Clean Water Supply Policy to Support Tourism Activities

in Gianyar Regency

I Gusti Lanang Made Parwita

, Made Mudhina

, I Wayan Wiraga

I G. B. Sila Dharma

, Mawiti Inftri Yekti

and I Putu Gustave Sryantara

Civil Department, Polytechnic State of Bali, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia

Civil Department, Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia

Keywords: Clean Water, Water Potential, Water Balance, Tourism, Water Fulfillment.

Abstract: Gianyar is one of the districts with the most tourist visits in the Province of Bali. In this area there are several

tourism objects that are well known throughout the world with the center of development in the Ubud area.

Tourist visits based on the strategic study of the Gianyar Regency tourism office in 2018 amounted to 4.3

million people with an estimated water need of 71.94 liters/second. The development of tourism causes an

increase in the need for water provided in the future. Water provided for various purposes such as hotels,

villas, restaurants and other tourist facilities the tourism sector has a big influence on the regional income of

Gianyar Regency so that the Gianyar Regency Government carries out various efforts to develop facilities

continuously. One important issue that needs careful attention is a reliable clean water supply system in terms

of quantity, quality and continuity. At this time the largest use of water in Gianyar Regency is used for

agricultural activities, especially irrigation for rice plants. The problem in this research is the strategy of

meeting the increasing demand for clean water in Gianyar Regency which is caused by the growing population

and tourism sector by utilizing the potential of rivers and deep wells that can be developed.Furthermore, water

users that are quite large are the use of domestic water for the community and non-domestic water, especially

for tourism. Based on the analysis, in 2020 the shortage of clean water is 298.27 liters/second and it is

estimated that in 2030 the shortage of clean water is 398.88 liters/second. This research was conducted using

the method of inventorying water resources, analyzing water needs, fulfillment systems, infrastructure and

policies from the Gianyar district government. Currently, the main source of water from the regional drinking

water company in Gianyar Regency is ground water and from springs taken upstream in the Tampaksiring

area. On the other hand, water sources in the form of river water are still widely available and have not been

utilized optimally in the downstream. The purpose of this study is to determine a strategy for fulfilling water

in Gianyar Regency by utilizing the current potential either through rivers or groundwater by making deep

wells. The fulfillment of water in the future can be done by utilizing water downstream of the river with a

very large potential, namely 25.55 m

/second and with the construction of deep wells in the southern region.

1 INTRODUCTION

The tourism sector is one of the leading sectors of the

Gianyar Regency Government to obtain regional

income in addition to other sectors such as agriculture

and trade (Gianyar Regency, 2018) (Sudarmini, Sri

Widari and Sukartini, 2017). This sector has a great

influence in absorbing labor and has an effect on other

sectors. Gianyar with the Ubud tourism area has

become an icon of world tourism that brings in both

domestic and foreign tourists (Suhendra, Agung and

Maba, 2019). In an effort to increase the

competitiveness of the tourism sector in Gianyar

Regency, various arrangements related to facilities

and infrastructure have been carried out, one of which

is through a sustainable clean water supply system in

coordination with other agencies. The clean water

supply system concerns water potential, water

availability and its development system.

In general, non-domestic water needs are

calculated based on domestic water needs which

range from 20-25 percent, but in some cases this

amount can be exceeded due to very high non-

domestic needs. Under these conditions, careful

mapping is needed regarding the potential that can be

utilized and a tourism development system based on

Parwita, I., Mudhina, M., Wiraga, I., Dharma, I., Yekti, M. and Sryantara, I.

Clean Water Supply Policy to Support Tourism Activities in Gianyar Regency.

DOI: 10.5220/0010956400003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 901-907

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

901

a balanced tourism development system by taking

into account the existing carrying capacity.

The growing population and the development of

the tourism sector require an increase in the amount

of water in the future. Preliminary studies that have

been carried out show that up to now there is a large

water potential with a total discharge of 25.55 m

/sec

in five rivers in the southern part of Gianyar is very

potential to be developed as raw water. In addition,

the alternative of making deep wells can be one

solution in increasing the amount of water needed.

With this condition, it is very necessary to conduct an

analysis of the clean water supply policy in Gianyar

regency to support tourism activities as a leading

sector.

2 METHOD

The research was conducted by collecting primary

data in the form of instantaneous discharge

measurements carried out on five rivers. Secondary

data was obtained from the recognized institutions,

namely the regional water supply company, the Bali

Penida River Council and from the Central Statistics

Agency. From the data collected, an analysis is

carried out to determine the existing water potential,

water needs for the community and water needs for

tourism and water loss during distribution. Based on

the calculation data, it is found that the availability of

water and the demand for it are the basis for the water

management policy in Gianyar Regency. The

research workflow is more clearly shown in Figure 1

below

The proposed hypothesis is that the increase in

the need for clean water due to the development of the

population and the tourism sector can be met by

utilizing the potential of five rivers in the southern

part of Gianyar Regency and by developing deep

wells.

Figure 1: Research activity flow.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Water Supply System

The clean water service system in Gianyar Regency

is divided into two groups, namely those organized by

the Regional Drinking Water Company and

organized by the community or often called rural

drinking water companies.

3.2 Water Resources

The sources of water used in the drinking water

supply system of the regional drinking water

company of Gianyar Regency are 55 water sources,

with details of 10 springs that use pumps, 3 springs

that use gravity, and 42 drilled wells. In general, it can

be seen that the water source used by the regional

drinking water company of Gianyar Regency is still

concentrated in the central region, while in the

southern part it is more dominant to use the drilled

well system. Utilization of water sources whose

distribution system uses the pump method is

generally evenly distributed in the northern region.

The use of this pump method tends to be caused by

the undulating topography of the area so that the

water distribution cannot use the gravity method. The

condition of topographic factors also has an impact

on the lack of use of the gravity method by regional

drinking water companies in Gianyar Regency.

The regional drinking water company in Gianyar

Regency utilizes two water treatment plants (WTP),

namely Bali Bangun Tirta.Ltd (BBT WTP) and the

Petanu Integrated Service Unit (PISU). The raw water

treatment is in collaboration with the private sector

and the Bali Provincial Government. Currently, the

available capacity for BBT WTP is 200 liters/second,

but that is utilized by regional drinking water

companies of 162.62 liters/second. On the other hand,

the PISU has an available capacity of 50 liters/second,

but the utilization is 14.92 liters/second. The BBT

WTP supplies water to the Gianyar Regency in eleven

zones, while the Petanu WTP supplies water to the

Gianyar, Badung and Denpasar areas.

Production efficiency is the real production

volume in m

compared to the installed capacity in

m3 owned by Gianyar regional water company. The

current source capacity is 784.44 liters/second or

24,399,532 m

with an installed capacity of 866.25

liters/second or 26,463,965 m3. With an installed

capacity of that size, it is only able to produce a real

production capacity of 743.72 liters/second or

23,391,194 m3. Thus, the production efficiency of

Gianyar Regional water is 88.39%. Source, installed

iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

902

and production capacity of Gianyar Regional water

company can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: The water source of the regional company of the

Ginayar district.

Source: Gianyar Regional Water Company, 2021

3.3 Water Quality Analysis

Sampling of water quality is carried out on several

rivers that have sufficient discharge downstream. The

rivers are Sangsang, Pakerisan, Melangit, Petanu and

Oos rivers. Water quality must comply with physical,

chemical and biological standards. In general, river

water quality still meets the requirements to be used

as raw water (WHO, 2017) (Murcott et al., 2015) (Gu

et al., 2014) . Several parameters seen in this water

quality test are physical (DHL, TSS, turbidity),

chemical (PH, KMNO

, BOD

, Zn) and bacteriology

(E-Coli). Herschy, 2012), (Sandiford et al., 1989),

The complete water quality test results are as follows:

1. Physical requirements (Physical Parameters)

In this case, it is obtained a further understanding of

the elements contained in the physical requirements

of raw water quality including Electrical

Conductivity (Conductivity), Turbidity (Turbidity),

Total Dissolved Solids (TSS: Total Suspended Solid)

a. DHL (Electrical Conductivity)

The result of the highest water quality test for DHL

(Electrical Conductivity) in the Tukad Melangit River

is 1,173 mg/ltr, exceeding the established

Environmental Quality Standard.

b. Turbidity

Normal turbidity in river water ranges from 0.01 to

20 Newton Total Units (NTU) equal to milligrams per

liter. The requirements in the Bali Governor

Regulation Number 16 of 2016 Environmental

Quality Standards stipulate the standard set for raw

water is 5 milligrams per liter, while if we look at the

Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic

of Indonesia Number 32/Menkes/Per/VI/2017

Environmental Health Quality Standards and

Requirements Water for Sanitation, set at 25

milligrams per liter. In the test results the Petanu and

Oos rivers have turbidity qualities of 43.3 and 29.6

milligrams/liter, both rivers from 5 (five) rivers in

Gianyar exceed the established Environmental

Quality Standards.

c. TSS (Total Suspended Solid) Total Suspended

Solids

The amount of dissolved solids can give an

unpleasant taste to the tongue, nausea caused by

sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and can cause

cardia disease toxemia in pregnant women. The value

indicated in the Environmental Quality Standard is

1000 milligrams per liter and all rivers in Gianyar

Regency are still far below the Environmental Quality

Standard.

2. Chemical Terms

Chemical substances dissolved in excessive drinking

water, apart from being toxic, can also damage

concrete materials, pipes, household appliances and

others. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the content

of chemical substances, including:

a. Degree of Acidity (pH) and Total Hardness (Total

hardness)

pH is a term used to express the intensity of the acidic

or basic state of a solution. In water supply, pH is one

of the factors that must be considered because the

degree of acidity of the water will greatly affect the

processing activities to be carried out, for example in

chemical coagulation, disinfection, softening of water

and in preventing corrosion.

As an environmental factor, the degree of acidity

is a very important factor because pH can affect the

growth of microbes in water. Most microbes will

grow well in a pH of 6.0 – 8.0, besides that pH will

also cause chemical changes in water. If the pH is

greater or less than that, it will cause corrosion in

water pipes made of hardness in water, most of which

comes from soil contact and rock formation. All pH

for rivers in Gianyar Regency are still within the

threshold of the established Environmental Quality

Standards.

b. Organic Substance (as KMnO

)

Organic substances contained in water include those

from nature (eg vegetable oils, oil fibers, animal fats,

cellulose alcohol, sugar, starch and so on), from

synthesis (eg various compounds and fruits produced

from processes in water). factory), from fermentation

(eg alcohol acetone, glycerol, antibiotics, acids and

No Sub Distric

Source Istalled Produkction

1 Gianyar 193.84 223.60 178.96

2 Blahbatuh 99.21 116.26 106.22

3 Sukawati 149.56 156.78 136.75

4 Ubud 36.44 44.76 35.78

5 Payangan 188.78 189.08 181.98

6 Tegalalang 42.20 45.95 39.35

7 Tampaksiring 74.41 89.82 64.68

Capacity (liters/second)

Clean Water Supply Policy to Support Tourism Activities in Gianyar Regency

903

the like derived from the activity of microorganisms

on organic materials).

Organic substances in water are caused by

wastewater from households, agriculture, industry

and mining as described above, their presence in

water can be measured by the number of

permanganate (KMnO4). The health effects that can

be caused by deviations from this standard are the

emergence of an unpleasant odor and can cause

stomach pain. The content is under the Regulation of

the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia

Number 32/Menkes/Per/VI/2017 Environmental

Health Quality Standards and Water Requirements

for Sanitation set KMnO4 is 10 milligrams per liter.

The reading on the tool is still far below the Quality

Standard, which is 1.75.

c. BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)

The results of the overhaul of organic substances by

certain bacteria will produce mineral substances, one

of which is aggressive CO2. This substance is soluble

in water so that it can cause corrosiveness to metal

water pipes. This CO2 gas can be removed by

aeration process and adding CaO or both. The five

rivers in Gianyar exceeded the Quality Standards for

the BOD5 value with results above 50 milligrams per

liter, where the Regulation of the Minister of Health

of the Republic of Indonesia Number

32/Menkes/Per/VI/2017 Environmental Health

Quality Standards and Water Requirements for

Sanitation states the threshold value is 12 milligrams

per liter . Both the Jinah and Unda rivers exceed the

Environmental Quality Standards.

d. Zinc (Zn)

The element of iron in water in a certain amount is

needed by the human body for the formation of red

blood cells, but excess of this element will cause an

odor and a reddish color change so that the water is

not pleasant to drink, but it can also form deposits in

pipes. metal and laundry. The test results for Zinc are

still far below the Environmental Quality Standards.

3. Microbiological requirements (E-Coli)

Environmental pollution by biological contaminants

must be prevented because it can pose a hazard to

public health. So that drinking water must be free

from parasitic germs and pathogenic bacteria at all as

well as coli group bacteria to exceed the

predetermined limits, namely 1 coli. Rivers in

Gianyar Regency detected more than 100 E-Coli

bacteria. These results were read from samples taken

per 100 milliliters of water sample and allowed to

stand for 5 days. This result is still below the

Environmental Quality Standard for river water

treatment as raw material.

3.4 Projected Population and Water

Demand

3.4.1 Population Projection

Population projection is one way to estimate the

amount of water needed in the future. From the

population data range from 2010 to 2019 it is known

that the population growth rate in Gianyar Regency is

0.89% which includes Sukawati District 1.37%,

Blahbatuh District 0.95%, Gianyar District 0.89%,

Tampaksiring District 0.64%, Ubud District 0.72%,

Tegalalang District 0.682%, Payangan District

0.50%. The population of Gianyar Regency in 2019

was 512,200 people which included Sukawati District

125,470 people, Blahbatuh District 72,140 people,

Gianyar District 94,580 people, Tampaksiring

District 48,740 people, Ubud District 74,320 people,

Tegalalang District 53,760 people, Payangan District

43,190 people.

3.4.2 Water Demand Analysis

Domestic Water Needs

The need for water for households/domestic is the use

of water for activities in the household environment.

Provision of raw water for household purposes is

calculated based on the population, the percentage of

the population to be served, the method of water

service, the consumption of water usage

(L/person/day) (Lu, 2007) (Pender, 1998) (Asian

Development Bank, 2016)

Non-Domestic Water Needs

What is meant by water needs for non-domestic

purposes is the use of water other than household use.

Included in the group of water needs for non-

domestic purposes include commercial, health,

social, office, education and worship. Non-domestic

water needs are calculated at 20% of domestic water

needs.

3.4.3 Water Loss

In the provision of clean water, it is very difficult to

avoid possible water loss from the system. Water loss

is caused by technical and non-technical factors.

Technical factors, including pipe leaks and water

meter damage. Meanwhile, non-technical factors

include meter reading/recording errors and

addition/subtraction errors. In planning a clean water

supply system, a volume of water is always taken into

iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

904

account to avoid the possibility of water loss. This is

intended so that the supply of water for consumers

will not be disrupted in the event of water loss either

caused by technical factors or by non-technical

factors. Pipeline water losses in Indonesia are

assumed to be 20%-30% of the average population's

clean water needs. This amount of water loss is

estimated to be constant from the beginning until the

design year. The complete population and water

demand projection table can be seen in Table 2

Table 2: Population projection table and water demand.

Source: Analysis,2021

3.4.4 Water Balance Analysis

The availability of water that has been sought in

Gianyar Regency is currently 743.72 lt/s from the

regional drinking water company in Gianyar Regency

and 55.15 lt/s from the community. Based on the

projected water demand and water availability in

Gianyar Regency, the Water Balance can be

calculated as shown in the Table. 3

Table 3: Water Balance.

Source: analysis, 2021

3.4.5 River Water Potential

The potential of water in several rivers downstream

of Gianyar Regency is still possible to be developed

into raw water reserves. Potential measurements were

carried out using the instantaneous discharge

measurement method (Dastorani et al., 2013),

(Clasing and Muñoz, 2018). Based on the results of

instantaneous discharge measurements in the field,

the average discharge in five rivers in Gianyar

Regency is 5.11 m3/sec with the largest discharge in

the Sangsang river at 7.97 m

/second and the smallest

discharge in the Melangit river at 2, 23 m

/second.

Complete data regarding the potential for the

downstream of the river as shown in Figure 2 below:

Figure 2: Instantaneous discharge measurement results.

3.4.6 Tourism Water Needs in Gianyar

Regency

Gianyar Regency is one of the main tourist

destinations in Bali Province with an estimated tourist

arrivals visiting this area in 2018 of 4.3 million people

consisting of 2.5 million foreign tourists and 1.8

million domestic tourists. The center of tourism

activities in Gianyar Regency is the Ubud area with

Ubud Palace as the center of its activities. Outside the

Ubud area, there are many tourist attractions such as

the Tirta Empul Temple Complex, Goa Gajah, Gung

Kawi Temple Complex, Tegenungan Waterfall, Bali

Safari And Marine Park, Bali Zoo and tourist villages

scattered in almost all areas. Likewise, this area has

been supported by an art market that sells various

souvenirs for tourists.

Based on data from the Tourism Office of Gianyar

Regency in 2015, there were 22 star hotels and 367

non-star hotels with a total of 11099 rooms. From the

analysis carried out with the assumption that the

water requirement for rooms is 400 liters/room/day,

the amount of water needed based on the number of

rooms is 51.38 liters/second. The water requirement

for villas is 10.28 liters/second, the need for

restaurants and bars is 5.14 liters/second and the

water needs for tourism purposes is 5.14

liters/second, so the total water demand for tourism in

Gianyar Regency is 71.94 liters/second. This value is

smaller than the allocation of non-domestic water

needs in Gianyar Regional water company which is

152.78 liters/second in 2020.

No. Des cription Unit

2020 2030

1 Population People 516,300 563,646

2 Percentage Service % 85 95

3 Serviced Residents People 438,885 479,099

4 Consumption Rate liter/people/day 150 150

5 Domestic Water Needs liter/second 762,00 832,000

6 Non Domesctic Water Needs liter/second 152,00 166,00

7 Non Doestic Percentage % 20 20

8 Total Water Needs liter/second 914 998

9 Water Loss liter/second 183 200

10 Water Los s % 20 20

Year

No Des cription Unit

2020 2030

1 Production Of Local water compan y liter/second 743.72 743.72

2 Production Of Non Local water company liter/second 55.15 55.15

3 Water Needs liter/s econd 1097.14 1197.75

4 Balance liter/s econd 298.27 398.88

Year

Clean Water Supply Policy to Support Tourism Activities in Gianyar Regency

905

3.4.7 Plan to Improve Water Supply in

Gianyar Regency

Based on the analysis of the water balance for the time

period 2020 to 2030, the results show that there is still

a shortage of drinking water for the community. As

previously mentioned, water supply in Gianyar

Regency is carried out through regional companies

and the community, both by pipelines and non-

pipeline networks. Meanwhile, regional companies

are further divided into 7 service units for each sub-

district. The plan for the development and

improvement of drinking water services will be based

on the area of the service unit as follows:

1. Gianyar region

The current production capacity of raw water sources

is 157.59 liters/second. It can still serve until 2020

with a service level of 85%, while the projected water

demand in 2030 is 264.53 liters/second, requiring

additional water supply of 106.94 liters/second.

second. This additional water supply is carried out by

optimizing existing water sources owned by regional

companies and by utilizing the Geroh spring and

water from the Unda river.

By optimizing existing water sources, it is

expected that water production can be increased to

160.27 liters/second. The Geroh Spring is located in

the upstream of Pakerisan river with a water

discharge ranging from 35 to 40 liters/second with

small springs around it which when combined, the

spring discharge becomes 75 liters/second. The

discharge to be taken is based on the projected water

demand in 2030, which is 60 liters/second. Water will

be accommodated in the Madangan distribution

reservoir with an increase in reservoir capacity from

500 m3 to 1000 m3 which is flowed by gravity. In

addition, the WTP development plan on the Unda

River is expected to provide an additional discharge

of 50 liters/second. Water from the Unda river will be

accommodated in the Bukit Jati Distribution

Reservoir with an additional capacity from 500 m3 to

1000 m3 and flowed through gravity.

2. Blahbatuh region

The current capacity of raw water produced is 61.63

liters/second. To increase the production capacity to

meet the demand in 2030 with a service level of 95%,

an additional discharge of 132.81 liters/second is

required. Efforts to meet these water needs can be

done by utilizing water from the Petanu River WTP

and building a reservoir in Wanayu with a capacity of

250 m3 and optimizing existing water sources. By

optimizing existing water sources, water production

can be increased to 66.20 liters/second. WTP in

Petanu river provides additional water supply of 50

liters/second. Construction of a reservoir in Wanayu

with a capacity of 250 m3 with a Wanayu discharge

of 24.18 liters/second.

3. Tegalalang region

The current production capacity of raw water is 69.8

l/s serving Kedisan Village, Kenderan Village, Keliki

Village, Tegalalang Village. In 2030, according to the

projected results, the water required is 87.42

liters/second so that an additional water supply of

17.62 liters/second is needed. For Taro Village,

Sebatu Village and Pupuan Village, drinking water

services are optimized by using services from the

community. Additional fulfillment of drinking water

supply can be obtained by utilizing the Bayad spring

located in Kedisan Village. The water discharge at the

Bayad spring is 75 – 90 liters/second. The Kedisan

Distribution Reservoir is used for water storage by

increasing the capacity from 50 m3 to 100 m3 which

will then be distributed by gravity.

4. Sukawati region

The current drinking water production capacity is

136.76 liters/second. Based on the projected drinking

water needs, with service coverage 85% of water

needs will be fulfilled until 2021. In 2030 water

demand will increase to 285.54 liters/second so that

additional supply is needed. water is 148.78

liters/second. Additional water supply is planned to

utilize water from the Tukad Petanu WTP, increase

the capacity of the Abianseka reservoir and optimize

existing water sources. By optimizing existing water

sources, water production can be increased to 141.49

liters/second. Utilization of water from WTP in

Petanu river will provide additional water supply for

Gianyar Regency by 50 liters/second. In Sukawati

District, the water supply from the Petanu River WTP

is used at 25 liters/second. To maximize the flow of

water by gravity, it is necessary to build a distribution

reservoir in Batubulan Kangin Village with a capacity

of 250 m3. Increased Abianseka Reservoir Capacity

with an existing capacity of 200 m3 to 1000 m3 which

will accommodate water from the Lodtunduh well at

9 liters/second, Abianseka well 17.91 liters/second

seconds, and the Cangi well of 14.27 liters/second

will be able to improve the service of the Gianyar

regional water company at the Sukawati Branch.

5. Tampaksiring region

The existing raw water capacity is 67.19 liters/second

and is currently experiencing a water shortage. In

2030 the amount of water needed is 164.86

iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science

906

liters/second so that an additional water supply of

97.67 liters/second is needed. It is planned to utilize

the Bayad spring and the relocation of the Tirta

Empul spring to provide additional water supply. By

optimizing existing water sources, water production

can be increased to 78.48 liters/second. Take

advantage of the Bayad spring with a flow rate of 75

– 90 liters/second. The point of taking the Tirta

Empul spring is moved, at the new point of collection

it is planned to take 35 liters/second

4 CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the analysis, it can be

concluded that several things related to the provision

of clean water to support the tourism sector in

Gianyar Regency are as follows:

a. The need for clean water for the tourism sector in

Ginyar Regency in 2020 is 71.94 liters/second or

47.09% of the estimated total non-domestic water

needs of 152.78 liters/second.

b. In general, the quality of water produced by

regional clean water companies is clean water that

has not been drunk directly. In some rivers, the

quality of the water is of inadequate quality

c. The strategy of increasing water supply in Gianyar

Regency due to the growing population and

tourism can be carried out by utilizing water in

five rivers downstream, namely the Oos, Petanu,

Sangsang, Pakerisan and Melangit rivers with a

total capacity of 25.55 m

/second. In addition to

the use of river water in the downstream,

additional water sources can be done by making

deep wells.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

On this occasion the author would like to thank all

those who have helped, namely the Bali State

Polytechnic, the Bali Provincial Research and

Innovation Agency, the Central Statistics Agency for

Gianyar Regency.

REFERENCES

Asian Develovment Bank (2016) ASIAN

DEVELOPMENT BANK INDONESIA Country

Water assessment Indonesia Country Water

assessment. Available at: www.adb.org.

Clasing, R. and Muñoz, E. (2018) ‘Estimating the optimal

velocity measurement time in rivers’ flow

measurements: An uncertainty approach’, Water

(Switzerland), 10(8). doi: 10.3390/w10081010.

Dastorani, M. T. et al. (2013) ‘River instantaneous peak

flow estimation using daily flow data and machine-

learning-based models’, Journal of Hydroinformatics,

15(4), pp. 1089–1098. doi: 10.2166/hydro.2013.245.

Gianyar Regency (2018) Gianyar Regency Tourism

Strategic Study. 1st edn. Edited by G. Regency. Gianyar

Regency.

Gu, Q. et al. (2014) ‘Identification and assessment of

potential water quality impact factors for drinking-

water reservoirs’, International Journal of

Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(6), pp.

6069–6084. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110606069.

Sudarmini, N. M., Sri Widari, C. I. and Sukartini, N. W.

(2017) ‘Sustainable Tourism Management Model for

Tegenungan Waterfall, Gianyar’, International Journal

of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events, 1(2), p. 126.

doi: 10.31940/ijaste.v1i2.652.

Suhendra, I. W. G. Y., Agung, A. A. P. and Maba, W.

(2019) ‘Development Strategy Of Village Tourism

Area In Petulu Village, Gianyar Regency’,

International Journal of Contemporary Research and

Review, 10(02), pp. 21364–21375. doi:

10.15520/ijcrr.v10i02.665.

Herschy, R. W. (2012) ‘Water quality for drinking: WHO

guidelines’, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, pp.

876–883. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_184.

Lu, T. (2007) ‘Research of domestic water consumption : a

field study in Harbin , China by’, A research project

report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of Master of

Science of Loughborough University, (SEPTEMBER),

pp. 1–89. Available at:

http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/W3-

1_GEN_PHD_Research_of_domestic_water_consump

tion_-_a_field_study_in_Harbin_China.pdf.

Murcott, S. et al. (2015) ‘Evaluation of Microbial Water

Quality Tests for Humanitarian Emergency and

Development Settings’, Procedia Engineering, 107, pp.

237–246. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.078.

Pender, et Al (1998) ‘The incidental nonhyperfunctioning

adrenal mass: An imaging algorithm for

characterization’, Clinical Radiology, 53(11), pp. 796–

804. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9260(98)80189-X.

Sandiford, P. et al. (1989) ‘Determinants of drinking water

quality in rural Nicaragua’, Epidemiology and

Infection, 102(3), pp. 429–438. doi:

10.1017/S0950268800030144.

Smith, J. (1998). The book, The publishing company.

London, 2

edition.

WHO (2017) ‘Drinking Water Parameter Cooperation

Project’, pp. 1–228. Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-

drink/pdf/20171215_EC_project_report_final_correcte

d.pdf.

Clean Water Supply Policy to Support Tourism Activities in Gianyar Regency

907