PERMA: A Multidimensional Framework of Well-being in
Indonesian Adults
Ni Luh Ayu Vivekananda
a
and Evi Ema Victoria Polii
b
Departement of Psychology, Maranatha Christian University, Surya Sumantri No. 65, Bandung, Indonesia
Keywords: Well-being theory, PERMA, Positive Psychology.
Abstract: Well-being is considered an important factor to support humans to function positively in the environment.
Seligman's PERMA explains the 5 dimensions that create well-being which are positive emotions,
engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. This research involved 112 individuals aged 18-
63 as respondents, using survey technique with the PERMA questionnaire; and the data analysis technique
used was descriptive analysis. The result of this research points to high scores across all dimensions of
PERMA well-being, with Engagement emerging as the highest rated dimension and Positive emotion as the
lowest dimension. The highest correlation between Positive Emotion and Meaning becomes the basis of this
research to suggest the development of strategies to improve wellbeing in adults. The limitiation of this
research is minimal number of sample. This has an impact on the results of this research, which can only be
used to describe the PERMA well-being of the respondents of this research. In addition, it is hoped that further
research will not only examine the profile of the 5 dimensions of PERMA but also link to other factors that
affect well-being such as physical and spiritual health, flow, gratitude, and happiness to obtain a more
comprehensive analysis related to PERMA well-being.
1 INTRODUCTION
This research focuses on developing studies in the
positive psychology field, specifically to discuss
well-being which is an important achievement of an
individual in living his/her life. Seligman (2002)
emphasized that the goal of psychology is initially to
heal individuals from mental illnesses, identify and
further research human talents, and continue to
develop their strengths, and also help humans achieve
a more meaningful life. However, after world war II,
it turned out that psychology had only succeeded in
answering the first goal; to heal individuals from
mental illness. This is what eventually becomes the
emergence point of positive psychology whose aim is
to restore the three main objectives of psychology
(Compton, 2005)
Positive psychology discusses that Individuals
achieve well-being when they have a good, pleasant,
and meaningful life. This will assist humans to serve
more positively so that they can develop themselves,
their families, and society at large (Seligman, 2002).
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3548-1428
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2333-9344
This is what underlies a lot of research that has been
developing related to well-being. Several approaches
were developed to explain this concept of well-being;
starting from the subjective well-being, that addresses
subjective evaluation results of individuals regarding
their life process (Diener & Ryan, 2009), to
psychological well-being, which is a concept that
discusses individuals' evaluation of life processes in
facing challenges and also continues to function
positively in the environment (Ryff & Keyes, 1995).
PERMA is a multidimensional framework of well-
being that examines well-being from 5 main
dimensions.
PERMA well-being is defined as the concept of
individual welfare through three dimensions, namely
Positive emotion, Engagement, and Meaning. Then,
in 2006 Seligman completed the concept into 5
dimensions that show well-being as a comprehensive
well-being concept including hedonic and
eudaimonic. The five dimensions are Positive
emotion, Engagement, Relationship, Meaning, and
Accomplishment (PERMA). These PERMA
Vivekananda, N. and Polii, E.
PERMA: A Multidimensional Framework of Well-being in Indonesian Adults.
DOI: 10.5220/0010754700003112
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Emerging Issues in Humanity Studies and Social Sciences (ICE-HUMS 2021), pages 489-495
ISBN: 978-989-758-604-0
Copyright
c
2022 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
489
dimensions show the high level of well-being, or what
is called the multidimensional framework of well-
being (Seligman, 2013).
The first dimension is Positive emotion, an
important part of well-being that consists of fun, joy,
happiness, and other emotions that are part of positive
emotions. The second dimension is engagement. It is
defined by focusing on something being done and
feeling the pleasure of being fully involved with what
is being done. The third dimension is Relationship /
positive Relationship. Humans need one another;
therefore, they need to improve their welfare by
building strong relationships with family, friends,
neighbors, and other people around them. Meaning is
the fourth dimension, and it is described as the
meaning of an individual's life. Life will be more
meaningful if individuals are capable of dedicating
themselves more to broader things that have impacts
not only on themselves but also on other people. The
last dimension is Accomplishment. This dimension
discusses the goals that can be obtained, whether it is
a small, medium, or large goal. Prosperity develops
when an individual grows by achieving the life goals
he/she has set. If someone has these five dimensions,
then that person's life will feel prosperous (Seligman,
2013).
Well-being has multiple characters both in the
method and in the elaboration of its conceptual
content. Positive emotion is a subjective variable that
defines what an individual thinks and feels, while
Engagement, Relationship, Meaning, and
Accomplishment have subjective and objective
dimensions. This is likely to illustrate that well-being
does not stop at a cognitive level but appears in the
form of behavior that is applied in the life of an
individual. If individuals achieve well-being, they
will develop and add a positive contribution to their
environment.
This study will emphasize the use of the PERMA
approach to further research adults in Indonesia.
Indonesia is a country that has a lot of natural and
cultural resources. It is because Indonesia is an
archipelago that has different ethnicities, cultures,
races, and religions where each culture, caste, and
religion has very diverse characteristics. This
diversity guides Indonesian people to have an
understanding of the values or beliefs that underlie
individuals to behave and also to function in society
(Dewi & Rosyida, 2017).
The diversity of cultures, ethnicities, races, and
religions are probable to lead to a variety of
appreciations about living a prosperous life for each
individual. Previous studies that examined well-being
in Indonesian society, stated that positive emotion
and engagement are the highest dimensions of all
well-being dimensions. The definition of well-being
in Indonesian society is a balance in all aspects of
human life that includes the fulfillment of all basic
needs, physical, psychological, social, financial,
spiritual health aspects, as well as the achievement of
goals, acceptance, gratitude, and happiness. The
research also found the factors that influence the well-
being of Indonesian people, namely internal (physical
health, gratitude, happines) and external factors
(global economy, social condition). Methods that can
be undertaken to improve the well-being of the
Indonesian people are by maintaining physical and
mental health, financial management, improving
social and spiritual aspects, and increasing self-
efficacy (Dewi & Rosyida, 2017).
It is stated that it is important to continue to
develop studies regarding this PERMA well-being in
various fields of life as well as at various stages of
development. The stage of adult development is one
of the most appropriate stages to measure well-being
as several theoretical views, such as Erikson, Rogers,
Jung, Maslow, and Alport all state that in adulthood
there has been a development of individual maturity
and this will help them to function optimally in life
(Ryff, 1995). The age range for adults is quite long,
starting from the age of 18 years to over 60 years
(Santrock, 2019). Therefore, this study will focus on
PERMA Well-being in adults in Indonesia.
2 METHODS
2.1 Research Designs & Procedures
This research was conducted using a descriptive
survey method. Survey research uses some basic
research procedures to obtain information from
people in their natural environment. Researchers who
use the survey method do not manipulate the
variables but impose some limitations on the
participants using specific survey instruments
(Graziano & Raulin, 2014). Systematically, this
research design can be described as follows:
Chart 1: Research Procedure.
Adult in
Indonesia
Well-being
(PERMA)
score
PERMA
Well-being
questionnaire
ICE-HUMS 2021 - International Conference on Emerging Issues in Humanity Studies and Social Sciences
490
2.2 Research Variables
The variable in this study is PERMA:
multidimensional framework of well-being which is
a comprehensive individual welfare that includes
hedonic and eudaimonic formed from five main
dimensions, namely Positive Emotion, Engagement,
Relationship, Meaning, and Accomplishment
(Seligman, 2011).
2.3 Measuring Instruments
The measuring instrument of this research is the
PERMA questionnaire that was adapted from the
“Studi well-being pada masyarakat Indonesia” (Dewi
& Rosyida, 2017) which was adjusted into 15 items
in Bahasa Indonesia covering five main dimensions
of PERMA well-being, namely Positive Emotion,
Engagement, Relationship, Meaning and
Accomplishment (Seligman, 2013).
2.4 Validity & Reliability of Measuring
Instruments
The validity of the measuring instrument aims to
determine the extent to which a measuring instrument
can test the attributes or things to be measured. The
higher the validity of the measuring instrument, the
more it shows what should be measured. The validity
test that has been carried out is construct validity. It is
a measuring instrument prepared based on a valid
theory, that is the PERMA well-being theory from
Seligman (2011). The calculated correlation
coefficient will determine whether an item can be
utilized or discarded. Statistical testing used SPSS
(Statistical Packages for Social Service) 20.0 for
Windows with the spearman rank formula. The
measurement of the validity of the 15 PERMA
questionnaire items employed in this study has a
result of 0.394 – 0.797.
The reliability test of this measuring instrument is
aimed at determining the extent to which the
measuring instrument utilized has a level of accuracy,
trustworthiness, and stability in measuring a certain
variable. The reliability of the measuring instrument
was tested with Alpha Cronbach using SPSS 20.0 for
Windows. The results derived from the calculation of
the reliability of the PERMA well-being measuring
instrument used is 0.914. The number is categorized
as very high reliability.
Table 1: Validity 15 items of PERMA questionnaire.
No. Item in Bahasa Indonesia Validity
1
How much of time do you feel you
are making progress towards
accomplishing your goals?
.599**
2
How often do you become absorbed
in what you are doing?
.618**
3
In general, how often do you feel
joyful?
.790**
4
How often do you achieve the
important goals you have set for
yourself?
.715**
5
In general, to what extend do you
lead a purposeful and meaningful
life?
.752**
6
To what extent do you receive help
and support from others when you
need it?
.502**
7
In general, to what extent do you
feel that what you do in life is
valuable and worthwhile?
.657**
8
In general, to what extent do you
feel excited and interested in things?
.642**
9
In general, how often do you feel
positive?
.666**
10
How often are you able to handle
your responsibilities?
.534**
11
How often do you lose track of time
while doing something you enjoy?
.394**
12
To what extent do you feel loved?
.685**
13
To what extent do you generally
feel you have a sense of direction in
your life?
.776**
14
How satisfied are you with your
personal relationships?
.748**
15
In general, to what extent do you
feel contented?
.797**
2.5 Population & Sampling
The population in this study is all adults in Indonesia.
Sampling that was carried out is snowball sampling,
by setting criteria for adult age (18 years and over)
and living in Indonesia. Respondents were recruited
through a process of disseminating information on
social media (WhatsApp & Instagram), containing a
brief explanation of the research, respondent
characteristics, and a Google form link to the PERMA
Well-being questionnaire. The questionnaire link was
distributed from November 2020 to February 2021 (4
PERMA: A Multidimensional Framework of Well-being in Indonesian Adults
491
months). From the specified time limit, 112
respondents filled out the questionnaire completely.
2.6 Data Analysis
The analysis technique applied was the descriptive
analysis technique. It is a technique of analyzing data
by describing the data that has been collected. In this
research, the demographic data of the respondents,
mean score of each PERMA dimension, and also
correlation among the five PERMA dimensions to
describe the PERMA well-being of the respondent
will be presented.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the results of descriptive data analysis
PERMA: multidimensional framework of well-being
retrieved through 112 respondents will be shown. The
final result of the research will be presented through
a description of the results of each PERMA's
dimension as the 5 main pillars that can shape welfare
or is often referred to as well-being.
3.1 Results
From the 112 respondents, the demographic
description obtained is as follows:
Table 2: The demographic data.
Demographic Data Frequency Percentage
Gender
Woman
Man
91
21
81.25%
18.75%
Level of Education
Undergraduate
Graduate
Postgraduate
89
21
2
79.46%
18.75%
1.79%
Daily Activity
Student
Employee
Unemployed
62
39
11
55.36%
34.82%
9.82%
Ethnic Group
Chinese
Javanese
Sundanese
Batak
Balinese
Not disclosed
38
22
19
13
5
15
33.92 %
19.64 %
16.96 %
11.60 %
4.46 %
13.39 %
The descriptive analysis applied on the data of 112
adult in Indonesia shows the following description of
the results:
Table 3: Mean, standard deviations, minimum & maximum
score of five PERMA dimensions.
N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Min Max
P 112 7.56 1.61 1,00 10,00
E 112 8.03 1.46 1,00 10,00
R 112 7.67 1.71 1,00 10,00
M 112 7.57 1.71 1,00 10,00
A 112 7.61 1.48 1,00 10,00
Table 3 shows that all PERMA dimension mean
scores are above the mid-point of the scale. It can be
seen that dimension scores range from Positive
Emotion as lowest (M = 7.56, SD = 1.61) to
Engagement as highest (M = 8.03, SD = 1.46). This
is in accordance with research on the general
population, which also shows that the highest mean
score is in the Engagement dimension and the lowest
is the Positive Emotion dimension. (Butler and Kern,
2016). The second highest mean score is Relationship
dimension (M = 7.67, SD = 1.71). This dimension is
related to building positive relationships with the
people around individuals. It complies with the
culture of Indonesian society which is more
collective. Collective society has stronger ties with
partners, families, and even with the surrounding
community (Bejanyan, Marshall, & Ferenczi, 2015).
The lowest mean score is Positive Emotion dimension
(M = 7.56, SD = 1.61). Low Positive Emotion shows
a less positive appreciation of the situation that is
lived in (Seligman, 2013).
In addition to calculating the mean, this research
also measures the correlation of each PERMA
dimension. Table 4 shows the correlation between
each PERMA dimension. This is also carried out in
the research of PERMA in the general population.
Both show that each PERMA dimension is positively
correlated with each other with a moderate value.
Furthermore, it is also found that the correlation
between Positive emotion and Meaning obtained the
highest correlation score (r = 0.721). This is also in
line with the findings of the PERMA study on the
Classical Musician professionals (Ascenso, Perkins,
& Williamon, 2018). For instance, as participants
reported greater Positive Emotion, they also tended to
report higher levels of Meaning. This is in line with
the theory that explains by living Positive emotion in
the process of achieving goals will help individuals
attain meaning in life (Steger, 2018).
ICE-HUMS 2021 - International Conference on Emerging Issues in Humanity Studies and Social Sciences
492
Table 4: Correlation among PERMA dimensions.
P E R M A
P 1
E .534** 1
R .703** .442** 1
M .721** .530** .683** 1
A .615** .425** .499** .695** 1
**p < 0.01 P, Positive Emotion; E, Engagement;
R, Relation; M, Meaning; A, Accomplishment
Table 5 shows in detail the comparison of
PERMA’s mean score between this research and
general population research. This research collected
data from various studies conducted on adults aged
18-65 years (N = 31965). Respondents in the general
population research came from various backgrounds
from countries around the world, which were
dominated by countries in the USA as much as 60%.
(Butler & Kern, 2016). This data comparison shows a
similarity in which the mean score of each dimension
is above the median score. In addition, it is also found
that Positive emotion is the dimension with the lowest
mean score and the Engagement dimension is the
dimension with the highest mean score in both
research. This data comparison is fascinating as the
mean score of the five PERMA dimensions in this
study is significantly higher (p < α 0.05) than scores
for general population, as determined by
independent-samples t-tests conducted using
summary values. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were
modest.
3.2 Discussions
In this study, the PERMA well-being in adults shows
high results in every dimension. This can be seen
from the mean scores of each PERMA dimension that
are above the median score. In addition, when
compared to the mean score in the general population,
there is a significant difference in the five dimensions.
Comparing with the sample in the general population
study, the number of samples in this research is
regarded very limited. Therefore, we need to be
careful in interpreting the significance differences of
these mean scores. However, this finding is very
interesting because none of the mean scores of the
five PERMA dimensions in this research is below the
mean scores of the general population. The
Engagement dimension in adults as the dimension
with the highest mean score is the main finding in this
study. It is following the findings in previous
research, both in PERMA research in Indonesian
society (Dewi & Rosyida, 2017) and in the general
population in the world (Butler & Kern, 2016).
This shows that the respondents focus on
something that is being done and really feel fully
involved with what is being done.
This involvement
is a psychological involvement related to daily
activities (e.g., pervasive feelings, interest, and
involvement in life). Individuals with high
Engagement will focus on something that is done and
feel pleased from it. They will also be fully involved
with something that is being done. When this happens
it will help them feel more prosperous. This is in line
with previous research, that is “Well-being study in
Indonesian society” which also shows that the
Engagement dimension is the most dominant
dimension emerging from other dimensions of
PERMA (Dewi & Rosyida, 2017).
The second-highest mean score is the
Relationship dimension that is related to building
positive relationships with the people around
individuals. It complies with the culture of Indonesian
society which is more collective. Collective society
has stronger ties with partners, families, and even
with the surrounding community. By having a
positive bond with the people around them,
Table 5: Independent samples t-test result comparing mean scores of adult in Indonesia and general population groups for
each PERMA dimension.
PERMA
Dimension
Adult in Indonesia (2021) General Population (Butler and Kern, 2016)
N Mean SD N Mean SD T p Cohen’s d
Positive Emotion 112 7.56 1.60821 31965 6.69 1.97 4,67 <0.00001 0,48
Engagement 112 8.03 1.45864 31962 7.25 1.71 4,82 <0.00001 0,49
Relation 112 7.67 1.70512 31940 6.90 2.15 3,79 0.000125 0,4
Meaning 112 7.57 1.70713 31931 7.06 2.17 2,48 0.00724 0,26
Accomplishment 112 7.61 1.47945 31963 7.21 1.78 2,38 0.009633 0,24
All scales range from 0 to 10, where 0 = lowest and 10 = highest
PERMA: A Multidimensional Framework of Well-being in Indonesian Adults
493
individuals will feel more prosperous since they have
a Positive Relationship with their environment at
large (Bejanyan et al., 2015).
Another similarity that is found between this
research and research in the general population
(Butler & Kern, 2016) is that the Positive Emotion
dimension has the lowest mean score. In general
population research, it is explained that increasing
positive emotion is one of the most significant ways
to improve well-being in individuals. Moreover, there
is a lot of research focusing on the importance of
Positive Emotion in increasing the well-being of
individuals. One research that specifically discussed
Positive Emotion and well-being stated that the
development of positive emotion is positively
correlated with the development of psychological
resilience and physical health, both of which will help
individuals to achieve happiness and well-being (Le
Nguyen & Fredrickson, 2018). However, this finding
is contrary to the previous research on the study of the
well-being of the Indonesian people which showed
that Positive emotion was one of the 2 dimensions
with the highest mean score besides the Engagement
dimension. This becomes an interesting finding, and
it will be a good starting point for further research on
PERMA, especially related to the Positive emotion
dimension. Respondents experience Positive
Emotion as a general appreciation that leads to an
evaluation of their quality of life. In contrast, in
theory, the types of Positive Emotion (joy, gratitude,
serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement,
inspiration, awe) will be more experienced when
individuals are mindful of every activity they do.
Experiencing more Positive Emotion in every activity
will help individuals to find meaning in their lives.
The next finding is that each PERMA dimension
in this research is positively correlated with each
other with a moderate value. This strengthens the
findings from other research such as the PERMA
study on the Classical Musician professionals
(Ascenso et al., 2018), the cross-cultural comparison
of the PERMA model of well-being research (Khaw
& Kern, 2015) and PERMA research on the general
population in the world (Butler & Kern, 2016).
Specifically, the highest correlation between
dimensions found in the classical musician and
general population studies is similar to the findings in
this study which shows that the highest correlation is
found between the Positive emotion and Meaning
dimensions. This is in line with the theory that
explains by living Positive emotion in the process of
achieving goals will help individuals attain meaning
in life (Steger, 2018). Other research also suggests
that positive emotion be a core part of well-being or
flourishing (Huppert & So, 2013).
From the process and the results of this research,
there are some notes gathered related to things that
need further attention for the development of this
research. It appears that the number of respondents
attained in this research is very minimal to represent
adults in Indonesia. This has an impact on the results
of this research, which can only be used to describe
the PERMA well-being of the respondents of this
research only. Hence, the results of this study cannot
be generalized to every adult in Indonesia. However,
this subject will continue to be studied and further
research will be conducted, particularly related to
Positive Emotion & Meaning.
4 CONCLUSIONS
PERMA well-being is a comprehensive concept of
welfare which states that human well-being,
including hedonic and eudaimonic, is built from 5
dimensions: Positive Emotion, Engagement,
Relationship, Meaning, and Accomplishment
(PERMA). From this research, it can be concluded
that the respondents’ well-being is considered high,
with Engagement dimension producing the highest
mean score and Meaning dimension producing the
lowest mean score among the five PERMA
dimension. Furthermore, each PERMA dimension is
positively correlated with each other. This shows that
each dimension will support each other to form
respondents’ well-being. To get a more optimal well-
being, it is recommended to increase the Positive
Emotion and Meaning dimensions. Positive emotion
dimension can be increased by practicing
mindfulness, Gratitude Jounal, and creating Positive
Experiences. Meanwhile, meaning dimension can be
increased by spending time with activity that really
improve the sense of meaning in life, such as
volunteering, performing acts of kindness in daily
activity. Regarding the limited number of
respondents, which becomes the limitation of this
study, it is highly recommended that further research
obtain a more significant number of respondents and
collect specific demographic data such as
geographical location, socio-economic status, etc.
Therefore, the results can be generalized for
Indonesian adults as a whole. In addition, it is also
highly recommended to link PERMA well-being with
other factors that affect well-being, such as physical
and spiritual health, flow, gratitude, and happiness.
This will develop an understanding related to well-
being in Indonesian adults.
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