Reduce the Energy Consumption of Connected Objects

Mohammed Moutaib

, Tarik Ahajjam

, Mohammed Fattah

1 c

, Youssef Farhaoui

2 d

and

Badraddine Aghoutane

EST, My Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco

FST, My Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco

FS, My Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco

b.aghoutane@umi.ac.ma

Keywords: IoT, Energy Consumption, RFID, Node, Data Flow, Base, cloud computing.

Abstract: The Internet of Things, also known as IoT, is a new concept that has changed information technology. It is a

new and growing technology envisioned as a global network. This new technology is becoming more and

more essential and covers all areas. However, this phenomenon helps us communicate objects without human

intervention, which proves a significant energy consumption. In this manuscript, we propose a solution to

reduce the energy consumption of IoTs, through a general study of the solutions already used to deal with this

problem, starting with a data flow design. These solutions are implemented in architecture to test efficiency.

1 INTRODUCTION

Today, the application of the Internet of Things (IoT)

affects all computing domains (F. Firouzi, K.

Chakrabarty, and S. Nassif, 2020). A phenomenon

has developed computing (M. Weiser, 1991). This

technology is gradually appearing in our world and is

naturally integrated into everyday objects.

However, the IoT is applied to many new

applications, for example, smart parking lots, smart

homes, healthcare, and efficient energy management

in smart homes (L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito ,

2010) are producing huge returns. Economic (E.

Fleisch , 2010). Several researchers believe that the

IoTs or connected objects are one of the civilian

technologies that can affect international forces

(National Intelligence Council, 2008).

Indeed, the Internet of Things is currently

dedicated to many connected objects, devices with

their own identities, and increasingly complex

computing and communication capacities:

telephones, watches, household appliances, and other

devices increasingly equipped. Therefore, in terms of

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-6746

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6217-6795

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-9715

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0870-6262

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-6786

architecture, Internet of Things concept, protocol

stacks, applications, and conceptual vision, recent

research has started (M. R. Palattella, N. Accettura,

X. Vilajosana, et al., 2013)( S. Tozlu, M. Senel, W.

Mao, and A. Keshavarzian, 2012). The intelligent

grid is considered to be one of the main applications

of the Internet of Things. It has generated significant

interest in recent years(L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G.

Morabito, 2010) (N. Bui, A. P. Castellani, P. Casari,

and M. Zorzi, 2012) (X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and

D. Yang, 2012).

Connected objects can communicate with the

external world independently without any human

intervention. However, it has certain limitations

which slow down their growth, such as data storage

or energy consumption which plays a critical role in

their operation (Mohammed Moutaib, Mohammed

Fattah, Youssef Farhaoui,2020), which can receive

and transmit data using onboard sensors (ROXIN, I.,

BOUCHEREAU A.,2017). Related objects add value

when linked to other objects and software, for

example, smartwatches.

Moutaib, M., Ahajjam, T., Fattah, M., Farhaoui, Y. and Aghoutane, B.

Reduce the Energy Consumption of Connected Objects.

DOI: 10.5220/0010728900003101

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Big Data, Modelling and Machine Learning (BML 2021), pages 86-91

ISBN: 978-989-758-559-3

Furthermore, the European Intelligent Systems

Integration (EPoSS) technology platform defines the

IoT as a global network with connected objects

uniquely addressable according to a standard

communication protocol (INFSO D.4 Networked

Enterprise & RFID, 2008).

Some researchers have spoken of their

extraordinary abilities (MAVROMMATI I.,

KAMEAS A., 2003), which can concentrate

resources to perform different tasks and dynamics,

they are linked to each other by links in the same

network. In this case, some researchers like (WEISER

M., 1993) have considered computer science, among

which "the most profound technologies are those

which have become invisible. These closely related

things constitute our part of daily life so much so that

they are inseparable. "(Mohammed Moutaib,

Mohammed Fattah, Youssef Farhaoui, 2020).

The IoTs pose several problems due to their large

scale, dynamic nature, heterogeneity of the data and

its constituent systems (powerful devices/energy

consumption, fixed/mobile devices, batteries/DC

power supplies, ETC.). These functionalities require

tools and methods adapted to implement powerful

applications to extract helpful information and

numerous data sources to store them in heterogeneous

databases.

The major problem with connected objects is the

energy costs which are distributed between battery

devices which must be recharged regularly each time

for each object, constant power devices (refrigerators,

televisions, washing machines, thermostats, ...), and

the servers and routers needed to provide connectivity

of objects and consume a significant amount.

As for connected battery-powered objects, it is

evident that a sharp drop in autonomy accompanies

their technological progress. Performance can be

improved, but the need to maintain a connection to

the Internet or the local network is a drain on energy.

This is why our article aims to reduce the energy

consumption of connected objects by offering a

solution divided into two essential parts: design and

implementation.

In this context, our article is organized as follows.

Section 2 presents work related to our study. In

section 3, we give our proposed solution. In section 4,

the implementation of our solution along with the

results and a description of the architecture. Finally,

the conclusion.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Recently, new technological applications allow us to

measure various parameters. Thus obtained various

daily parameters and facilitated tasks without human

intervention. These applications are developed thanks

to the advantage of the IoTs and the innovation of new

devices.

In this section, we describe recent research related

to methods of reducing IoT energy consumption.

Several recent research has been carried out to

optimize connected objects, such as (Benjamin

Billet,2015) (Gang Sun, Victor Chang, Muthu

Ramachandran, Zhili Sun, Gangmin Li, Hongfang Yu

and Dan Liao ,2016). To manage large amounts of

data and at the same time have reasonable power

consumption, the most effective solution comes from

L. Mottola and GP Picco; they came up with an

application method that focuses on process

management l IoT service. This solution focuses on

the use of object centralization, in which the node

sends all measurement results to the base. The latter

generally stores them in a database and allows users

to retrieve and process this information in the

posterior part (L. Mottola and G. P. Picco, 2011). This

single-jump mode can be used in case the sensors are

close to the base. However, for sensor networks, it is

necessary to adopt multi-hop communication. The

nodes are linked directly to the base, which increases

the possibility of link problems when all nodes are

connected in real-time. This architecture adopts two-

way communication for adaptation, which means that

consumption has doubled.

Previous work on scheduling algorithms has

mainly focused on reducing scheduling time (X.H.

Xu, X.Y. Li; X. Mao, et al.,2011) (S. Wang and Z.

Chen,2013) or distributed implementation (S. Wang

and Z. Chen,2013) (M. Martalo, C. Buratti, G.

Ferrari, et al.,2013]. A heuristic algorithm has been

proposed in (S. Gandham, Y. Zhang, and Q. Huang,

2008] to the program as many independent segments

as possible to increase the degree of parallel

transmission. In (L. Shi and A.O. Fapojuwo, 2010), a

cross-optimization protocol supporting energy

efficiency and minimum delay in WSN networks is

proposed. Furthermore, other technologies that have

been implemented have been introduced in the

previous chapter to minimize consumption.

To our knowledge, no research has succeeded in

reducing the number of nodes in the IoT architecture

to reduce consumption, which is one of this article's

objectives.

Reduce the Energy Consumption of Connected Objects

3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

There are varieties of solutions to reduce connected

objects' energy consumption: To achieve hyper-

connectivity, people choose continuous data

transmission. However, in many cases, devices

should only be inadvertently connected to the

network, exclusively when all devices are operating

in an automated fashion. Usually, the connected

object is structured around two large families of

devices that interact with each other:

Nodes: These are the most common devices on the

network. They are generally equipped with low-

power processors, wireless communication

interfaces, and limited memory. They are the ones

who use the sensors they carry to take measurements

in the field (Boumaiz M., and all ,2019).

The basics:They are generally limited in number

in the network. They are used as a centralized

collection point for the receiving node's measurement

values, used as an intermediary between two

networks of sensors or as an intermediary or

interaction with another network (D. Daghouj, and

,2020)..

However, after analyzing the existing models

(Mawloud Omar, Yacine Challal, Abdelmadjid

Bouabdallah, 2012), (M. Omar, Y. Challal, A.

Bouabdallah, 2009), we propose a fully distributed

trust model. We have not yet applied the rule of direct

connection with the base, but we have introduced a

new rule by which nodes can communicate with each

other and exchange data: "Nodes A and B send to C,

then C and D and E also send to F Immediately go to

"Down" (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Centralized collection

Figure 2: Distributed collection

The problem with data transmission: a single bit sent

sometimes consumes as much energy as the processor

executes a thousand instructions(

A. Maroua , and all

,2019). To reduce energy consumption, several

methods exist to reduce energy consumption such as:

•Time slots: In this solution, nodes are only allowed

to communicate at regular intervals, while the

network interface is disabled the rest of the time,

which is helpful in some cases, but in most cases (the

sensitive data) is not available (M. FATTAH, and

al,2019).

•Single-hop: Each device only exchanges information

with devices that are close enough to communicate.

However, to minimize power consumption, the range

of these links has been dramatically reduced (Tarik

A., and all ,2019).

•Multi-hops: Each node can act as a functioning

intermediary of the routing for other nodes, self-

organizing to build a route through which a message

passes.

The scheme typically uses a centralized approach

(Figure 1), where the node sends all information to

the base. These usually store it in a database and allow

users to retrieve and process this information. In our

solution, we want to create a distributed schema

(Figure 2), where each node communicates with

another node and passes data to the base node.

BML 2021 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIG DATA, MODELLING AND MACHINE LEARNING (BML’21)

4 ARCHITECTURE

IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 3: Application architecture of the solution.

After describing and deriving the working solution

through the diagram in figure 2 of this chapter, we

implement our solution in an intelligent parking lot.

With this in mind, we explain below the different

components of the application architecture, which

divide our work into three parts:

Part A: (Car / Car)

In this part, we are based on the direct communication

between the cars hierarchically so that the last car

sends the information to the next car up to the first car

in one direction only.

Example: (the first row of cars)

Car 3 sends its identifier to Car 2, and the latter carries

the two pieces of information and sends it to Car 3.

V3  V2  V1 (1)

It knows that each car is equipped with a chip that

takes on a node/base to communicate with the other

cars.

Part B: (Car / Barrier)

This second part has the role of opening the barrier

through the communication between the first car and

the barrier.

The purpose of the barrier is to process information.

Example:

Car 1 contains the following information (V1, V2,

and V3); this information sent to the barrier, and the

latter processes this information if it belongs to the

identity of cars in the parking lot:

If the Exact case:

Opening within a defined period depends on the

number of cars.

If not:

Do not open the barrier by indicating a message

on the notice board.

Other cases:

If the information sent is:

(V1, V2, V3)  Barrier 1 (2

)

Moreover, the second car does not correspond to the

parking lot, and the opening only is for V1 and V3.

Part C :( Barrier / Base)

The last part of our solution is to make

communication between the barrier and the base.

After processing the cars' data on the barrier, this

information is transferred to the base to be stored in

the cloud and analysed to make long-term predictions

and display conditions.

A message is displayed on the terminals for each

entry line, which guides the cars to their parking lot

places.

The contribution of our solution compared to

others is that our solution aims to minimize the

complex link between the nodes and the base and

replaces it with a strategy that aims to make each node

and base object at the same time to facilitate

transmission

5 CONCLUSIONS

The technology market is attacked by a new

phenomenon: "connected objects." These

technologies' object is the object that uses the Internet

to improve its function.

In the first part of this article, we were able to

identify these areas and explain the progress they are

undergoing.

This technology must be treated and protected on

the one hand, as well as adapting the appropriate

protocol to verify the identity of connected objects

properly.

Our article has designed an architecture that

contains a mechanism to minimize power

consumption across the link between nodes. This

mechanism is light, fast and robust. It facilitates

communication between objects. In our first part, we

were able to identify the fields of application as well

Reduce the Energy Consumption of Connected Objects

as the progress they undergo. Finally, we have

applied our approach in an intelligent parking lot and

it has proven that this solution is applicable on other

infrastructure such as houses, cities.

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Tarik A., & Farhaoui, Y. (2019) Recommender System for

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