels. One sample is extracted

from the general population, and the values of

qualitative variables corresponding to different levels

of factors are placed in the cells of the contingency

table.

In the χ

criterion, the independence criterion of

the hypotheses is formulated as follows:

Н0: the two qualitative variables are independent

(i.e. there is no relationship between them),

Н1: the two qualitative variables are dependent

(i.e. there is the relationship between them).

In order to check independence, χ2 test statistics

are used and the testing procedure is as follows:







набл

, (1)

where







набл

)(







- critical value of test statistics,

determined by the distribution tables χ2.

- the observed number of successes or

failures located in a particular factor cell at the

intersection of row i and the column j

Ri - (sum on the row i)

Cj = (sum on the column j)





Where Eij is the expected number of successes

and failures in a particular cell of the feature

conjugacy table, provided that the null hypothesis is

true. And there are v = (r – 1) (c-1) degrees of

freedom.

Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education

549

Assume that the significance level of the

hypothesis test is α = 0.05. Let's calculate the

expected values of the contingency table:

=(36*63)/94=24, E

=(36*27)/94=10,

=(36*4)/94=2, E

=(58*63)/94=39,

=(58*27)/94=17, E

=(58*4)/94= 2.

It is necessary to calculate:







набл

)(



37,3

)21(

)1715(

)3942(

)23(

)1012(

)2421(



























набл



According to the distribution table χ

, given that

the significance level is 0.05, and the number of

degrees of freedom v=(3-1)*(3-1)=2 -

99,5

2,05,0





The conclusion is that salaries do not affect the

citation index. To check the hypothesis by

determining the probability p–value, which in the

case under consideration takes on a value equal to

0.19. Since p–value>α, it means that the null

hypothesis is accepted: two qualitative variables

(citation index and salaries) are independent. With p–

value = 0,19, which is higher than the value α = 0.05.

At the 5% significance level, the second test method

resulted in a p-value of 0.19, which also confirms the

hypothesis of independence of the citation index and

salaries.

Figure 1: Verification of the hypothesis

The next approach used to test hypotheses is two-

way ANOVA.

A comparison of several categories of scientific

publications was carried out, as well as an estimate at

what salary the largest number of scientific

publications with a non-zero citation index is

published. Does the difference in publication between

the three categories of journals depend on the salary

of the authors?

Table 1: Comparison of several categories in scientific publications,

their

assessment with the help of the two-way analysis

of variance ANOVA.

Citation

(

0; 0,50

)

Citation

(

0,51; 0,90

)

Citation

˃=0,91

Interviewee

Wages of

110000-189999

7 0 0 Res

ondent 1

5 1 0 Respondent 2

4 2 0 Res

ondent 3

4 2 1 Respondent 4

7 1 1 Res

ondent 5

Wages of

190000-270000

5 3 1 Res

ondent 6

8 2 2 Respondent 7

2 1 2 Res

ondent 8

3 1 1 Respondent 9

4 3 0 Res

ondent 10

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550

Table 2: Analysis of Variance Table (ANOVA): The result of a two-way analysis of variance for the number of scientific

publications.

Two-way analysis of variance with repetitions

TOTAL

Citation

(0; 0,51)

Citation

˃=0,90

Citation

(0,51; 0,90)

Total

Wages 110000-189999

Count 5 5 5 15

Amount 27 6 2 35

Average 5.4 1.2 0.4 2.333333

Dispersion 2.3 0.7 0.3 6.095238

Wages 190000-270000

Count 5 5 5 15

Amount 22 10 6 38

Average 4.4 2 1.2 2.533333

Dispersion

Total

Count 10 10 10

Amount 49 16 8

Average 4.9 1.6 0.8

Dispersion 3.655556 0.93333 0.622222

Dispersion analysis

Source of variation SS df MS F P-value F-critical

Sample 0.3 1 0.3 0.174757 0.679635 4.259677

Columns 94.46667 2 47.23333 27.51456 6.15E-07 3.402826

Interaction 5.4 2 2.7 1.572816 0.228105 3.402826

Within 41.2 24 1.716667

Total 141.3667 29

In order to analyze the results, the first step was to

check the existence of an interaction between factor

A (average salary of the author) and factor B

(category of scientific publication). In the case of a

significant interaction effect, further analysis is

limited only to the assessment of this effect. If the

interaction effect is not significant, we should focus

on the main effects - potential differences between the

level of average salaries (factor A) and the categories

of scientific publications (factor B).

To determine the presence of an interaction effect

at the significance level of 0.05, the following

decisive rule is applied: the null hypothesis of the

absence of an interaction effect is rejected if the

calculated value of the F-statistic is greater than 3.40

(cell G27), i.e. greater than the upper critical value of

the F-distribution. Since F=1.57 (cell E27) < FU=3.40

(cell G27), then the value of p is 0.23 (cell F27), the

hypothesis H0 is not rejected. Therefore, there is no

sufficient reason to say that the factors of salary and

the categories of publications interact with each other.

At a given significance level of 0.05, the basis for

checking the difference between the two levels of

average salaries of authors of publications (factor A)

is the following decision rule: the null hypothesis is

rejected if the calculated value of the F-statistic is

greater than 4.25 (cell G25), i.e. more than the upper

critical value of the F-distribution. Since F = 0.17

(cell E25) < FU = 4.25 (cell G25), and the value of p

= 0.68 (cell F25) and exceeds the significance level α

= 0.05, the null hypothesis is not rejected. Thus, there

is no sufficient reason to claim that there is a

significant difference between different average

salaries and the number of scientific publications with

a non-zero citation index published by the author.

At a given significance level of 0.05, the basis for

checking the difference between the categories of

scientific publications (factor B) is the following

decisive rule: the null hypothesis is rejected if the

calculated value of the F-statistic is greater than 3.40

(cell G26), i.e. greater than the critical F-distribution.

Since F=27.51 (cell E26)>FU = 3.40 (cell G26), and

the value of p is almost zero (cell F26) and less than

the significance level α = 0.05, H0 is rejected. Thus,

it can be concluded that there is a significant

difference between the number of scientific

publications published in scientific journals with

different citation indices. Testing the hypothesis in

Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education

551

the two ways described above led to the null

hypothesis: there is no interrelation between the

citation index and salaries.

3 RESEARCH RESULTS

Poor knowledge of research tools does not allow you

to have a high citation rate of scientific articles.

Articles must be interesting, relevant, and arouse

interest, including due to the research methodology

included.

The citation rate characterizes the level of

development of science, and the citation rate does not

depend on the salary amount. The quality of the

research is not closely related to the salary amount for

a number of reasons. Kazakhstani science is

undergoing a "transition period". At this period of

time, an increase in salary is not a panacea for solving

this acute issue.

The available research and works prove the

interrelation between salary and scientific activity of

scientists. A reasonable question arises. Why the

opposite result was obtained in Kazakhstan?

4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The first restriction is a weakness of the scientific

school. The second one is the lack of a constructive

understanding of the vector of development of

science and education in the regulator. R. Thaler in

his book "Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral

Economics" (Thaler, 2016) writes: "The owner is

responsible for creating the problem to the same

extent as his subordinates". The theory of relations

between the principal and the agent sees the fault in

the weak level of development of science and the

principal itself - the regulator of the sphere of

education and science.

The lack of prospects also leads to the drain of

professionals. Over the past four years, the outflow of

qualified personnel has increased by 34 percent

according to IA "NewTimes.kz" with a reference to

Finprom. About 90 percent of those leaving

Kazakhstan are young people aged 25-35.

The third reason is the culture of the scientific

environment, paternalism. Young people who studied

abroad do not see themselves in science because of

the lack of prestige of scientific activity, the inability

to apply the acquired knowledge in the country, there

is no platform for applying knowledge, or there is an

element of unpreparedness of society.

Richard Thaler, a well-known scientist in the field

of behavioral economics, adheres to the position of

irrationality in human behavior. Irrationality is not

random or meaningless – on the contrary, it is quite

systematic and predictable. How to change the

behavior of an employee in the field of science and

education? How to encourage employees to do

science, publish cited articles?

To resolve the issues raised, the Ministry of

Education and Science should:

1. Develop a clear strategy for the development

of science, the policy should work ahead of the curve,

i.e. it should be based on a model of global education.

2. Clarifications on the need for changes in the

field of science and education.

3. The strategy must be formed with the

participation of representatives of research

organizations and universities. Otherwise, the

developed strategy will meet with resistance from

employees of the scientific and educational sphere.

Considering the nature of human behavior, R.

Thaler identified three barriers: limited rationality,

limited willpower, and limited self-interest (Thaler,

1980). During economic interaction, the choice of an

individual is influenced by such factors as altruism,

the desire for justice, compliance with generally

accepted norms of behavior, trust, reciprocity, and

much more.

In modern behavioral economics, it is proposed to

pay attention to the emerging institutional order.

According to S. Sunder (Sunder, 2002), it is necessary

to take into account the fact that individuals make

their choices within a certain institutional

environment, and its architectonics directly affect

both the decisions that are made by individuals and

the consequences of these decisions. The social

environment has a huge impact on an individual's

decision-making. The concept of emergence reflects

a situation in which, as a result of the strategic

interaction of egotistical individuals, an overall

positive effect suddenly appears. Efficiency is

necessarily the result of the interaction of institutional

rules with the actions of economic actors (Smith,

2002). The task of the institute is to create

prerequisites for individuals to unite for conducting

joint research, writing high-quality articles.

Efficiency is achieved only in the interaction of the

state, science, and the real sector.

The "endowment effect" of R. Thaler suggests

that people tend to value things that they already

have, significantly higher than exactly the same ones,

but which they do not yet possess (Thaler and Shefrin,

1981). The high self-esteem of the country's scientists

is proved by the presence of an academic degree. The

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criterion for success is to have an academic degree,

not a high degree of citation. In Kazakhstani society,

there is no such value as a high level of citation of an

article. However, in Kazakhstan, there are scientists

whose articles are published in scientific journals

with a high impact factor or who have high citation

rates. No additional allowances are provided for their

salaries. What is the driver? Such factors as altruism

and the desire for justice push scientists to conduct

high-quality research and publish their results.

The behavior of workers in the field of science

and education should be considered not from the

position of their rational behavior, but from the

position of the teachings of behavioral science. The

conclusions are as follows:

1. People often do not consider opportunity costs

in their actions. For example, learning a foreign

language. Proficiency in a foreign language increases

competitiveness, the ability to receive additional

payment for proficiency in a foreign language.

Knowledge of a foreign language gives other

advantages as well.

2. People do not know how to think in terms of

limiting values. The current decision must be defined

not by the past, but by the future result.

3. People attach importance to relative, not

absolute, values. For example, if a person earns $100

000 a year, then, as a rule, he or she feels quite

confident, living and working in almost any city in

any country in the world, for example, in New York.

However, everything changes if this person lives in a

prestigious area of New York, located on the

Manhattan Peninsula. Seeing his or her neighbors,

whose average earnings are in the millions of dollars

a year, over time, he or she begins to feel unhappy.

Today, teaching is well paid, but with the right policy

of the Ministry of Education and Science, doing

science can be more profitable than being limited to

teaching only. Restriction leads to a loss of time, loss

of existing skills, and not gaining new ones in the

process of research.

4. People think about justice, and therefore may

not behave rationally.

5. People are very short-sighted when dealing

with probable quantities.

6. Most people are overconfident in their

abilities. As noted above, the self-esteem of

Kazakhstani scientists is very high, and that the main

incentive for such an assessment is the achievement

of an academic degree. High self-esteem is explained

by the respondents' high level of qualification, huge

scientific experience. A smaller proportion of

respondents named the demand for the results of their

work as the main motive for their assessment. Having

a high level of qualification and the presence of a

large scientific experience, Kazakhstani scientists are

supposed to have high citation rates, however,

statistics show the opposite.

7. People only pay attention to facts that support

their own views. This feature of human behavior is

well described in the book "The Black Swan: The

Impact of the Highly Improbable" (Taleb, 2007). In

real life, there are so many different events happening

that it is not difficult to find those that support a

certain point of view and accept them as proof of that

point of view. For example, extremely hot summer is

seen as proof of the theory of global warming.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The nudging role should be performed by the

country's Ministry of Education and Science or the

Science Committee. Mechanisms of direct coercion,

such as dismissal in the absence of cited articles,

should not be used. It is necessary to create conditions

under which a person makes decisions that are likely

to be optimal from a social point of view. The

designer of the creation of conditions is the Ministry

of Education and Science of the country or the

Science Committee.

The endowment effect should also be kept in

mind. In many situations, the subjective justice of an

action depends not only on who helps or does harm

but also on how the problem is formulated. Perception

of justice is associated with the endowment effect.

The endowment effect is that all economic decisions

are made based on the assumption of the costs of an

alternative opportunity. Considering the salary

amount as an incentive to conduct research and

publish high-quality articles, it is taken into account,

but attention is drawn to the amount of money, which

may seem large or small, depending on the context.

People are overly self-confident, they have the

effect of false consensus and such a pronounced trait

as a deviation towards the status quo, as well as a

tendency to avoid risks.

In this regard, a number of recommendations is

suggested. But, initially, the principal-agent problem

should be emphasized again. It is wrong to blame

scientists for the poor level of development. The

principal is as responsible for the creation of the

problem as the agent. Yes, there are problems in

science, but it is primarily the Ministry to be blamed

for creating such a condition.

It is often assumed that the head of a Ministry or

a scientific organization or university has a wide

range of skills, a share of analytical abilities, and who

Restrictions of the Development of Sustainable Education

553

can hire professionals to help them. However, as the

importance of the management decision increases, the

tendency of managers to rely on analytical notes and

recommendations prepared by professionals

decreases. Therefore, the role of leaders should be

seen as managers with a broad outlook, scientific

taste, and a modern set of management tools.

It is the principal who must determine the object

of the desire, know the ways to achieve it, and

understand the system of evaluating the results.

A nudge can only be the second step. It is the

signal theory that contributes to the solution of the

issue in one action.

But before generating a signal, the following

should be taken into account. Firstly, the endowment

effect. All economic decisions are made based on the

assumption of the cost of an alternative opportunity.

Secondly, a person tends to overestimate the level of

his or her awareness. Thirdly, scientists do not

discount what they now have - an academic degree,

which over time can be estimated at half that.

Based on the listed properties, proceed to the

generation of a signal. But one should take seriously

the generation of this signal and think about the

incentives. This measure will allow scientists and

educators to review and understand their preferences.

There is a category of employees who are more

inclined to engage in science or teaching or can be

generators of ideas. There are teachers who are not by

nature generators of ideas, but perfectly possess a set

of tools for communicating information to students.

The following should be considered as a

motivational tool.

1. Economics. Despite the fact that the salary is

perceived by Kazakhstani scientists as low, however,

this does not guarantee that an increase in salaries will

lead to an increase in the citation. The amount of

money seems large or small depending on the context.

The main thing is to create conditions to do science.

First of all, it is an opportunity to sell scientific works

and developments. Ongoing research and

development can be sold if they are interesting and in

demand. This knowledge can be sold because it is

understandable and people like it. You can motivate

people to do science through an incentive system, i.e.

through bonuses for citation, for monographs, for

innovations, developments. It should be noted that the

average monthly nominal salaries of workers in

research activities are higher than the average level

noted for the country as a whole. Undoubtedly, at this

time period, when the gap is created, the impact of

salaries on the citation index is small. But it is worth

considering a reward system for ongoing research, the

results of which are reflected in publications with a

high impact factor. The state should encourage such

scientists in the form of scholarships or one-time

financial incentives.

2. Political Motivation. Under political

motivation, the authors of this article consider the

theory of signals. Send the necessary signal to the

scientific community, which should not consist in the

number of publications, but, for example, in the

citation. In this direction, it is necessary to increase

the requirements for the content of materials, review,

and export evaluation, in other words, to come to a

more thorough, rigid system of selection of scientific

papers. For this purpose, it is proposed to create an

association of editors and publishers of scientific

publications in the form of an export-consulting

center. Its tasks will include such issues as training of

domestic authors in the preparation of scientific

publications, professional translation into English,

German, Russian, and Chinese, the development of a

unified web platform for the websites of scientific

journals. Political motivation can also be viewed

through such a tool as “forcing” by giving signals. For

example, to increase the requirements for the

assignment of scientific titles, the quality of published

articles, i.e. to pay attention to the non-content part.

But no matter what harsh conditions are put forward,

the teacher, for example, will not do science, because

the latter will always calculate the costs. There must

be strict working conditions and requirements. Fear

of losing a job in the light of the ongoing global

changes in the world, the Fourth Industrial

Revolution, rising unemployment. It will force

scientists to pay attention not to salaries in the first

place, but to the preservation of their workplace.

3. The new behavioral economics proved that the

basis of the human behavioral model is not

rationality, but irrationality due to various facts,

including the inability of a person to work and process

big data, to make the right choice due to certain

restrictions. A person values what he or she owns.

The survey shows that in the Kazakhstani scientific

society having an academic degree is considered to be

an achievement. It is necessary to change the point of

value, show through nudge that an academic degree

is discounted and loses its value over time.

4. The next motivation is moral. The principal-

agent problem is covered here. One of the problems

of the decline of the moral climate is reduced to the

problem of the principal. The principal must know

that the object of desire, the solutions, and all of this

must be appropriate. The moral climate plays an

important role. Moreover, the data given above about

the population migration suggests that workers do not

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feel stable, there is a situation in socio-economic

terms in the country.

5. The next point is scientific curiosity. Only

scientific curiosity can motivate you to do science, the

desire to solve a problem that captured your

imagination. For this, it is necessary to create

conditions, namely: to create moral conditions, to

give them a sense of belonging. It is necessary to

eliminate corruption, nominate decent people, a

transparent system of management and remuneration,

create a competitive environment.

As the result of the study showed, for this period

of time (the last five years), the Kazakhstani scientific

community is only beginning to understand and is

inertly trying to adapt. The main problem of

Kazakhstani science is not salaries but socio-

economic conditions in which science finds itself.

There are still echoes of the reforms that took place in

the past. In this period of time, a lag was created when

a young generation of scientists did not mature and

the older generation did not raise them to replace

themselves. The conditions in the country do not give

the academic freedom that scientists need, the socio-

economic conditions of life in the country are a very

strong factor of influence. The recommendations

listed above will lead to the sustainable development

of education in the country.

REFERENCES

Byuro natsional'noy statistiki Agentstva po

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