Identification of Land Criticism for Land Conservation Actions in the

Badeng Watershed with Regulation of Watershed and Protection

Forest Management

Zulis Erwanto

, Abdul Holik

, Dadang Dwi Pranowo

and Shinta Nur Afifa

Department of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Banyuwangi, Jl. Raya Jember Km 13 Kabat, Banyuwangi, Indonesia

Department of Agribusiness, Politeknik Negeri Banyuwangi, Jl. Raya Jember Km 13 Kabat, Banyuwangi, Indonesia

Study Program of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Banyuwangi, Jl. Raya Jember Km 13 Kabat, Banyuwangi,

Indonesia

Keywords: Badeng Watershed, Conservation, Critical Land, GIS, Protection Forest Management.

Abstract: In 2018 there was a flood in the Badeng Watershed due to landslides on Pendil Mountain. Flooding makes

land in the Badeng Watershed critical. This research aims to identify critical lands for conservation actions in

the Badeng Watershed. To identify the criticality of land, a geographic information system is used with a

scoring method, referring to the Regulation of the Director-General of Watershed and Protection Forest

Management Number P.3/PDASHL/SET/KUM.1/7/2018 About Technical Guidelines for Critical Land

Spatial Data Preparation. The results showed that the Badeng Watershed has a rather critical area of 10.82

(20.65%) in Sumber Asih Hamlet, Mangaran, Sumberarum Village, Songgon District with conservation

efforts Lemongrass planting, vetiver grass, reforestation, and rorak. The potential land area has 8.08 Km

(14.43%) in Bejong Hamlet, Krajan Sumberarum Village, and Bayu Village Songgon District with efforts to

conserve multiple planting systems, forest farming systems, making check dams/gully plugs in grooves,

ditches around the slopes, and banks of the Badeng River. The non-critical land area has 33.49 Km

(63.93%)

in Singojuruh Subdistrict, Alasmalang, Rogojampi, to conserve the planting of rotating cropping systems

mulch utilization, mounds, and terracing in agricultural areas.

1 INTRODUCTION

Critical land is land that shows a decrease in

environmental quality due to the various uses of land

resources that are not wise and not following existing

regulations. Such land certainly cannot function

optimally following the land designated as a medium

for water management and a medium for plant

production. Critical land will continuously cause

natural disasters.

In 2018, there was a flash flood natural disaster in

the Badeng watershed. The flash flood was caused by

weathering of material on Mount Pendil, which

flowed into the Alas Malang River (

Rachmawati,

2018)

One way to prevent flash floods natural disasters

is by planting vegetation. The existence of vegetation

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7938-9116

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9987-1161

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2876-0146

is very important for the sustainability of land use.

Planting vegetation that is following the existing land

capacity will be beneficial in the long term. The need

to avoid land-use errors is intended so that the decline

in land productivity does not occur.

Based on the above problems, identifying critical

land in the Badeng watershed is carried out using the

Regulation of the Director-General of Watershed

Control and Protection Forest Number

P.3/PDASHL/SET/KUM.1/7/2018, with the scoring

method. Previous research related to the identification

of land criticality for land conservation actions,

among others,

Asmaranto et al., (2012); Erwanto &

Lestari (2020); Erwanto & Pratiwi (2020); Erwanto et al.,

(2020); Hendro et al., (2014); Hidayat & Iswardoyo (2019);

Kadir & Badaruddin (2015)

; Nurhakim (2017);

Prasindya

et al.,

(2020), and Ramayanti

et al.,

(2015).

484

Erwanto, Z., Holik, A., Pranowo, D. and Aﬁfa, S.

Identiﬁcation of Land Criticism for Land Conservation Actions in the Badeng Watershed with Regulation of Watershed and Protection Forest Management.

DOI: 10.5220/0010947900003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 484-491

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

1.1 Problems

The main thing that wants to be studied in this

research is the identification of land criticism for land

conservation actions in the Badeng watershed with

Regulation of Watershed and Protection Forest

Management?

1.2 Research Purpose

The study aimed to identify the criticality of land for

land conservation actions in the Badeng watershed

with Regulation of Watershed and Protection Forest

Management.

2 THEORY AND METHODS

2.1 Critical Land

Critical land is a land that is very barren and bald with

a very low fertility rate, so it cannot be used as

agricultural land. This land can still be managed even

Figure 1: Procedure for Determining the Level of Critical

Land (Regulation of the Director-General of Watershed

Control and Protection Forest Management

No.P.3/PDASHL/SET/KUM.1/7/2018, 2018).

though its productivity is low. Identification of land

criticality is useful for determining conservation

policies used on critical land in the Badeng

watershed. The identification method used is scoring

and the reference used is the Regulation of the

Director-General of Watershed Control and

Protection Forest Management Number

P.3/PDASHL/SET/KUM.1/7/2018.

Based on Figure 1, the Erosion Map and Land Use

Map are scored. After that, overlay erosion map and

land use map. It is generating a first overlay map. The

scoring method is, for example, land use map 1 (rice

fields, ponds) has a score of 12 multiplied by a land-

use weight of 60%, and for example, the erosion that

occurs is <15 tons/ha/year has a score of 8 multiplied

by the weight erosion by 40%. After that, the

multiplication result is totaled between land use and

erosion. Then overlay the slope map and forest area

function map, resulting in a second overlay map,

which is called the critical land map. Classify the

criticality of the land on the second overlay map. The

example, an area inside a forest area with a slope of

0-8º and has a criticality score of 52-68, on area is

classified as Critical Potential (CP). Meanwhile, for

areas outside the forest area, if it has a slope of 0-8º

and has a criticality score of 68-84, then the area is

classified as Somewhat Critical (SC).

2.2 Land Conservation

Land conservation is the control of energy from the

effects of raindrops and surface runoff in the process

of erosion. The main objective in soil conservation is

to obtain a sustainable level of land production by

keeping the rate of soil loss below the permissible

threshold, which theoretically can be said that the rate

of erosion must be less than or equal to soil formation.

Since erosion is a natural process that cannot be

avoided at all or zero erosion, especially for

agricultural land, what can be done is to reduce the

rate of erosion to an acceptable level. There are

several types of conservation, namely, vegetative

conservation by planting in strips, multiple plantings,

rotational planting, using mulch, and forest farming

systems. Mechanical conservation using land

preparation according to contour lines, making

mounds, making drain, making waterways, making

check dams, making rorak, and making Gully Plugs.

In contrast, chemical conservation is conservation by

using chemicals.

Land Use Map Erosion Map

Land Use Class Score Erosion Class Score

112<15 8

2 24 15 - 60 16

3 32 60 - 180 24

4 48 180 - 480 32

5 60 >480 40

Slope M apFo re st Are a M ap

Scoring

Total Score

Land Criticality Map

Description of Land Use Score:

Shrubs, Swamp Shrubs, DryLand Farming, Mixed DryLand Agriculture

Open Land, Mining

Airport, Body of Water, Swamp, Savanna, Settlement / Transmigration, Primary DryLand

Forest, Rice Fields, Ponds, Primary Mangrove Forest, Secondary Mangrove Forest, Primary

Swamp Forest, Secondary Swamp Forest

Plantation Forest, Secondary DryLand Forest

Plantation

LU Class Weight 60% Erosion Rate Weight 40%

1 12 <15 8 Not Critical (NC) 0 - 36

2 24 15 - 60 16 Critical Potential (CP) 36 - 52

3 32 60 - 180 24 Somewhat Critical (SC) 52 - 68

4 48 180 - 480 32 Critical (C) 68 - 84

5 60 >480 40 Highly Critical (HC) >84

Sc oring Critic ality

Scoring System from the Regulation of the Director-General of Watershed and Protection Forest Management Number

P.3/PDASHL/SET/KUM.1 /7/2018

0 - 36 36 - 52 52 - 68 68 - 84 >84 0 - 36 36 - 52 52 - 68 68 - 84 >84

0 - 8 NC NC CP CHC0 - 8 NC NC CP SC SC

8 - 15 NC CP SC CHC8 - 15 NC CP SC SC SC

15 - 25 CP SC SC CHC15 - 25 CP SC SC CHC

25 - 40SCSCSC CHC25 - 40 SC SC SC CHC

>40SCSCSC CHC>40SCSCSC CHC

Critic a l Sc ore

Inside of Forest Area Outside of Forest Area

Critical Score

Slope Slope

Identiﬁcation of Land Criticism for Land Conservation Actions in the Badeng Watershed with Regulation of Watershed and Protection

Forest Management

485

2.3 Location of Study

The research location was in the Badeng Watershed,

Banyuwangi Regency which has an area of 52.40 km

and located at geographic coordinates 8° 6’ 12.367" S

to 8° 20’ 19.109" S, and 114° 6’ 34.242" E to 114°

19’ 15.679" E [4], as in the Figure 2.

Figure 2: Location of Research in Badeng Watershed of

Banyuwangi Regency.

2.4 Data Collection

Primary data in the form of field survey results and

coordinates of land criticality areas and secondary

data in the form of spatial data are the digital map of

Badeng watershed erosion, digital map of the land use

of Badeng watershed, digital map of forest area

function in Badeng watershed, digital map of the

slope of Badeng watershed, digital map

administration of the Badeng watershed, and a digital

map of the river of the Badeng watershed obtained

from the Regional Development Planning Agency of

Banyuwangi Regency.

2.5 Step Work

2.5.1 Identification of Land Criticality

Identification of land criticality is carried out to

determine areas affected by erosion due to flooding in

the Badeng watershed. The identification of land

criticality is carried out using the scoring method,

referring to the Regulation of the Director-General of

Watershed Control and Protection Forest

Management Number of P.3/PDASHL/SET/ KUM.1/

7/ 2018.

2.5.2 The Making of a Land Criticality Map

The making of a land criticality map is carried out

using a Geographic Information System by

overlaying a base map of land criticality parameters

that have been scored based on the criticality level of

the land in the Regulation of the Director-General of

Watershed Control and Protection Forest

Management Number of P.3/PDASHL/SET/ KUM.1/

7/ 2018.

2.5.3 Study of Critical Land Conservation

Surveying conditions in the field carried out the study

of critical land conservation at critical land points

resulting from processing map overlay data using

Geographic Information Systems. This analysis was

carried out for conservation recommendations on

critical land in the Badeng watershed, Songgon,

Banyuwangi.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Land Use

Land use is used to provide an overview of the types

of land use in the watershed. Factors such as

biophysical, economic, and social conditions become

the basis for land planning to preserve the

environment and utilize land according to the area's

capacity, function, and potential. The percentage and

area of land use distribution in the Badeng watershed

can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: Badeng Land Use Scoring.

Land Use LU Score

Total Score

(Score x 60%)

Area

(Km

)

Area

Forest 1 12 7.2 32.35 61.76

Garden 4 48 28.8 13.69 26.13

Avalanches 5 60 36 1.92 3.67

Land Waters 1 12 7.2 1.26 2.40

Plantation 3 32 19.2 2.44 4.66

Settlement 1 12 7.2 0.17 0.33

Rice Fields 1 12 7.2 0.56 1.06

Total 52.38 100

Based on Table 1, it can be seen that the land use

in the Badeng watershed is dominated by forest, with

a percentage of the land area of 61.75% or 32.35 Km

The land use map can be seen in Figure 2.

iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

486

Figure 3: Land Use Map of the Badeng Watershed.

The distribution of land use in Figure 3, shows

seven types of land use, namely forest, rice fields,

plantations, gardens, settlements, avalanches, and

land waters. Land use in the Badeng watershed is

dominated by forest, while settlements have the least

land use.

3.2 Erosion

Erosion is very influential on the criticality of the

land. Part of the soil will be eroded and transported

by water or wind and then settles somewhere. This

incident resulted in a decrease in land productivity in

the Badeng watershed. The erosion score in the

Badeng watershed is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Erosion Scoring of Badeng Watershed.

Erosion Class

(Ton/Ha

Yrs)

Score

Total Score

(Score x 40%)

Captions

≤15 8 3.2 Excellen

15-60 16 6.4 Goo

60-180 24 9.6 Medium

>480 40 16 Very Bad

In Table 2, it is known that the erosion in the

Badeng watershed has been classified into 4 classes.

The class of ≤15 (Ton/Ha/Yrs) with an area of

98.93% is in the very excellent category. The erosion

class 15-60 (Ton/Ha/Yrs) with an area of 1.06% is in

a good category, the erosion class 60-180

(Ton/Ha/Yrs) with an area of 0.003% is in the

medium category, erosion class >480 (Ton/Ha/Yrs)

with an area of 0.011% is in the very bad category.

The erosion base map can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Erosion Map of the Badeng Watershed.

Based on Figure 4, it is known that the erosion rate

in the Badeng watershed is 13.037,07 tons/ha/year.

3.3 Slope

The slope base map is used to determine the criticality

level of the land. The steeper the slope, the higher the

land criticality potential. The slope classification of

the Badeng watershed is shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Classification of Slope In The Badeng Watershed.

Slope (%) Slope Class Conditions

Area

(

Km²

)

Area

0 – 2 I Flat 2.97 5.68

2 - 8 II Sloping 23.69 45.24

8 - 15 III Bit Steep 6.91 13.19

15 - 25 IV Bit Steep 7.98 15.23

25 - 40 V Steep 4.11 7.84

>40 VI Ver

Stee

6.71 12.81

Total 52.38 100

Based on Table 3, it is known that the average

slope distribution of the Badeng watershed varies

from a slope of 0-2%, having an area of 5.68% with

flat conditions, a slope of 2-8% having an area of

45.24% with sloping conditions, a slope of 8%-15%

having a wide percentage of 13.19% with bit steep

conditions, a slope of 15-25% has a percentage of the

area of 15.23% with a bit steep condition, a slope of

25-40% has a percentage of 7.84% with a steep

condition, a slope of >40% has an area percentage of

12.81% with very steep conditions. The basic map of

the slope in the Badeng watershed is shown in Figure

Identiﬁcation of Land Criticism for Land Conservation Actions in the Badeng Watershed with Regulation of Watershed and Protection

Forest Management

487

Figure 5: Slope Map of the Badeng Watershed.

Based on Figure 5, it is known that the slope of 0

– 2% has an area of 2.97 Km

. The slope of 2 – 8%

has an area of 23.69 Km

. the slope of 8 – 15% has an

area of 6.91 Km

. The slope of 15 – 25% has an area

of 7.98 Km

, the slope 25 – 40% has an area of 4.11

, slopes >40% have an area of 6.71 Km

3.4 Forest Area

Forest area is used to determine the forest area in the

Badeng watershed. Forest areas also have a function

to regulate water systems, control erosion, and

maintain soil fertility. The classification of the

Badeng watershed forest area can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4: Classification of Forest Area in Badeng

Watershed.

Classification Area (Km²) % Area

Areas Outside the Fores

20.51 39.15

Protected Forest 27.69 52.84

Production Fores

4.19 8.01

Total 52.40 100

Based on Table 4, the forest area in the Badeng

watershed is dominated by protection forest with

52.84%, outside forest area of 39.15%, and

production forest of 8.01%. The Forest Area Base

Map can be seen in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Map of Badeng Watershed Forest Area.

3.5 Land Criticism

Land cannot function properly according to its

designation, both as a production medium and water

management medium. Land classified as critical can

be in the form of bare soil with no vegetation at all,

savanna fields, or land overgrown with unproductive

shrubs, rocky areas, ravines, or ditches resulting from

soil erosion. The following is the classification of

critical land in the Badeng watershed, which can be

seen in Table 5.

Table 5: Classification of Critical Land In Badeng

Watershed.

Classification Area (Km

) % Area

Somewhat

Rathe

Critical 10.82 20.65

Critical Potential 8.08 14.43

Critical 33.49 63.93

Total 52.38 100

The results of land criticality analysis in the

Badeng watershed according to Table 5 based on the

Regulation of the Director-General of Watershed

Control and Protection Forest Management Number

P.3/PDASHL/SET/KUM.1/7/2018 obtained three

land criticality classifications with the results of non-

critical land zones which is 33.49 km

or 63.93%. The

critical potential zone is 8.08 Km

or 14.43%. While

the Somewhat/ rather critical zone is 10.82 km

20.65%.

iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

488

Figure 7: Map of Land Criticality in Badeng Watershed.

Figure 7 is a map of the results of land criticality

analysis in the Badeng watershed according to the

Regulation of the Director-General of Watershed

Control and Protection Forest Management Number

P.3/ PDASHL/ SET/ KUM.1/ 7/2018 which can be

grouped into three land criticality zones, namely:

a. The somewhat/ rather critical zone of 10.82 km

is located in Sumber Asih Hamlet, Mangaran,

Sumberarum Village, Bayu Lor Hamlet,

Sambungrejo, Bayu Village, Songgon District

with a slope of 25-40% and >40%. The types of

land use are forest and landslide. The function of

the forest area in this zone is a protected forest.

The amount of erosion is 9162.10 Ton//Ha/Yrs

located at the coordinates of Longitude

114.131832 E, Latitude -8.117319 S.

b. The critical potential zone of 8.08 Km

is located

in Bejong Hamlet, Krajan Sumberarum Village,

Bayurejo Hamlet, Bumisari, Kentangan,

Tegalrejo, Bayu Village, Songgon District with a

slope of 8-15% and 15-25%. The types of land use

are forest and landslide. The function of the forest

area in this zone is the area outside the forest and

protected forest. The amount of erosion is 34.45

Tons//Ha/Yrs located at the coordinates of

Longitude 114.151463 E, Latitude -8.148847 S.

c. The non-critical zone of 33.49 km

is located in

Sumberbulu Village, Singojuruh, Kampung

Anyar Hamlet, Lider, Sumberarum Village,

Sumberbaru, Bubuk, Gladag, Benelan Kidul,

Songgon, Parangharjo, Kemiri, Bedewang,

Cantuk, Alasmalang, Pelantaran Village Bayu

Hamlet, Songgon District, Singojuruh, and

Rogojampi with a slope of 0 - 2%, 2-8%, and 8-

15%. Types of land use are settlements, inland

waters, plantations, rice fields, gardens, forests,

and forest area functions are outside forest areas,

protected forests, and production forests. The

amount of erosion is 3840.52 Ton//Ha/yrs at the

coordinates of Longitude 114.16574 E, Latitude -

8.186919 S.

In Figure 8, the condition of the land area is rather

critical at coordinates 8° 6' 37.1124" South Latitude

and 114° 8' 6.108" East Longitude. The land use in

the area is the forest with no vegetation, and there are

former landslides. The potential on slightly critical

land can cause high surface runoff if the rainfall

intensity is high.

(a) (b)

Figure 8: Zone of Somewhat Critical Area In Sumberarum

Village (a) Former Landslide on Mount Pendil (b) Forest

on the Slope of Mount Pendil

Mountain areas are synonymous with green,

fertile areas, and there are lots of forests, so they are

rich in oxygen. However, it turns out that

mountainous areas or highlands in the Raung

Mountains can also experience land criticality. The

cause is soil erosion and landslides with soil types in

the form of grumosol and mediteran. In addition,

other factors are land conversion, mismanagement of

land, and lack of water and soil conservation.

(a)

(b)

Figure 9: (a) Location of Somewhat Critical Zone in the

Pendil Mountains, Sumberarum Village, Songgon District;

(b) Critical Potential Zone in Sumberarum Village,

Songgon District.

Figure 9 is a somewhat critical zone in the

mountainous area of Pendil, Sumberarum Village,

Songgon District. The Land Use in this zone is a

landslide, having a slope of >40%. The conditions of

critical potential areas located in Sumberarum

Identiﬁcation of Land Criticism for Land Conservation Actions in the Badeng Watershed with Regulation of Watershed and Protection

Forest Management

489

Village, Songgon District at coordinates 8° 11' 1.40"

South Latitude, and 114° 8' 51.2328" East Longitude.

The type of land use in this area is a forest area in the

form of a savanna. Therefore, the critical potential

zone in Sumberarum Village, Songgon District. The

land use in this zone is forest, with a slope of 8-15%.

The condition of the rice fields around the banks

of the Badeng River located in Kemiri Village,

Songgon District at coordinates 8° 17' 35.394" South

Latitude, 114° 12' 58.464" East Longitude, where in

the area is not a critical zone but still contributes to

land erosion and flood zones.

3.6 Land Conservation Study

Efforts that can be made to prevent or minimize the

adverse impacts of land criticality are by conducting

conservation in the Badeng watershed. The following

are conservation recommendations in the Badeng

watershed:

a. Somewhat Critical Zone

Conservation recommendations for the somewhat/

rather critical zone are vegetative conservation in the

form of planting citronella and vetiver grass for

critical land management and anticipation of

landslides and reforestation in the Raung mountain

forest area. For plantation areas, coffee and cloves are

planted with mechanical conservation to make rorak.

b. Critical Potential Zone

Conservation recommendations for potential critical

zones are vegetative conservation by planting teak,

pine, and mahogany trees with multiple cropping

systems or agroforestry systems, meanwhile, for

mechanical conservation in the form of making check

dams and gully plugs in grooves, ditches, or ravines

around the slopes and banks of the Badeng River.

c. Non-critical Zone

Conservation recommendations for non-critical zones

are vegetative conservation by planting rotational

cropping systems and mulch in agricultural areas.

Meanwhile, for mechanical conservation in making

mounds and making terraces in highland agricultural

areas.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The identification of land criticism for land

conservation actions in the Badeng watershed with

Regulation of Watershed and Protection Forest

Management can be concluded as follows:

a. Slightly critical land of 20.65% with 10.82 Km

located in Sumber Asih Hamlet, Mangaran,

Sumberarum Village, Bayu Lor Hamlet,

Sambungrejo, Bayu Village, Songgon District.

Recommendations for vegetative conservation in

the form of planting citronella and vetiver grass

for critical land management and anticipation of

landslides and reforestation in the Raung

mountain forest area. For plantation areas, coffee

and cloves are planted with mechanical

conservation in the form of making rorak.

b. Critical potential land is 14.43% with 8.08 Km

Bejong Hamlet, Krajan Sumberarum Village,

Bayurejo Hamlet, Bumisari, Kentangan,

Tegalrejo, Bayu Village, Songgon District.

Recommendations for vegetative conservation by

planting teak, pine, and mahogany trees with

multiple cropping systems or agroforestry

systems, meanwhile, for mechanical conservation

in the form of making check dams and gully plugs

in grooves, ditches, or ravines around the slopes

and banks of the Badeng River.

c. Non-critical land is 63.93% of 33.49 km

located

in Sumberbulu village, Singojuruh, Kampung

Anyar hamlet, Lider, Sumberarum Village,

Sumberbaru, Bubuk, Gladag, Benelan Kidul,

Songgon, Parangharjo, Kemiri, Bedewang,

Cantuk, Alasmalang, Pelantaran Hamlet Bayu

Village, Songgon District, Singojuruh,

Rogojampi. Recommendations for vegetative

conservation by planting rotational cropping

systems and using mulch in agricultural areas. For

mechanical conservation in the form of making

mounds and making terraces in highland

agricultural areas.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Politeknik Negeri Banyuwangi for funding

the Research Master Plan-Based Research scheme in

2021. The second time to the research team for their

cooperation so that this research can be completed.

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