Optimisation of Sustainable Clean Energy for Tourist

Accommodation

I Gusti Agung Bagus Wirajati

, I Dewa Made Cipta Santosa

, Ida Ayu Gede Bintang Madrini

I Bagus Aditya Jaya Pramana

and I Putu Gede Suka Haryasa

Politeknik Negeri Bali, Jalan Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Kuta Selatan, Kabupaten Badung, Bali, 80364, Indonesia

Agricultural and Bio-System Engineering Department, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Badung, Indonesia

Keywords: Tourist Accommodation, Clean Energy, Sustainable.

Abstract: Electricity for tourism accommodation/ villas in a tourist village in Bali is mostly for air conditioning (AC),

refrigerators, and swimming pool pumps. The cost of energy bills from tourism accommodation businesses is

in the second position after labour costs. This study aims to obtain target of solar energy optimization which

is integrated with a power source from the national grid (PLN). With this integration method, a reliable energy

supply system is obtained in tourism accommodation so that the service can compete with five-star hotel

accommodations. This research is an experimental study and the expected results are the percentage of

renewable energy optimization in the use of building energy and the other result is energy saving achievement

can be obtained. However, in this study still focus on designing a green energy model for tourist

accommodation and the result obtained that the solar energy can substitute as much as 17,5% of the total

energy demand from the national grid electricity (PLN). Further research will develop the solar energy and

cost analysis in detail to achieve the net zero energy building in the tourist accommodation.

1 INTRODUCTION

The electricity consumption required for tourism

accommodation in tourist villages is quite high. This

is due to the consumption of the air conditioning

system (AC). Energy in tourism accommodation is

one of the main operating costs below labour costs.

The COVID-19 condition which has an impact on the

declining competitiveness of tourism

accommodation, requires efforts for efficiency in all

fields in order to increase the competitiveness of

tourism accommodations that have limited networks

and capital. Solar energy as Clean Energy as

described in Bali Governor Regulation No. 45 (2019),

emphasized on the provision and utilization of clean

energy from solar energy sources including: a). large-

scale PV mini-grid construction; b) small-scale PLTS

development for public/communal/customary village

interests; c) development of small-scale PV mini-grid

for self-interest; d) installation of solar panels for

government, commercial, industrial, social and

household buildings; and fulfilment of Non-Electric

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0761-071X

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9912-629X

energy needs. This energy conservation is carried out

through the application of energy efficient technology

and meets the standards in accordance with the

provisions of conservation in the development of

Green Buildings by balancing the energy

consumption with the output (zero energy building).

Green Building Development is carried out through,

a) tropical building development in accordance with

traditional Balinese architecture; b) the design or

layout of the building that utilizes sunlight optimally;

c) use of environmentally friendly building materials,

electrical equipment and transportation in buildings

that save electricity; d) Rooftop Photovoltaic system

and/or other use of solar technology; e) efficiency of

water resources includes: fulfilment of water sources,

use of water, recycling of waste water and the use of

water-saving sanitary equipment; and f) waste and

wastewater treatment in accordance with procedures.

The development of a net zero energy model for

buildings has been studied by many researchers from

various environmental conditions, cultures and

architectural models. In Bali, this concept is very

232

Wirajati, I., Santosa, I., Madrini, I., Pramana, I. and Haryasa, I.

Optimisation of Sustainable Clean Energy for Tourist Accommodation.

DOI: 10.5220/0010942900003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 232-236

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

important to apply because of the tropical

environmental conditions with abundant solar

sources and must be accompanied by efficiency and

energy savings. In a broader sense, the concept of

zero energy for buildings is one component of the

development of a green building model.

The most eligible clean energy used in accordance

with the potential of this island is a source of solar

energy or photovoltaic (Santosa, et al., 2016). The

method that has been developed is the concept of net

zero energy which is applied to traditional Balinese

buildings so that the Balinese Green Building concept

is obtained (Santosa, et.al., 2020).

Other research on the concept of net zero energy

building has been carried out using advanced

methods. Lu et.al., (2021) conducted research on

exploring design solutions for smart, cost-effective

energy systems so that consumers can choose the

optimal capacity of renewable energy systems. From

the results obtained, it is recommended that

socialization and campaigns about energy saving are

slightly more important than the strategy for energy

efficient building models that are continuously being

developed, even though these two efforts are equally

important to achieve net zero energy building. Further

research was conducted by Huo et al., (2021) where

the nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB) model was

developed. The results show that the energy saving

potential of external venetian blind shading (EVBS)

technology is significant. Fu et al. (2021) stated that

an accurate and easy-to-apply method is needed to

calculate building energy consumption for various

applications. As the availability and quality of

building energy data continues to improve, the

methodology behind building energy calculations

also evolves over time. Although relevant fields such

as calibrated simulation and machine learning

methods have had many recent literature reviews,

statistical methods have not been reviewed in depth

and it has been identified that statistical methods are

rarely applied to model electricity demand, power

factor, or domestic water use. Zomera et al., (2020)

also conducted research on solar power systems in

buildings that were combined with aesthetic factors

and analysed on a monthly basis and it was found that

overall it could supply 38% of the energy supply in

laboratory buildings and concluded that the building

integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system very

appropriate for buildings with positive energy.

Skandalos and Karamanis, (2021) built a window-

focused integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV), such

as semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) or PV

shielding devices, proposed as an efficient approach

for electricity production and energy performance

improvement of buildings. The findings clearly show

that BIPV can substantially contribute to the

transition to energy-free buildings due to its passive

energy benefits. Arif et al., (2021) conducted a special

study on BIPV for two different countries and in

general it was found that the hybrid system can save

energy up to 9%, this is a good result for the

development of the use of photovoltaic systems for

building. Meanwhile, Ardrubali and Grazieschi

(2020) examined the life cycle of renewable energy,

and found that the most beneficial thing was the

potential for global warming of up to 89% for energy

and 88% on the emission side. For this energy

development, incentives are still needed because the

indirect benefits are very beneficial for green

development. Zhang et al., (2020) promote energy

saving potentials in buildings in the Asia Pacific

(APEC) region, considering the potential for

economic development in this region to develop very

rapidly, it must be accompanied by excellent building

energy saving efforts. The building sector has the

potential to be the largest contributor to achieving

APEC's energy goals and thus to climate change

goals.

Chen et al., (2021) examined the occupant's

behaviour towards energy saving and found that

behavioural efficiency has been identified as an

efficient and economical method compared to the

technology of the equipment itself. There are many

examples of energy-saving behaviour in this research,

for example, opening windows, opening doors,

setting air conditioners and others. Nagaoka, (2021)

and Hassan and Raves (2021) examine efforts to lead

to energy reduction in the future. At the extreme they

develop Zero Energy Building (ZEB). And innovate

to install photovoltaic on building walls and map the

location of photovoltaic placement on walls with a

validated model. So that the energy reduction can be

targeted up to 80%. And modelled the most dominant

crushing innovations in the building.

2 METHODOLOGY

The planned photovoltaic system is a hybrid system

where the photovoltaic operates in an integrated

manner with the PLN electricity network. This was

chosen because tourism accommodations already

have an adequate electricity network and the solar

system uses batteries to store energy which data is

used at night or in other conditions where there is no

Optimisation of Sustainable Clean Energy for Tourist Accommodation

233

sunlight. The installation of this solar power system

is carried out on tourism accommodation / villas in

the Ubud -Bali area. The overall system design is

shown in Figure 1 below.

Renewable energy will be able to supply the main

energy from air conditioning operations, refrigerator

pumps for swimming pools (pool), as well as some

lights for the time of day. This is based on an

assessment in previous research, it was found that

most of the energy from tourism accommodation is

consumed by these equipment and peak energy

consumption during the day.

Figure 1: Design of hybrid energy system photovoltaic and

national grid (PLN).

In the design model designed for testing using 4

monocrystalline solar panels arranged in parallel in

order to obtain a larger current. Solar Charge

Controller (SCC) where the Solar Charge Controller

is used to regulate the electric current coming out of

the solar panel and the current used, the Solar Charge

Controller works to keep the battery from

overcharging and using excessive battery energy.

This SCC also uses the Internet of Thing (IoT) system

to monitor and also as a measuring tool for the

performance of the solar power system. After the

electric current enters the SCC, it is then flowed into

the battery for energy storage which will be used at

night to operate the load from the battery to the

inverter to convert DC current into AC current which

will be used for the operation of air conditioning, pool

pumps, refrigerators and etc.

The integration system with the National grid

(PLN) uses an automatic transfer switch (ATS)

system that works automatically to transfer electrical

energy sources to the national grid (PLN) electricity

if the solar power condition has decreased its

performance as indicated by battery charging drops to

below 30% or equivalent. with the voltage dropping

to 10V. This system was chosen because the Building

Integrated Photovoltaic system that uses a dual meter

as a controller has not yet been regulated that data

values excess solar energy and vice versa.

The data is taken using an IoT data retrieval

system based on Android which consists of current

(I), voltage (V), power (W) and daily energy

generated (Wh). Data retrieval system with IoT with

Epever Tracer equipped with Epever eBox-WiFi,

shown in the following Figure 2.

Figure 2: Internet of Thing of measurements.

As for the survey and analysis of energy demand

from villa accommodation in detail, it is carried out

with precision measuring instruments. Measurements

were made of all utilities available at the Villa . where

the minimum standard of Villa accommodation

utilities consists of: air conditioning, refrigerator,

water heater, pool circulation pump, clean water

circulation pump, microwave, lighting.

In general, data collection is done with a valid

measurement system and instrumentation and

combined with data acquisition based on internet of

thing. Meanwhile, secondary data were obtained from

other previously published journals and references.

The data analysis method is carried out with

statistics that can be shown by pictures, graphs or

tables. The results of the analysis will be used as a

reference for planning the optimization and efficiency

of the use of solar power for the electricity

consumption needs of tourism accommodation. Data

analysis will use the help of several computer

programs, namely: @cool pack, @PVSys, and

@spread sheet.

Accommodation/Villa

Solar control

Panel and ATS

National Grid

(PLN)

KWh

Meter

Battery

Circulation

Pump (Pool)

Photovoltaic

Array

SCC with Epever

Tracer

Epever eBox-Wifi

Androi

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

From the results of the design and tests that have been

carried out, it is found that the array system is more

profitable if arranged in parallel rather than in series

because it will produce larger currents and losses on

the network can be smaller so that the battery

charging speed can be faster and larger, but to get

reliability The current and voltage of the photovoltaic

are then connected in parallel and in series.

From the results of observations on the utility of

the villa as an object, energy demand is obtained from

each of the main utilities to support guest services at

the villa. From the survey results, it is found that the

proportion of energy from villa utilities is that the

dominant energy is consumed by air conditioning

(35%), followed by swimming pool circulation

pumps and pumps for clean water supply 17.5% and

10%, respectively. The overall energy demand

proportion is shown in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Proportion of energy demand of the villa’s

utilities.

Figure 4: Variation of daily Current (I) and Voltage (V) of

the photovoltaic array.

From the results of the solar energy supply is

designed at a voltage of 12 V . and the results vary

slightly due to variations in the recording of the

instrument and measuring instrument. While the

resulting current varies according to the intensity of

daily sunlight. Figure 4 shows the output voltage (V)

and current (I) of photovoltaic with the data obtained

is the daily average from June to August.

Figure 5: Variation of daily power output of photovoltaic.

Figure 6: Batterie sensor of Voltage (V) and Current (I).

The power generated from the photovoltaic is shown

in Figure 5. While the condition of the current sensor

battery (I) and voltage (V) is shown in Figure 6. From

the daily power produced, the average is 225 W and

the battery current and voltage is 13.7 V and 15.9 A ,

respectively. So to adjust this condition, it was chosen

to drive the swimming pool circulation pump, where

this load is the dominant energy demand after air

conditioning, so it has contributed significantly to the

implementation of "Nearly Zero Energy Building

(NZEB)" in tourism accommodation in Bali.

4 CONCLUSIONS

From the discussion and analysis that has been carried

out, it can be concluded that the use of solar power

Optimisation of Sustainable Clean Energy for Tourist Accommodation

235

for tourism accommodation / villa applications is very

appropriate to support the Bali Governor's Regulation

towards the use of clean energy in supporting

sustainable tourism. From the results of experiments

conducted at one of the villas in the Ubud-Bali area,

that the installed photovoltaic capacity uses parallel

and series circuits to get the current and voltage

reliability of the photovoltaic. From the analysis of

the suitability of daily power and energy generated

from solar power, it is chosen to drive the swimming

pool circulation pump and can substitutes National

Grid energy (PLN) as much as 17,5%. For further

research will be continued to develop solar power

capacity and energy demand efficiency to achieve

"Net Zero Energy Building" towards green-based

tourism, and will investigated deeply toward

operational cost analysis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by the Directorate of

Sumber Daya, DIKTI, Ministry of Education, Culture

and Research and Technology, Indonesian

Government, Grant No. 249/E4.1/AK.04.PT/2021

and 40/PL8/PG/2021 for the in cash contribution. The

author also would like to thank the Department of

Mechanical Engineering - Bali State Polytechnic for

the moral support that has been shown by helping the

smooth running of this research so that it can be

completed. The author is very grateful to colleagues

and students who have helped in the completion of

this research.

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