Changes in Interior Design Programming at Residentials after

Covid-19 Pandemic

Greysia Susilo

and Veila Venisia

Interior Design Department, Universitas Pradita, Scientia Business Park, Banten, Indonesia

Keywords: COVID-19, Programming Change, Residential Design, Buffer Zone.

Abstract: At beginning of 2020, we are taken by surprise because of the COVID-19 pandemic virus. This malignant

and contagious virus infected the respiratory system. Quick infection at many levels leads to a major change

in every aspect of life. Health protocol systems are introduced for preventing virus spread are enforced in

public places and applied in residentials. Restrictions are enforced for people's activities in public areas. These

restrictions enhance more time spend in residentials. Houses turn back their older functions, as a centre of

human activities and change of interior design of residential spaces. House no longer retains its modern

functions – as refugee and resting place. House has to accommodate working, learning, relaxing, and survival

functions. Its design has to maintain good vibes and moods, security, and calm; and most important – healthy.

This research aims to gather basic changes based on experts' recommendations and Jabodetabek's respondents.

We will discuss design programming and materials decisions. This research using mixed methods research to

gain the most benefit to educate and inspire designers to future trends. Minor adjustment and major solutions

for rooms concept, size, functions, circulations, and materials – indoors and outdoors are expected to meet

new needs for new normal human life.

1 INTRODUCTION

At the brim end of 2019, the world received escalated

news about the spreading of an unknown virus that

was later named COVID-19 or Coronavirus. In a

matter of 3 months, this virus already spread out and

affected many countries. This highly contagious virus

spread out airborne, had at least 1 week of incubation

time, and attacking the human respiratory system. At

every level, people then created health protocols lead

by World Health Organization (WHO).

Human touching and cleaning behavior regarding

themselves and others changed. We have to prevent

spreading this virus by changing our treatment to

ourselves, to others, and to objects we touched and

passed to other people. These dangerous situations

are amplified more in public spaces. Many countries

opted for closing borders, public spaces (such as

markets, malls, parks, entertainment centers,

restaurants, café, and bars), offices, and schools.

The closing of public spaces gives a major impact

on people's way of living, especially in residential.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-1864

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2435-9742

Public spaces restriction made people had to stay

home most of the time. The home was not only

functioning as a refugee and resting place. Now it also

accommodates working, learning, relaxing, and

survival functions.

Residentials in early historic times were the center

of human activities before they split the functions into

different spaces and buildings. Home gradually has

lesser functions over time and resides to serve as basic

protecting human, refugee, and resting place.

Nowadays, its functions expanded, and therefore

interior designers have to insert this new change into

future residential designs. Residentials now were the

protector of humans. It has to guard people and help

them to stay in safety. The change of health protocols

inside the house, coming and leaving the house is

important to impose.

Many mass media, especially online ones,

discussed the change of interior design to cope with

the pandemic situation. Their discussion emerged on

many levels – individuals, communities, institutions,

organizations, and governments. Those discussions

226

Susilo, G. and Venisia, V.

Changes in Interior Design Programming at Residentials after Covid-19 Pandemic.

DOI: 10.5220/0010750400003112

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Emerging Issues in Humanity Studies and Social Sciences (ICE-HUMS 2021), pages 226-233

ISBN: 978-989-758-604-0

will be analyzed and producing guidance for

residentials to cope with the new normal situation.

This research benefited academic circles, where

civitas academica has to aware and learning from this

trend and applied it in their curricula; it also benefited

developers, interior consultants, retailers, and

products makers of interior elements.

Scope of research reserved only for small until

medium types of residentials, and only inland houses.

This research will not be discussing apartments, all

types of co-housings, and other non-permanent types

of houses. The houses surveyed were at urban until

sub-urban areas in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang,

and Bekasi area (Jabodetabek).

2 METHODS (AND MATERIALS)

This research will answer the problem of interior

design programming and material decision change

because of the pandemic situation. Many confusions

happened at the initial phase of the pandemic

situation, early 2020.

This research aims to reconstruct many aspects of

new data regarding residential interior design factors

that changed because of pandemic actions. Those data

would be analyzed and compared with Indonesian

conditions and user needs.

The design of research using mixed research, with

structural quantitative and qualitative methods

simultaneously using convergent parallel mixed

methods. This method strengthens each other and

builds a more comprehensive analysis (Creswell,

2014). Using pragmatism as a basic characteristic,

this research hopes to build tools for designers to cope

with newer design solutions.

There are 3 major steps in gathering data for

research. The first step was to gather health protocols

from official institutions. The second step was

gathering literature on the internet with specific topics

regarding interior change because of COVID-19. The

third step was to gather data from Jabodetabek's

people using a questionnaire. Those 3 different data

were analyzed together to find out how much

government regulation was imposed and implied to

defend from virus and extension of practice at the

community level.

2.1 Government Health Protocols

Many governmental and international institutions

issued regulations and recommendations regarding

health protocols imposed into many aspects of human

lives in the new normal. Researchers examine those

recommendations and pick points that applied to

residential areas. Since the scope of research was

reserved only in landed houses, we did not survey

apartments and co-housing types.

We gathered health protocol regulations and

recommendations from World Health Organization

(WHO), the Indonesian Health Ministry, the Regional

Civic Department under the Ministry of Interior, and

the Ministry of Women and Children.

2.2 Literature Observation

There are many articles and discussions around the

world between interior designers and experts

regarding functions and space changing because of

the virus. Researchers using the Google Search

engine to make a list of those articles, and then sorted

them based on their academic feasibility (credibility

of people, source, and official website). Researchers

followed international conventions to avoid using

articles from personal blogs and focusing search from

official institutional and news – special magazine

websites.

The literature search had a limited period from

March 2020 until August 2020, time spent to gather

preliminary data at the time. Though this time limit

will not represent the second phase of the pandemic

we were in (when this paper was presented), it gave a

beginning overview of how interior designers think

and predict interior changes. The overview can be

seen as a global paradigm shift caused by pandemics.

In this part, the analysis would be qualitative in

form of effectivity tests and strength-weakness

analysis. The other part of the test was to quantify its

frequency appearance to measure its importance.

2.3 Questionnaire Design

Survey methods using questionnaires aimed to gather

many different aspects about certain topics from

many different sources/people (Creswell, 2014). This

method has the advantage to reach many people in a

short time but cannot reach a deep level of data like

an interview.

The researcher used a combination of closed and

open questions but was inclined to use more closed

questions. As preliminary research, the aim was not

to reach a deep level of understanding in many

variables but to measure how many variables exist in

a certain topic. Closed questions have more

advantages in simple measurement analysis than open

ones (Creswell, 2014). There were 35 questions asked

in the questionnaire, including basic personal data.

Those data were analyzed using simple tabulation.

Changes in Interior Design Programming at Residentials after Covid-19 Pandemic

227

The questionnaire was answered by 106 respondents,

starting from December 14

, 2020 until January 25

2021. Researchers used internet-based spreading

methods, like Whatsapp, Facebook, Emails, and

Twitter.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the researcher will discuss the analysis

of interior change. Researchers will start by

discussing the improvement of health aspects inside

the house, from government regulation until

questionnaire analysis from Jabodetabek's 106

respondents. Next, researchers will analyze

international articles written or discussed by interior

designers around the world regarding programming

and materials change.

3.1 Health Inside House

There were health protocol changes inside the house.

Whether it was passive protocol – regular treatment

and daily cleaning, or active protocol – cleaning up

and sterilized body and things when going out and

coming home. Extracted from Keputusan Menteri

Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. HK.01.07/

MENKES/382/2020 about People’s Health

Protocols, basic health protocols when arrive at the

house after work or outside activities were taking

shower and change clothes before do any contact with

other members of the house, and clean-up mobile

phones, glasses, bags, and other objects using

disinfectants liquid. This regulation also suggests

staying healthy by applying “Perilaku Hidup Bersih

dan Sehat” (PHBS) – consuming a balanced nutrition

diet, daily 30 minutes physical activity, enough rest

(minimum 7 hours), and avoid illness risk factors.

With many official suggestions and regulations, home

is our front line of guarding health.

Figure 1 is one of the infographics published by

the Ministry of Interior in Indonesia. It stated step-by-

step process: opening shoes at door, before entering

the house, spray disinfectants to all object’s

belongings, throw away any objects not needed,

entering the house and straight washing hands and

feet with soap, change clothes and washed them

immediately (or soak in detergent water), do not

touch anything, do not immediately rest, go straight

to take a full bath and wash hair.

Figure 1: Health Protocol Arriving at Home Infographics

(Source: Ministry of Interior).

In the questionnaire step, in Question 23 (Q23)

researchers asking questions about 11 steps

respondents did when entering the house (Susilo,

2021). This question was answered on a priority

scale, and respondents were free to choose the total

steps they did. This question was divided into two

parts, before (Q23A) and after (Q23B) pandemic.

Table 1: Health Protocol steps getting inside the house.

(Source: Susilo, 2021).

No Answer No Answer

1 Spray sanitizer to body

7 Take bath

Spray sanitizer on belongings

8 Wash hair

3 Wash hands and feet

9 Take rest at

sofa

Throw/wash the face mask

10 Drink and eat

Get inside the front door

11 Play with

children/pet

Wash dirty laundry

Figure 2: Table Frequency and Priority of Q23A. (Source:

Susilo, 2021).

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From 106 respondents, their steps of health

protocol when arriving at home before pandemic was

on average 5-9 steps. The majority of the first step is

getting inside the entrance door (No.5) then washing

hands and feet (No.3). the popular action after that

was sitting on the sofa/chair to relax (No. 9). Besides

those 3 actions, other steps had a vaguer pattern. From

this analysis, we can conclude that respondents had

very little thought about healthy steps arriving home

(Susilo, 2021). Since there was no health threat before

the pandemic, sometimes cleaning oneself was

missing in daily health habits.

Figure 3: Table Frequency and Priority of Q23B. (Source:

Susilo, 2021).

Figure 3 describes a change of health protocols

after the pandemic. After the pandemic majority of

steps done by respondents increased into 9-11 steps

(Susilo, 2021). The increase was a natural case since

more things to do to comply with health protocols.

Generally, this proves interior designers have to

respond to changing mindsets and habits of

respondents, especially in the programming phase.

The first thing most respondents did was spraying

sanitizer (No.1) to self, and spraying sanitizer to

objects they brought home (No.2) (Susilo, 2021). At

field observation, the spraying could happen when

entering personal vehicles and redone it again when

arrived at home. The next popular step was washing

hands and feet (No.3), throwing or washing face

masks (No.4), then entering the house (No.5). Steps

of taking baths (No.7) and washing hair (No.8) shift

to earlier steps than before pandemic, emphasize its

importance to health protocols. Before pandemic, its

steps done in later steps leisurely, after taking rest at

sofa/chairs (No.9).

Step playing with children/pets (No.11) increased

significantly after the pandemic and was majorly put

at the end of health protocol steps (Susilo, 2021).

There was increasing consciousness to precede health

protocols before leisure time and put the young ones'

safety first. Family bonding activities increased and

more important in pandemic time; they functioned as

tension barriers and simple survival methods.

3.2 Change of Programming

The change in human behavior and daily habits will

affect the change in space programming (League,

2019). The change of space needs, its functions, and

space organization will follow how people perceive

space.

Programming as part of the analysis and aim to

look for design problems from environments, users,

and technologies to meet design standards (Kilmer,

2014). Programming preceded design as problem-

solving actions since it will give the problem to solve.

In programming, the main actions were finding and

formulate attributes needed by users.

Observation data gathered from institutional

media websites, including Forbes (media), The

Jakarta Post (media), Italianbark (media and retailer),

Kompas (media), Business of Home (media), Auburn

University (education), Interior Design Magazine

(media), Bobby Berk (retailer), Dezeen (media),

Archipanic (media), Society of British Interior

Design (organization), Mydomaine (media), Norr

(interior firm), FOXBusiness (media). Related

articles, discussions, and information were gathered

and analyzed using the qualitative method. The aim

was to look for keywords and statements regarding

residential changes. From around 30 articles between

March 2020 until August 2020, researchers found 87

statements regarding various aspects changed around

the residential settings. These statements are then

clustered into 12 settings: general ideas, general

spaces, design settings, bathroom, kitchen,

working/learning, outdoor settings, entertainments,

history, internet of things, and material.

Learning from history, designers first talked about

earlier pandemic changes. There were at least two

settings globally mentioned: bubonic plague in

Yunnan, China in 1855 (N.N., 2020), and choleric

plague in London, England in 1848 (Berk, 2020).

Bubonic Plague in China changed sewer and sewage

settings in building and outdoor interiors.

Furthermore, whitewashed walls and white ceramics

settings that have a neutral tone became the trend to

put more sunlight (Haryati, 2020). London choleric

plague changed textiles in the interior (at wall, sofa,

and curtains) into ceramics. Textiles that porous

considered had high potential to gathered viruses and

bacteria. Ceramic, on the other hand, has smooth and

nonporous characteristics, easy to clean, and is

durable to put into public area settings (Berk, 2020).

Learning from history, designers predicted

permanent change because of COVID-19 (Berk,

2020). Compact and single-unit building mass will

Changes in Interior Design Programming at Residentials after Covid-19 Pandemic

229

change into multi masses, to a separate zone between

group activities and private activities. Berk proposes

a buffer zone – foyer, inner courtyard, bridges, joint

corridors (Berk, 2020).

Most designers and writers at said websites agreed

that the biggest change of interior principle is Health

Standard (Cole, 2020). The change must support

prevention virus protocols and enhance life quality.

Future house needs adequate space to sterilize body,

things, and environment. Various models of

disinfectants, with space to replenish human body,

objects; with new sterile face mask, and close trash

can for a disposable face mask (Berk; Schneider,

2020).

In programming analysis, designers have to

acknowledge the state of disability and mental health

of the residents, so they can design houses that can

improve their conditions, enhance relaxation, ease of

organizing belongings (Rizzato; Berk, 2020) to avoid

negativity and anxiety. Residents will choose

practicality over aesthetics, ease of decluttering,

flexible physical spaces, durable and 'smart'

materials, and protection of human needs (Dorris,

2020). Space optimization will not aim to copy

interior 'magazine' pictures but to chase its

practicality of use (SBID, 2020).

Humans owe nature when they started developing

natural resources for their own needs. Pandemic

situations made people rethink their way of life to aim

for sustainability. It is time to pay attention to

conservation aspects and thrift to a better world

(SBID, 2020). Minimal and vertical spaces are spared

to practice urban gardening for safety, health, and

ease of stress functions (Makhno, 2020). This

economic thrift also contributes to saving, since many

people are hit by work reduction or layoff.

Physical distance was an important issue since

health protocol stated 1-2m distance between people

that were not related or reside in one house. This

implicates circulation flow at public or semi-public

zone in residentials. Circulation flow should not

straight to help maintain space distance between

humans (Dorris, 2020).

Space composition or zoning incline for the

closed plan, rather than open plan. Open-plan space's

advantages were saving space, multi-functions, and

accommodate more people than closed plan. This

scheme was more popular before the pandemic,

especially in an urban setting. In a pandemic

situation, this arrangement increases potential virus

transmission and lessen health standard. Closed plans

with an additional temporary or permanent partition

will play opposite roles and increase health standards

(Dorris, 2020). Additional dynamic barrier spaces,

connecting spaces will create dynamic spaces that can

be closed or open at ease to individual quarantine

when necessary (Berk, 2020). Anteroom/foyer/

vestibule was room to 'breathe' that served dynamic

functions, such as learning, working, leisure

activities, resting and relaxing, even contemplating

(Lim, 2020).

Figure 4: Example of zoning - Programming Sketch

(Source: Kilmer, 2014).

Figure 5: Example of blocking-Programming Sketch

(Source: Kilmer, 2014).

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Figure 4 was a classic example of a conceptual

diagram or commonly called as Zoning Phase.

Researchers took this drawing from the classic book

of Kilmer – Designing Interiors, as an example to

improve it into new programming after pandemic

scheme. The zoning phase split the site into zone

clusters based on its human relationship, degree of

human interactions in space.

Figure 5 is also taken from the classic book of

Kilmer – Designing Interiors. This drawing was often

called Blocking Phase, a developing phase after the

zoning phase was drawn. The zones were split into

spaces based on their functions and proposed rooms.

Zoning and Blocking drawing then improved by

inserting additional functions according to

programming analysis. Addition of anteroom/foyer,

urban gardening, learning/working space, bathroom

near the foyer, and aim for practicality, physical

distance, and incline to closed plan, then those

drawing changed into Figure 6 and Figure 7 below.

Figure 6: Zoning revision after the pandemic.

Figure 7: Blocking revision after the pandemic.

Figure 6 drawn by the researchers. The

researchers inserted an additional buffer zone

between entry and social zone; private and social;

social and sleeping areas. The additional urban

garden is also inserted for its positive functions of

sustainability.

Figure 7 drawn by the researchers. Entry space

would comply with health protocol procedures and

accommodate steps 1-4 of health protocols. The

adjoining bathroom was placed between entry and

garage, to accommodate steps 6-8 of health protocols.

Direct access from the garage into the living room

(Figure 5) was eliminated and shifted; people have to

go inside from the entry area and carry out health

protocols before went to the living area. Vestibules as

buffer zone can be applied to many functions: inner

courtyard, inner garden, working/learning space, or

corridors.

Figure 4 - Figure 7 were the only examples carried

in this paper. Interior designers could conclude

changes they have to do at the programming phase of

residential interior design.

3.3 Change of Material

The 'new' material after COVID-19 should have

intrinsic properties anti-bacterial and durable.

Professor Bill Keevil from Southampton University

prompted using copper since it has the property to kill

viruses and bacteria in 4 hours, while plastic needs 72

hours; papers, cardboards, and textiles in 24 hours

(Berk; SBID, 2020). Brass and bronze were metals

that had a similar property to copper, and are

nowadays used to coated handles, buttons, and taps

inside hospitals in Europe (Dorris, 2020).

Quartz Glass can apply on the surface of furniture

since it has intrinsic properties resistant to dust and

scratches, non-porous and clean (Dorris, 2020).

Wood-like bamboo, oak, and cork will prevent

bacteria and microorganisms to develop.

4 CONCLUSIONS

There was a major change in programming and

material choice when COVID-19 breaks in. Analysis

of Jabodetabek's area health protocols implies the

improvement of health protocol steps following

government regulations for residentials. On the other

side, interior designers around the world suggested

similar changes. Those findings will be the world's

next convention regarding building houses.

Changes in Interior Design Programming at Residentials after Covid-19 Pandemic

231

The new key concepts of interior residential

programming were: (1) inserting anteroom/foyer/ves-

tibule and inner courtyards into the house, (2) incline

to closed plan and flexibility of spaces to confine

virus spread or sick occupants when necessary,

working or learning space (3) separate learning or

working space to get good quality of online meetings,

(4) physical distancing in a public zone, (5) aim for

practicality over aesthetics in organizing spaces, (6)

ample of space to insert sustainability in form of

urban gardening or domestic plants to ease stress, (7)

materials trends will follow their intrinsic health

property.

The findings will benefit many kinds of

stakeholders in residential’s interior designing:

furniture makers, designers, architects, housing

developers, products and material development, and

education institutions. Researchers will benefit from

this standpoint to develop deeper research in more

aspects of residential change. From 12 aspects found

in readings, only 3 aspects were analyzed. Other

aspects would be analyzed further to gain more

understanding of the 'new normal' era after the

pandemic. We cannot cope to go back to our previous

arrangements, since the health effect brings more

positive habits and behavior, even after the virus is

long gone later.

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