An Observation of Soil pH, Temperature and Moisture of

Siamese Orange Farm at Kerta Village, Payangan, Gianyar, Bali

Anak Agung Ngurah Gde Sapteka

, Anak Agung Ngurah Made Narottama

Kadek Amerta Yasa

and I Gusti Agung Gede Wiadnyana

Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bali, Badung, Indonesia

Department of Mathematics Education, Universitas PGRI Mahadewa Indonesia, Denpasar, Indonesia

Keywords: Soil, pH, Temperature, Moisture, Orange Farm, Kerta, Payangan, Gianyar, Bali.

Abstract: We conduct this research to observe soil pH, temperature and moisture in Siamese orange farm located at

Kerta Village, Payangan District, Gianyar Regency, Bali using Takemura DM-15 Moisture Meter and Soil

pH to measure soil pH and moisture. Beside that, we use the HT-02 Thermal Imager Camera to measure soil

temperature. Meanwhile to determine the environmental temperature and humidity conditions, the MiSol

DS102 Temperature Humidity Data Logger is used. We collect the data at 9 points and group the data into

three groups, namely group 1 for location of L1-L3, group 2 for location of L4-L6, group 3 for location of

L7-L9. The data is collected every 2 days from June to August 2021 for forty-one times. This research

concludes that the ideal pH range for orange farm from 5 to 6 is obtained under conditions of soil temperature

from 27.7

C to 29.9

C and soil moisture from 35.3% to 42.2%.

1 INTRODUCTION

Siamese orange is part of tangerine originating from

Siam (Muangthai) which was originally widely

cultivated outside Bali, namely West Kalimantan and

is now widely cultivated in the Bali area, especially

in Bangli and Gianyar regencies (Supartha,

Kesumadewi, Susila, Gunadi, & Suardi, 2015).

The agricultural sector in Kerta Village is

dominated by fruit crops. One of the fruit

commodities developed in Kerta Village is orange

fruit. The type of orange grown in Kerta Village is the

Siamese Lumajang orange plant which has been

developed by the community here since 2003. The

area of land that can be utilized by orange farmers in

Kerta Village is 72 hectares with a production yield

of 2.90 tons/Ha (Januwiata, Dunia, & Indrayani,

2014).

Siamese orange plants can be grown and

cultivated in the lowlands to highlands (0 to 1,500

masl), but optimally below 1,000 masl. Siamese

orange requires 6-9 wet months (rainy season) and

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3-6 dry months (dry season) and need sufficient

water, especially in July-August (dry season). High

rainfall occurred throughout 2010 causing

phenological chaos. Previously, orange plants

flowered 1 to 3 times a year to 4 to 6 times a year but

these flowers did not turn into fruit (there was a drop

in the nipple) and resulted in the failure of orange

harvests in 2010 and 2011 (Ashari, Hanif, &

Supriyanto, 2014).

The intercropping pattern of Siamese orange with

vegetable crops has better soil biological properties

than the monoculture cropping pattern. The soil pH

value is higher in the intercropping pattern of Siamese

orange with several vegetable crops, i.e., 6.72–6.85

compared to the monoculture Siamese orange

cropping pattern of 6.38 in Sekaan Village,

Kintamani District (Bunada, Kesumadewi, & Atmaja,

2016).

The result of research in 2018 in Lebong Regency

shows that around 55.6% of the decrease in soil water

content was related to land slope. There was a

decrease in water content tends to be 0.38% for every

Sapteka, A., Narottama, A., Yasa, K. and Wiadnyana, I.

An Observation of Soil pH, Temperature and Moisture of Siamese Orange Farm at Kerta Village, Payangan, Gianyar, Bali.

DOI: 10.5220/0010943100003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 243-248

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

243

1% increase in land slope. In addition, soil pH will

also decrease with increasing slope (Banjarnahor,

Hindarto, & Fahrurrozi, 2018).

Research on post-mining revegetation land

located in East Kalimantan shows that differences in

planting age affect microclimate fluctuations,

including soil temperature and moisture at different

soil depths. The result shows that the highest soil

temperature at a depth of 10 cm and 20 cm were

27.7ºC and 26.6ºC, respectively, at 3 years of

revegetation. Meanwhile, the lowest soil temperature

was at 7 years old revegetation at a depth of 10 cm

and 20 cm, respectively, at 26.1ºC and 24.9ºC. The

highest soil moisture was 87.8% (at a depth of 10 cm)

and 88.0% (at a depth of 20 cm) in the 7-year-old

revegetation area. The lowest soil moisture at a depth

of 10 cm (81.3%) and 20 cm (81.5%) occurred in the

3 year old revegetation area (Karyati, Putri, &

Syafrudin, 2018).

Research in guava plantations of crystal varieties

(psidium guajava l.) in 2017 shows that the value of

soil temperature, soil moisture had an effect on the

high and low soil pH values at various plant ages

(Karamina, Fikrinda, & Murti, 2017).

Orange plants can grow in any type of soil. The

degree of soil acidity (pH) required ranges from 5 to

6. In soils that are too acidic, which is less than 5,

plant roots cannot develop properly, so they are less

able to absorb nutrients. If the plant is able to absorb

nutrients, the plant will experience Cu (Copper)

poisoning. Soil with pH of more than 6 or alkaline,

usually a lot of micro-nutrients are bound, causes less

normal plant growth due to nutrient deficiency. In

principle, orange plant will grow and bear fruit very

well in areas with a rather dry climate type as long as

there is enough water ((Nia T, 1993).

Based on previous research studies, in this article

we will report about soil pH, temperature and

moisture research of Siamese orange farm located at

Kerta Village, Payangan District, Gianyar Regency,

Bali that has never been done before in this location.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

This observation is conducted in a Siamese orange

farm that has experienced several harvests with a

plant age of about 10 years. Orange cultivation here

has a spacing of 3 meters with cabbage intercropping.

The data taken are soil pH, soil moisture and soil

temperature. For measuring soil pH and moisture, the

DM-15 pH and Moisture Meter made by Takemura is

used, while for measuring soil temperature, the

HT-02 Thermal Imager Camera is used. To determine

the environmental temperature and humidity

conditions, the MiSol DS102 Temperature Humidity

Data Logger is used. The data has been collected from

June to August 2021. During that time, there is no

fertilization conducted in this orange farm. Photos of

the equipment are shown in Figures 1-3.

Figure 1: DM-15 pH and soil moisture meter.

Figure 2: HT-02 thermal imager camera.

Figure 3: Temperature and humidity data logger.

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Data collection of soil pH, humidity and temperature

are conducted at nine points at the observation

location during the day. The collections at these nine

points are grouped into three groups, i.e., group 1 for

location of L1, L2 and L3, group 2 for location of L4,

L5 and L6, group 3 for location of L7, L8 and L9. As

stated before, the data collection is conducted from

June to August 2021 every 2 days. Totally, the data

has been collected forty-one times. Furthermore, data

tabulation and processing, continued with statistical

data analysis are conducted to obtain conclusion from

the observation.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result

The movement of air temperature and humidity data

at the research site are shown in Figure 4. This data

indicates that the air temperature is in the range of

24.3

C to 30.1

C, while the humidity is in the range

of 68% to 83%. the MiSol DS102 Temperature

Humidity Data Logger is used to collect the data at

noon time.

Soil pH data at the research site are shown in

Figure 5-7. At location of L1, L2 and L3, the soil pH

moves from 4.4 to 6.4 as shown in Figure 5. At

location of L4, L5 and L6, the soil pH moves from 4.2

to 6.6 as shown in Figure 6. At the same time, the soil

pH moves from 4.4 to 6.4 at location of L7, L8 and

L9 as shown in Figure 7. The

DM-15 pH and soil

moisture meter is used to measure the data.

Figure 4: Air temperature and humidity data.

Figure 5: pH data of L1, L2 and L3.

Figure 6: pH data of L4, L5 and L6.

Figure 7: pH data of L7, L8 and L9.

An Observation of Soil pH, Temperature and Moisture of Siamese Orange Farm at Kerta Village, Payangan, Gianyar, Bali

245

Soil moisture data at the research site are shown

in Figure 8-10. The soil moisture at location of L1, L2

and L3 moves from 10% to 76% as shown in

Figure 8. At location of L4, L5 and L6, soil moisture

fluctuates from 13% to 76% as shown in Figure 9.

Meanwhile at location of L7, L8 and L9, the soil

moisture changes from 11% to 84% as shown in

Figure 10.

Soil temperature data at a depth of 10 cm at the

study site are shown in Figure 11-13. At location of

L1, L2 and L3, the soil temperature varies from

21.8

C to 37.9

C as shown in Figure 11. Meanwhile

at location of L4, L5 and L6, the soil temperature

changes from 22.4

C to 38.8

C as shown in Figure 12.

At the same time, the soil temperature fluctuates from

22.1

C to 43.1

C at location of L7, L8 and L9 as

shown in Figure 13.

Figure 8: Soil moisture data of L1, L2 and L3.

Figure 9: Soil moisture data of L4, L5 and L6.

Figure 10: Soil moisture data of L7, L8 and L9.

Figure 11: Soil temperature data of L1, L2 and L3.

Figure 12: Soil temperature data of L4, L5 and L6.

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Figure 13: Soil temperature data of L7, L8 and L9.

3.2 Discussion

Based on the results of primary data about air

temperature at the research site, Figure 4 shows that

the air temperature has met the requirements for

growing orange plants, i.e., 19

C to 39

C. Likewise,

the humidity in the research location is 68% to 83%.

This air humidity value has met the requirement for

growing orange plants, i.e., 50% to 90%

(Nurmegawati, Hamdan, & Sastro, 2020). At normal

air humidity (70% to 80%), orange plant gets smooth

fleshy fruit, more fruit juice, fresher taste, and

stronger citrus aroma (Hilman, Suciantini, &

Rosliani, 2019).

Parameter analysis of pH, moisture and soil

temperature are conducted by calculating the average

value of these three parameters at locations of L1-L3,

L4-L6 and L7-L9. The results of this calculation are

shown in Figure 14-16. Referring to a study by Nia T.

in 1993 regarding the appropriate pH limit for

Siamese orange cultivation, i.e., pH 5 to 6, it can be

seen that the average pH in all locations have above

or below ideal values.

Figure 14 shows the average pH of L1, L2, and

L3. The pH value lower than 5 is obtained at soil

temperature of 26.9

C and soil moisture of 20%.

Meanwhile the pH value of 5 to 6 is obtained at

average soil temperature of 27.7

C and average soil

moisture of 35.3%. Furthermore, the pH values

higher than 6 is obtained at the average soil

temperature of 28.3

C and the average soil moisture

of 37.9%.

Figure 14: Average soil pH, moisture and temperature of

L1, L2, L3.

Figure 15 shows the average pH values of L4, L5,

and L6. The pH value of less than 5 is acquired at

average temperature of 30.1

C and average soil

moisture of 25.5%. Meanwhile the pH value of 5 to 6

is acquired at soil temperature of 28.6

C and soil

moisture of 37.6%. Furthermore, pH value of higher

than 6 is acquired at average soil temperature of

28.5

C and average soil moisture of 56.2%.

Figure 15: Average soil pH, moisture and temperature of

L4, L5, L6.

Figure 16 shows the average pH values of L7, L8,

and L9. The pH value of less than 5 is achieved at

average temperature of 31.8

C and an average soil

moisture of 22.3%. Meanwhile the pH value of 5 to 6

is achieved at soil temperature condition of 29.9

and soil moisture of 42.4%. Furthermore, pH value of

higher than 6 is achieved at average soil temperature

of 29.8

C and average soil moisture of 50.3%.

An Observation of Soil pH, Temperature and Moisture of Siamese Orange Farm at Kerta Village, Payangan, Gianyar, Bali

247

Figure 16: Average soil pH, moisture and temperature of

L7, L8, L9.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Observation of the parameter values of pH, and

temperature and soil moisture in the Siam Orange

Gardens located in Kerta Village, Payangan District,

Gianyar, Bali is conducted from June to August 2021

concludes that pH below 5 is obtained at soil

temperature from 26.9

C to 31.8

C and soil moisture

from 20% to 22.3%. The ideal pH range for orange

farm from 5 to 6 is obtained under conditions of soil

temperature from 27.7

C to 29.9

C and soil moisture

from 35.3% to 42.2%. Meanwhile pH of more than 6

is obtained at soil temperature condition from 28.3

to 29.8

C and soil moisture from 37.9% to 56.2%.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank the editors and

reviewers of ICAST 2021 for the publication of this

scientific article and the Centre for Research and

Community Service, Politeknik Negeri Bali for

funding and supporting this research

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