Design and Implementation of Zeta Converter based on PI-ABC

Controller as a Battery Charging Control System with Solar Panel

Putu Agus Mahadi Putra, Indra Ferdiansyah and Mochammad Machmud Rifadil

Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Solar Panel, PI-ABC Controller, Constant Voltage, Zeta Converter.

Abstract: The rapid development of innovation in the use of energy is one alternative that is used is to use sunlight.

Solar panels have an important role in producing renewable electrical energy by converting light energy into

electrical energy because of its abundant availability and low emissions which have relatively low output

efficiency. However, based on its characteristics, solar panels produce electrical energy that fluctuates

according to the amount of irradiance and temperature if operated under normal conditions, the power

generated from solar panels will not be maximal and have low efficiency. In addition, the output power of the

solar panel fluctuates because it is influenced by the level of light irradiation on the surface of the solar panel.

In this study, to maximize solar panel power output and reduce output ripple is to use a constant voltage

battery charging method using a zeta converter with a PI-ABC Controller as a solar panel output voltage

controller from a zeta converter in order to produce a constant charging voltage according to the set point

voltage of 14.4 volts. The output of the solar panel is the input from the zeta converter which is used to reduce

the voltage with the PI-ABC Controller with the constant voltage method applied to the battery charging in

order to increase efficiency in a fast response to battery charging. The output of the ABC controller which

functions as a tuner for the KP value on the PI-ABC controller has a fixed Ki value. The efficiency generated

during the close loop using the PI-ABC controller can reach 96.56%, while during the open loop system it

reaches an efficiency of 83.36%.

1 INTRODUCTION

Significant progress has been made over the last few

years with regard to research and development of

renewable energy systems. Among the various

renewable energy options available, solar energy is an

inexhaustible source of energy and potential energy

that is environmentally friendly so that it becomes an

interesting issue related to environmental protection

(Wolfe, 2018). Solar energy is one of the fastest

growing renewable energies and is a very promising

solution because it can reduce exhaust emissions of

conventional vehicles by 92%. In fact, solar energy

systems offer the advantages of low-cost fuel and

lower maintenance. To make the most of the panel

power, the voltage from the solar panel must be

conditioned because solar cells have a characteristic

graph between voltage, power and current. This

relatively low output efficiency is due to differences

in characteristics between solar panels and loads, and

inconsistent output voltages due to weather changes

that make the solar panel system non-linear (Indra,

2020). Therefore, a method is needed to maximize the

output power of the solar panel.

One of the methods used to maximize the power

output of the panel is to use a zeta converter as a DC-

DC converter. The most suitable converter to

overcome this weakness is the zeta converter which

is used to control the solar panel output voltage and

the duty cycle is very influential on the solar panel

output voltage. , the output current can be continuous

and free of ripples due to the presence of an inductor

on the output side, and lower switching (Hilmi, 2017).

The zeta converter is a dc-dc converter that has the

role of increasing and decreasing the voltage on the

output side with low voltage ripple (Ahana Malhotra,

2016). The zeta converter method has better

performance so that it can maximize the work of solar

cells to be more efficient and effective than other

methods (N. Sownya Smitha Raj, 2013). From the

problem of irradiance changes, it causes changes in

the output voltage of the solar panel and the duty

cycle greatly affects the output voltage of the solar

panel. So in this study, a constant output voltage

Putra, P., Ferdiansyah, I. and Rifadil, M.

Design and Implementation of Zeta Converter based on PI-ABC Controller as a Battery Charging Control System with Solar Panel.

DOI: 10.5220/0010955700003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 869-875

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

869

controller was designed to output a zeta converter

output voltage. The proposed method is to design a

charging control system based on the PI-ABC

Controller algorithm to track the set-point response

and to reject interference due to external factors such

as changes in solar radiation intensity (D. Pilakkat,

2018). The PI-ABC Controller is used to regulate the

voltage, and the irradiation that will produce a duty

cycle and the output voltage of the solar panel will be

forwarded to the zeta converter for conversion to a

lower dc voltage. effective for controlling PWM

generation which functions to control the converter

output voltage so that it is constant and the battery

voltage can be controlled effectively (D. Pilakkat,

2018).

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Zeta Converter

Zeta converter is a dc to dc converter in continuous

conduction operating mode (CCM)(D.W.Hart, 2011).

The zeta converter topology produces a positive

output voltage from the input voltage up and down.

Zeta converters also require two inductors and a

series capacitor, commonly referred to as a flying

capacitor. Zeta converter is configured from a buck

controller that drives a high-side PMOSFET. This

Zeta converter is run in CCM (Continuos Conduction

Mode) conditions. There are two circuits in one

switching period (T). When the switch is on and off.

The zeta converter is shown in Figure 2.5. The zeta

converter consists of an IGBT transistor as a switch,

a diode and two capacitors C1 and C2 and two

inductors L1 and L2 with the current load R. in the

inductor increasing. When the switch is turned off,

the diode will transfer energy to the capacitor. In this

mode of operation, inductors L1 and L2 are in a state

of releasing stored energy. The energy released from

L1, is then charged to the capacitor C1 and the

inductor L2 transfers the energy to the output circuit

to the load.

Figure 1: Zeta Converter Circuit.

The working principle of the zeta converter is that

when the mosfet is off, the voltage that passes through

L1b must be the output voltage as long as it is parallel

to the output capacitor (Antonio, 2015). As long as

the output capacitor is charged by the output voltage,

the voltage across the mosfet when the MOSFET is

off is Vin + Vout even though the voltage across L1a

is -Vout relative to the drain of the MOSFET. When

the mosfet is on, the coupling capacitor is charged by

Vout which is connected in series with L1b, so the

voltage across L1b is +Vin, and diode D1 is

Vin+Vout. Figure 1, is a zeta converter topology,

from this picture you can find out the working

principle of the zeta converter.

2.2 Battery

A battery is a device consisting of two or more

electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical

energy into electrical energy. Batteries have two

types of direct current (DC) source elements from

chemical processes, namely primary elements and

secondary elements. A chemical reaction in the

primary elements that causes electrons to flow from

the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive

electrode (anode). Poles marked positive have a

higher potential energy while negative to the external

equipment. Electrolytes are ions producing chemical

reactions at both poles. The working principle of the

battery is if there is movement of the ions in the

battery that drains an electric current out of the

battery.

Figure 2: Battery.

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Figure 3: Charge characteristic Curve for standby use.

Figure 4: Discharge characteristic Curve.

2.3 Constant Voltage (CV)

There are various charging methods that can be used

for the charging circuit. The methods differ in the way

the electrical energy is delivered from the power

supply to the battery. This method is a charging

process that is carried out with a constant voltage

from the beginning to the end of the charging process

with the charging current continuing to decrease

(David, 2001). Constant Voltage (CV) in this study

the method used is a constant voltage during the

charging process through a current source into the

battery as an effort to force the battery voltage to

reach the set point. At the beginning of the charging

process with a large current, after a while the current

will decrease according to the process. charging the

battery until the current cannot flow so that the battery

will be full and the battery charging process is

complete. Figure 5, is a graph of the battery charging

method used when charging the battery.

Figure 5: Battery Charging Method.

2.4 State Of Charge (SOC) Battery

Calculation of State Of Charge (SOC) is charging and

balancing power on the battery. Estimation of the

SOC can avoid damage to the internal battery that can

result in overdischarged and overcharged. SOC can

display the available energy in percentage of battery

capacity that is utilized in the battery charging

process (Omnia S.S, 2019).

SOC measurement of the battery can be done in

several ways:

1. Voltage measurement can be carried out with a

voltmeter or voltage sensor at battery power at a

constant value

2. Measurement of Specific Graphity (SG) in this way

is carried out depending on changes in the weight

measurement of the active chemical.

3. Estimating SOC based on voltage by measuring

battery cell voltage as the basis for calculating SOC

or remaining battery capacity.

2.5 PI Control

PI Controller (Proportional Integral Controller) is a

controller that can determine the precision of an

instrumentation system with the characteristics of the

presence of feedback on the system. The PI controller

is a PID controller derivative where the derivative (D)

is an error. So the following equation is obtained:

௉

൅ܭ

ூ

݁݀ݐ (1)

Where K

and K

are proportional and the

integral gain is the error or derivative of the read value

(MV) of the set point (SP).

݁ൌܵܲെܯܸ (2)

The transfer function of the PI controller is given

below:

ܩൌܭ

௉

൅

௄

಺

ௌ

(3)

Design and Implementation of Zeta Converter based on PI-ABC Controller as a Battery Charging Control System with Solar Panel

871

General approach to PI tuning:

1. Initially set the gain integral to zero

2. Increase K

until the response matches the setpoint

3. Adjusting the K

gain until it is stable, there are no

errors that affect the setpoint

Figure 6: ABC Algorithm Flowchart.

2.6 Artificial Bee Colony (ABC)

In 2005, Dervis Karaboga introduced an optimum

algorithm called Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm,

which is based on the process of honey bees foraging.

ABC has three groups that are distinguished based on

their work. They are (A) employed bees, (B) onlooker

bees and (C) scout bees. Fifty percent of all bee

colonies consist of employed bees and another fifty

percent are onlooker bees (D. Pilakkat, 2018). The

ABC algorithm is stated as follows:

1. The first step, employed bees go to the location

where previously identified there is nectar.

2. Employed bees will communicate with each other

to notify the amount of nectar that has been found

through waggle dance, the location with the less

nectar amount will be forgotten and replaced with the

more nectar location.

3. Employed bees will pass the memorized location

on to the onlooker bees so that they go from hive to

location to collect nectar

4. Meanwhile Employed bees become scout bees who

go in search of new nectar locations.

In implementing the Artificial Bee Colony

algorithm on GMPP the output power of the PV

system is considered as the amount of nectar, and the

duty cycle ratio of the converter is referred to as the

position of the food source in the ABC algorithm. In

order to better explain the steps in the Artificial Bee

Colony algorithm, see the flowchart in Figure 6.

3 METHOD

Figure 7: System Block Diagram.

From Figure 7, the system diagram above, the

working principle is as follows:

In the block diagram there is a solar panel which

is a supply source that is connected to the system.

When the button is pressed, the system will control

the voltage to match the set point. The system is

equipped with a voltage sensor and a current sensor

located on the input side of the converter and from the

converter output it is used for sensing the ARM

STM32F4 microcontroller as a duty cycle control

reference for monitoring the amount of current and

voltage on the output side of the converter. In the

microcontroller the received data is processed and the

results are continued to the ADC (Analog to Digital

Converter).

The method used in the solar panel output voltage

system uses a converter circuit. The selection of

power efficiency on solar panels in this study can be

done using a zeta converter which can increase and

decrease the voltage according to the output output

from the solar panel. will be on as cut off to

disconnect charging. The system block diagram in

Figure 7 describes the order in which the system will

be created. Starting from the source of supply by

using solar panels to dc loads.

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4 PI-ABC CONTROLLER

SYSTEM INTEGRATION

SIMULATION

Testing the PI-ABC Controller system with a battery

load is carried out with the aim of knowing the SOC

of the battery charging system with the constant

voltage method. In this battery charging simulation

using a 12V/45 Ah battery according to the design by

using SOC charging starting from 20% - 95%. battery

on PSIM software. The battery load used in the

following circuit uses a value of 12V/45Ah where the

parameters of the battery circuit are obtained from the

corresponding battery characteristic circuit in Matlab.

Figure 8 is a series of system testing simulations with

a Close-loop Battery Load.

Figure 8: System Testing Simulation Circuit With Battery

Load In Close Loop.

Table 1: Close Loop Simulation Test Data With SOC

Battery.

Battery Load Close Loop Test

SOC

(%)

Vout(V)

Iout

(A)

20 14,4 5,32

30 14,4 4,347

40 14,4 3,59

45 14,4 3,282

50 14,4 3,01

55 14,4 2,75

60 14,4 2,48

65 14,4 2,227

70 14,4 1,983

75 14,4 1,694

80 14,4 1,389

85 14,4 1,07

88 14,4 0,849

90 14,4 0,713

92 14,4 0,592

94 14,4 0,408

95 14,4 0,323

From the data in Table I. Testing the system

simulation with a battery load in a close loop when

the SOC of the 12 V/45 Ah battery is close to full,

namely when the SOC is 95%, the condition of the

battery charging process to a constant voltage with a

charging voltage value of 14.4 V. This proves

whether the control of the PI control combined with

ABC works well when the charging voltage reaches

the set point constant voltage, the duty cycle will

continue to track so that the charging current

decreases. In accordance with the characteristics of

charging the battery, when the SOC of the battery

approaches 100%, the output current of the charging

process will approach 0 which means the battery is

fully charged. In Figure 8 is the output voltage

response when constant voltage

Figure 9: Output Voltage Response When Constant

Voltage.

Design and Implementation of Zeta Converter based on PI-ABC Controller as a Battery Charging Control System with Solar Panel

873

Figure 10: Output Voltage Response Graph With Close

Loop Battery SOC.

In Figure 10, there are outputs, namely constant

voltage testing and battery load testing in a loop,

whether the control is working as expected. While in

Figure 9. there is an output voltage response using a

battery load. At the same time, the control value is set

in the PI-control ABC by setting the Kp value so that

the output is constant at 14.4 Volts. This is in

accordance with the working principle of the charging

system where the output voltage is constant because

it uses a constant voltage method while the current

decreases. Figure 11 is a graph of the output current

response with the battery SOC.

Figure 11: Output Current Response Graph With Close

Loop Battery SOC.

In Figure 11. there is an output of the working

principle of the charging system where the output

current is against the SOC. In the graph it can be

analyzed that when the SOC of the battery is close to

100% (in full condition) with the control set in the

ABC control-PI it can be analyzed that the current

value of charging the battery (battery) will approach

0, according to the results of the battery close loop

simulation test data. using PSIM in table I, when the

initial SOC of charging the battery was recorded at

5.32 A, the parameter after the battery was full with

100% SOC recorded a current of 0.323 A. From the

graph of the output current response to the SOC of the

battery, it can be said that it is in accordance with the

characteristics of battery charging in general.

5 CONCLUSIONS

After carrying out the testing planning process and

analysis as well as comparing with supporting

theories, it can be concluded that: Controlling the

ABC-PI as a zeta converter output voltage controller

is able to have a value of set points (14.4 volts). The

average efficiency of taking Close loop data in

simulation with PSIM software can reach 94.6%.

When the system is given the influence of non-linear

photovoltaic characteristics, the system can control it

according to the set point, so it can be said that the

ABC-PI control can work well.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my deepest gratitude to all parties who have

helped in completing this paper, especially P3M

PENS and all members in this research.

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