Thrust Force Analysis in Drilling Wood and Natural Fibre

Reinforced Composite

Anggit Murdani

, RN Akhsanu Takwim and Muhammad Fakhruddin

Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Malang, Jl. Sukarno Hatta No. 9, Malang 65141, Indonesia

Keywords: Plywood, Natural Fibre, Polyester, Auger, Spur, Twist, Drilling.

Abstract: The objective of this research is presenting the method for analysing the behaviour of drill bit during cutting

process by means the measurement of thrust force. The behaviour of the drill bit during cutting process is

very useful for developing cutting tool such as drill bit for composite and wood. Thrust force is measured by

using modified loadcell connected to data acquisition system. In this research, three types of drill bits are used

for drilling plywood and natural fibre reinforced polyester composite. The drill bits used are twist drill, spur

bit, and auger bit. The value of measured force demonstrates the behaviour of the drill bit during cutting

process. This value of the thrust force can be used for analysing the influence of machining parameters,

optimizing the tool and its process.

1 INTRODUCTION

Assembly process requires good quality of machined

part such as hole (Caggiano et al, 2018). In recent

years, many researchers develop cutting tool to be

more efficient and produce higher quality of products

(Ismail et al, 2017; Karpat et al, 2015; Ramesh et al,

2015; Rakesh, 2012). One of fast-growing topics in

machining is drilling wood base materials (Bajpai et

al, 2013; Boccarusso et al, 2020; Maleki et al, 2019;

Nasir et al, 2019). In conventional machining,

especially in practical work, problem is still occurred

in drilling wood base materials such as wooden

products and natural fibre reinforced composite.

Drilling wood and natural fibre reinforced

composite persists problem in delamination of the

layers or plies (Khashaba, 2012; Kilickap, 2010;

Prakash et al, 2018; Saoudi et al, 2018). Several

methods were developed to reduce the delamination

in drilling wood and natural fibre reinforced

composite. Drill bits innovation and machining

attachment are most common method (Khashaba,

2012).

In this study, the behaviour of the drill bit during

cutting process is observed by means of analysing

thrust force. The next goal of this study is to develop

https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4212-9403

https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3526-3842

drill bit that is more effective to cut the material, i.e.,

reducing delamination of layer on the hole exit.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

The materials used in this study are plywood and

composite. The materials are three plies type of

plywood with 10mm thickness and jute fibre

reinforced polyester composite. Three kinds of drill

bit are used to make hole on the specimens, i.e., Twist

drill bit, Brad point drill bit, and Auger drill bit. The

diameter of the drill bits is 8 mm.

Four axis CNC machine is used with constant feed

rate of 0.3 mm/rev. The spindle speed is 1400 rpm.

Modified loadcell is used for sensing the thrust force

during cutting process. The loadcell is connected to

dynamic strain amplifier and data acquisition system

that able to capture data in the rate of 1000 Hz.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1 and 2 show the recorded thrust force during

drilling hole using twist drill on plywood and fibre

reinforced composite. Figure 3 and 4 show the

354

Murdani, A., Takwim, R. and Fakhruddin, M.

Thrust Force Analysis in Drilling Wood and Natural Fibre Reinforced Composite.

DOI: 10.5220/0010945600003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 354-357

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

recorded thrust force during drilling hole using Brad

point drill bit on plywood and fibre reinforced

composite. Figure 5 and 6 show the recorded thrust

force during drilling hole using Auger drill bit on

plywood and fibre reinforced composite.

All figures and its illustration are not subjected to

a scale. Drill bit picture is located at an approximate

position when the observed thrust force is considered

important. The workpiece is fitted to the length of

thrust force curve, started from the point when the

drill bit the entrance surface of the workpiece and

ended at the point when the exit hole is completely

drilled.

Figure 1-6 compares the three types of drill bits in

drilling two different materials. As shown in Figure 1

and 2, twist drill demonstrates a basic behaviour of

thrust force generated during drilling process on

plywood and composite, respectively.

Figure 1: Thrust force during drilling hole using twist drill

on plywood.

The maximum thrust force is higher in drilling

composite, since the composite is considered harder

than the plywood. Therefore, the gradual increase of

thrust force can be observed in drilling plywood

(arrow (a)). In Figure 1, pointed by arrow (b) and (c),

represent the thrust force when the drill point

reaching the interface between the plies of the

plywood. The arrow (d) pointing the thrust force level

when the exit hole started to form. On the other hand,

in Figure 2, in drilling jute fibre reinforced polyester

composite with twist drill showing steeper slope than

in drilling plywood when the drill point started to

swipe the workpiece, as shown by arrow (a), and

when the drill point starts to open the exit hole, as

shown by arrow (b). The drilling on composite

material shows the higher thrust force in overall

process.

Figure 2: Thrust force during drilling hole using twist drill

on composite.

Figure 3 and 4 show the behaviour of thrust force

generated during drilling workpieces with Brad-point

drill bit. The effect of the drill point is clearly shown

on the recorded thrust force which is different from

the twist drill.

Figure 3: Thrust force during drilling hole using Brad point

drill on plywood.

Thrust Force Analysis in Drilling Wood and Natural Fibre Reinforced Composite

355

In Figure 3, as shown by the arrow (a), the thrust

force gradually increases in the first step when the

drill point starts to deep the hole. The similar result is

presented by Boccarusso et al, (2020). The thrust

force continues to increase after the cutting edge start

to swipe the workpiece and finally decrease when the

sharp point starts to open the exit hole (arrow (b)).

Figure 4 shows the effect of the drill point of Brad-

point drill bit on the generated thrust force in drilling

jute fibre reinforced polyester composite is similar to

the Figure 2, however, the beginning slope of Figure

4 is less steep than that of Figure 2. When the sharp

point starts to open the hole, the thrust force steeply

increase and the slope slightly change less steep at the

point indicated by arrow (a). Finally, the thrust force

decreases when the sharp point starts to open the exit

hole (arrow (b)). The overall thrust force is

approximately equal between Figure 2 and 4.

Figure 4: Thrust force during drilling hole using Brad point

drill on composite.

Figure 5 and 6 show an interesting behaviour of

the thrust force during drilling plywood and jute fibre

reinforced composite using Auger bit. In both

materials, the recorded thrust force shows the traction

exerted by the thread of the drill point.

In Figure 5 and 6, the starting thrust force are

increase due to the first touch of the drill point.

However, the level of the thrust force is different

between the plywood and the composite. The initial

thrust force of jute fibre reinforced polyester

composite is much higher than that of plywood, since

the plywood is much softer than the composite. After

the initial thrust force, as the drill point continue to

cut the material, the thrust force gradually decreases

(arrow (a)) and exerts traction on the workpiece. This

traction can be seen as the negative value of the thrust

force from location pointed by arrow (a) until location

pointed by arrow (b). The thrust force increases

(arrow (c)) when the cutting edge starts to swipe the

workpiece surface and finally decrease when the drill

point opens the exit hole (arrow (d)). The effect of

materials on the thrust force behaviour is different in

the term of traction.

Figure 5: Thrust force during drilling hole using Auger bit

on plywood.

Figure 6: Thrust force during drilling hole using Auger bit

on composite.

iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

356

The traction exerted by threaded point of the drill

bit on plywood is lower than that of jute fibre

reinforced polyester composite. This is caused by the

weaker contact between thread and the plywood

during drilling. On the other hand, although the

composite has stronger contact between the thread

and the composite, in a certain stage, the contact

between the thread and the composite is loosen,

causing the traction decrease, i.e., the thrust force

increases as shown in Figure 6 pointed by arrow (e).

After that, the contact between the thread and the

composite re-established and the traction increases.

When the cutting edge start to swipe the workpiece,

the thrust force increases gradually as shown by

arrow (c).

4 CONCLUSIONS

The behaviour of the drill bit during drilling process

that is shown by the thrust force, represent the

mechanism of cutting process based on its tool tips

geometry. The twist drill shows the high average

thrust force and the delamination persist. The Brad

point drill bit and Auger bit shows lower thrust force.

While the Auger bit give the best result in the lowest

effect on the delamination.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project is funded by Research Grant in Applied

Research Scheme of Politeknik Negeri Malang fiscal

year 2021.

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