The Impact of Posting Selfies and Gaining Feedback (‘Likes’) on the

Self-esteem of Woman Instagram Users

Syalsa Maulina Sitompul and Nurmina

Department of Psychology, State University of Padang, Padang, Indonesia

Keywords: Self-Esteem, Feedback “Like”, Selfies, Woman Instagram Users.

Abstract: This study aims to see the effect of selfie upload feedback on the self-esteem value of female Instagram users.

The research design used is experimental research within and between subject. The population in this study

were active students of the Department of Psychology, Padang State University. The sampling technique used

random sampling technique with a sample size of 45 people. The data analysis technique used was repeated

measure anova. The results showed that there was an effect of feedback on self-esteem. This is evidenced by

a significant change in the value of self-esteem in the group that uploaded selfies, whether they did not or get

additional “likes” (p < 0.05), there was no significant change in self-esteem values in the group that did not

upload selfies (p > 0.05) and there was an interaction between time and groups during the study (p < 0.05).

1 INTRODUCTION

Self-esteem is an assessment made by an individual

of himself either positively or negatively, such as

accepting and appreciating himself (Desjarlais, 2019;

Rosenberg, 1965; Santrock, 2019). Rosenberg (1965)

divides self-esteem into two, namely positive/high

and negative/low. Individuals with high self-esteem

are characterized by individuals considering

themselves valuable, valuing themselves for who they

are, not admiring themselves or asking others to

admire themselves and also individuals with high

self-esteem values do not consider themselves more

than others, whereas individuals with low self-esteem

are characterized by individuals who cannot accept

themselves for who they are and consider themselves

despised. A healthy form of self-esteem is described

in the way the individual considers himself valuable

or worthy, does not consider himself better than

others nor does he consider himself worse, and knows

the boundaries within himself.

Self-esteem owned by individuals is influenced

by several factors, one of which is the use of social

media. Research conducted by Jan et al. (2017)

resulted in that higher the use of social media can

lower an individual's self-esteem. Another study

conducted by Valkenburg et al. (2006) seen from the

use of friendship networking sites revealed that the

use of social media seen from feedback (positive or

negative) obtained on their profile photos can affect

the self-esteem and well-being of users. Users who

get positive feedback can improve self-esteem and

well-being, while if they get negative feedback can

reduce self-esteem and user well-being.

Social media is often used to take, share and

search digital photos to reflect themselves and self-

presentation is called selfies (Kozinets et al., 2017;

McLean et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2017). One of the

social media used to upload selfies is Instagram.

Instagram is a social media device that gets a positive

value on expressing themselves and the identity of

users (Royal Society Public Health & Young Health

Movement, 2017). In 2016, there were about 282

million selfies on Instagram (Lister, 2019), and

women posted more selfies than men in their teens

and early adulthood (Dhir et al., 2016). However,

research related to selfie activities and getting

feedback with user self-esteem is still relatively small

and also at least using experimental research

(Coulthard & Ogden, 2018).

Svelander &Wiberg (2015) revealed that selfies

are influenced by several factors, one of which is

social feedback. Research shows that teens and early

adults want "like" feedback on uploaded selfie posts

and tend to like posts with a lot of likes compared to

posts that have few likes (Chua & Chang, 2016;

Mascheroni et al., 2015; Sherman et al., 2016). Likes

are also referred to as "online currencies" of

numerical representations of social acceptance and as

Maulina Sitompul, S. and Nurmina, .

The Impact of Posting Selﬁes and Gaining Feedback (‘Likes’) on the Self-esteem of Woman Instagram Users.

DOI: 10.5220/0011094800003368

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Mental Health (Icometh 2021), pages 39-45

ISBN: 978-989-758-586-9

a supporting factor one compares oneself to others

(Rosenthal-von der Pütten et al., 2019) and can

produce happy emotions (Chua &Chang, 2016). The

number of likes is used to evaluate photos themselves

and most of the teens are continuously optimizing

profile photos or photo uploads for positive feedback

(Li et al., 2018).

Research conducted by Pounders et al. (2016)

shows that self-esteem is a major contributing factor

to uploading selfies to social media. But the number

of likes gained on the uploaded selfie is not in

accordance with expectations can reduce self-esteem.

Sociometer theory holds that acceptance and rejection

from others can affect self-esteem (Leary et al.,

1995). Likes are likened to acceptance from others

that can increase self-esteem, while there is no

likened to a classification from others that negatively

impact self-esteem (Coulthard & Ogden, 2018). The

number of likes can also affect self-esteem in users,

the higher the number of likes the higher the user's

self-esteem (Burrow &Rainone, 2017; Shamsu et al.,

2020; Wohn et al., 2016).

In 2019, instagram hid the number of likes due to

mental health and well-being problems caused by the

number of likes gained (Leung, 2019; Macmilan,

2017; Motherland, 2019; Spangler, 2019). The

number of likes gained by individuals can also affect

several aspects such as anxiety, depression, self-

esteem, and body image (Chua & Chang, 2016;

Coulthard & Ogden, 2018; Mayasari et al., 2018;

Tiggemann et al., 2018). Posts that have likes that are

widely used as a standard of beauty and cause low

self-esteem of users if they do not display the perfect

photo (Chua & Chang, 2016). Research conducted by

Chua & Chang (2016) showed that all participants

edited photos taken before being uploaded to social

media and this activity has become a necessity. This

is done to get photos that are "beautiful" and meet

beauty standards on social media.

Experimental research conducted by Burrow &

Rainone (2017) on Facebook users asked users to take

selfies and upload them on mock Facebook sites and

manipulate the number of likes gained. After that,

researchers measured the user's level of self-esteem.

The results of this study showed that users with a high

number of likes reported having positive self-esteem

than users who had low self-esteem. This is

characterized by the likes obtained likened to the

acceptance received from others. However, the study

was conducted in a laboratory so it did not reflect how

"real world" social media is.

Many studies related to selfies and social media

feedback use qualitative methods or correlation

design and experimental research conducted in the

laboratory so as not to reflect how "real world" social

media is. Based on the description, the study will

propose a hypothesis as follows:

H1: There is an increase in self-esteem in groups

that upload selfies and get additional "likes"

H2: There is a decrease in self-esteem value in

groups that upload selfies and do not get additional

"likes"

H3: There is no change in the self-esteem value of

groups that do not upload selfies.

H4: Intraction between measurement time and

group during research.

2 METHOD

Experimental research is research that examines the

causation of variables to be studied (Seniati et al.,

2005). The experimental research design used was the

design of the study between and within subject,

because researchers wanted to see the difference in

scores from each group and also see the difference in

scores in each time of measurement in each group.

The experimental research procedure used by

researchers is adapted from research conducted by

Coulthard & Ogden (2018). Variables between

subjects are conditions (not uploading selfies,

uploading selfies and not receiving feedback, as well

as uploading selfies and getting feedback), variables

in the subject are time (T1 at the beginning of the

activity, T2 at the end of the activity, and T3 a week

after the activity) and the result variable is self-

esteem. In this study researchers used "like" feedback

as a treatment to be done.

The population in this study is an active student of

the Department of Psychology, Padang State

University. The sampling technique that will be used

in this study is random sampling. The number of

samples needed in this study as many as 45 people will

be divided into three groups, namely the group does

not upload selfies (KK), groups upload selfies and do

not get additional "likes" (KE1), and groups upload

selfies and get additional "likes" (KE2). Group

division is done randomly so that all groups become

equal. In the group uploading selfies and getting

additional "likes" (KE2) researchers asked permission

first to the participants to give additional "likes" to the

photo to be uploaded. "Likes" will be added after the

subject uploads the first selfie to instagram.

The study was conducted for 2 weeks. In the first

week, subjects in the group uploaded one selfie must

upload one selfie per day for seven days. Groups that

did not upload selfies were asked not to upload selfies

during the study. Before the KE1 and KE2 groups, all

subjects were required to fill out questionnaires. The

questionnaire was shared at three points of study time,

Icometh 2021 - International Conference of Mental Health

namely the 1st day before group 1 and KE2 uploaded

the selfie to instagram, the 2nd day after all subjects

of group KE1 and KE2 uploaded the last selfie to

instagram and the 3rd day one week after the last

selfie was uploaded. All subjects are required to

submit evidence after filling out a questionnaire and

upload a selfie as confirmation of having conducted

research activities.

In this study the scale used in data retrieval is the

self-esteem scale developed by Rosenberg (1965), the

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale which is a scale that is

widely used to measure self-esteem in the last 10

years (Donnellan et al., 2015). This self-esteem scale

has been translated into Indonesian by Azwar (2012),

which consists of 10 question items using the Likert

scale. Alternative answers use the Likert scale with 4

alternative answers, namely strongly agree, agree,

disagree and disagree strongly. The self-esteem scale

adapted from Azwar (2012) gets a total aitem-

correlation value between 0.415 to 0.703 with n = 71

on 10 items. While the reliability value of the self-

esteem scale is rxx = 0.8587 on 10 items.

Data obtained from the subject through

questionnaires that have been shared is then changed

in the form of quantitative numbers, so that the data

obtained can be analyzed using statistics. The

normality test is done before the hypothesis test. In

this study, data analysis used repeated measures

ANOVA. Repeted Measures ANOVA is a data

analysis used to see the difference in scores obtained

by subjects with two or more measurement times

(Frey, 2018). Test the significance of Fhitung and

Phteoritic. If from Fhitung ≥ Fteoritic is interpreted as

the difference between the variables tested, while

Fhitung ≤ Fteoritic is interpreted as the absence of

differences between the variables tested (Winarsunu,

2002). The ANOVA Repeated Measures test was

conducted using the SPSS program.

Before looking for differences between the three

research groups, normality tests were conducted on

the data obtained. The normality test is a test used to

find out whether the data obtained is normal or not

(Nuryadi et al., 2017). In this study, researchers used

the Shapiro-Wilk normality test using SPSS. In

decision making, the data obtained is said to be

normal distribution when p>0.05, while the data

obtained is said to be not normal distribution when

p<0.05.

Table 1 : Normality Test.

No selfies

Selfies without

any additional

"likes"

Selfies and get

extra likes

K1 K2 K3 K1 K2 K3 K1 K2 K3

.47 .22 .08 .15 .59 .64 .79 .11 .31

.05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05

In table 1, there is a normality test in each group

at three points in the study. Judging from the table

above, it can be concluded that the data obtained in

each group at three points of the study's time is

normal distribution. This is due to the significance

value obtained >0.05.

3 RESULTS

To find out the results of this study, the results of the

data analysis test were conducted. In this study,

researchers used a data analysis technique called

Repeated Measures ANOVA.

Table 2 : Repeated Measures ANOVA.

Group

KK KE

phericit

0.316 0.730 0.533

0.157 0.026 0.007

Avera

Time1

Time2

Time3

31.33

33.80

33.13

33.73

30.67

32.73

30.93

34.80

34.00

Judging from table 2, the significance of

Sphericity obtained by the three subject groups >

0.05, meaning that decision making can be seen from

the level of significance of Sphericity Assumed. The

level of significance obtained by KK amounted to

0.157 > 0.05, meaning there was no significant

change to the value of self-esteem in the three

research time groups. While in KE1 and KE2 the

level of significance obtained < 0.05, meaning that

the interaction showed that changes in self-esteem

value in the three study time groups differed

significantly.

From the table above it can be found that KE1 and

KE2 show that there is an interaction of changes in

self-esteem value in the three measurement time

groups significantly. Furthermore, there was no

significant influence seen from time and condition on

the subject's self-esteem but the effect of significant

selfie upload feedback on the subject's self-esteem as

seen from the condition by the time interaction on the

subject's self-esteem. Groups that have a significance

value of < 0.05, will then be tested pairwise

comparisons to see the difference in average and

significance value obtained.

The Impact of Posting Selﬁes and Gaining Feedback (‘Likes’) on the Self-esteem of Woman Instagram Users

Table 3 : Pairwise Comparisons

Time

(I)

Time

(J)

Mean

Differenc

(I-J)

Sig.

95% Confidence

Interval for

Difference

Lower U

3.07

1.00

-2.07

0.05

0.95

0.29

0.04

-1.61

-5.22

6.1

3.61

1.09

-3.87

-3.07

0.80

0.03

0.04

1.00

-7.54

-6.04

-2.16

-0.19

-0.1

3.76

Table 3 is the result of Pairwise Comparisons

using SPSS. On KE1 the average at times 1-2 is down

by 3.07 with a significance level of 0.05, meaning

there is a difference in average KE1 self-esteem at

times 1-2, with the average below 0.04 and the upper

average of 6.1 at a confidence level of 95%.

Furthermore, at the time of 1-3 there was an average

decrease in self-esteem of 1.00 with a significance

level of 0.95. That is, there was no significant change

in average self-esteem at times 1-3, with an average

below -1.61 and an upper average of 3.61 at a 95%

confidence level. At a time of 2-3 the average value

rose by 2.07 with a significance level of 0.29. That

means there was a significant change in average self-

esteem at 2-3, with an average below -5.22 and an

upper average of 1.09 at a 95% confidence level.

Furthermore, on KE2, the average at times 1-2

increased by 3.87 with a significance level of 0.03.

This means that at measurement times 1-2 there was

a significant change in the subject's average self-

esteem with a lower average of -7.54 and an upper

average of -0.19 at a 95% confidence level. At

measurement time 1-3, the subject's average self-

esteem increased by 3.07 with a significance level of

0.04. This means that at measurement time 1-3 there

was a significant change in the average self-esteem of

the subject with a lower average of -6.04 and an upper

average of -0.1 at a 95% confidence level. The

average self-esteem at the time of measurement 2-3

decreased by 0.80 with a significance level of 1.00.

This meant there was no significant change in the

subject's average self-esteem with a lower average of

-2.16 and an upper average of 3.76 at a 95%

confidence level.

From table 3 it can be concluded that the average

self-esteem of KE1 at the time of measurement 1-2

decreased significantly, while at the time of

measurement 2-3 experienced a significant increase.

Furthermore, the average self-esteem of KE2 at the

time of measurement 1-2 experienced a significant

increase, but at the time of measurement 2-3

decreased but not significant.

Table 4. Within-Subjects Effects.

Source

Type III

Sum of

Squares

Mean

Square

F Sig.

Partial

Eta

Squared

time

Sphericity

Assumed

43.304 2 21.652 2.052 .135 .047

Greenhouse-

Geisser

43.304 1.847 23.444 2.052 .139 .047

Huynh-Feldt 43.304 2.000 21.652 2.052 .135 .047

Lower-bound 43.304 1.000 43.304 2.052 .159 .047

time

condi

tion

Sphericity

Assumed

203.896 4 50.974 4.832 .001 .187

Greenhouse-

Geisser

203.896 3.694 55.192 4.832 .002 .187

Huynh-Feldt 203.896 4.000 50.974 4.832 .001 .187

Lower-bound 203.896 2.000 101.948 4.832 .013 .187

Error

(time)

Sphericity

Assumed

886.133 84 10.549

Greenhouse-

Geisser

886.133 77.58 11.422

Huynh-Feldt 886.133 84.00 10.549

Lower-bound 886.133 42.00 21.098

In table 4 on the time line, it can be seen that there

is no significant change due to the value of

significance gained > 0.0.5. But there was a

significant interaction between the condition and the

study time because it got a significance value of

0.001. This interaction shows that there is a

significant change in the price value of T1, T2 and T3

in all three groups (Widhiarso, 2011).

Table 5. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects.

Source

Type III

Sum of

Squares

Mean

Square

F Sig.

Partial

Eta

Square

Intercept 145172.

807

145172.

807

1.220

.000 .997

Condition 16.993 2 8.496 .714 .496 .033

Error 499.867 42 11.902

In the significant column in table 5 as seen from

the condition row there is a significant value of 0.496.

This means that there is no significant change

between the feedback of selfie uploads on the value

of self-esteem seen from the condition, because the

significant value obtained > 0.05.

Based on the results of the analysis test that has

been conducted seen from table 3 it can be concluded

Icometh 2021 - International Conference of Mental Health

that the group that uploaded selfies and gained

additional "likes" experienced a significant increase

in self-esteem during the study. This is evidenced by

the increase in the average self-esteem value obtained

in the experimental group 2 as seen from table 3 of

3.87 with significance of 0.04. So H1 which states

that there is an increase in self-esteem value in groups

that upload selfies and get additional "likes", is

accepted. The group that uploaded the selfie and did

not get any additional "likes", experienced a

significant decrease in average self-esteem value at 1-

2 by 3.07 and experienced an insignificant increase at

a time of 2-3 of 2.07. So H2 which states that there is

a decrease in the value of self-esteem in groups that

upload selfies and do not get additional "likes", is

accepted. The acceptance of H1 and H2 shows that

the influence of like feedback on the self-esteem of

women instagram users.

Furthermore, based on the results of the analysis

test also obtained the results that the group that did

not upload selfies did not experience a significant

change in average self-esteem value during the study

seen from table 2. This means that H3, which states

that there is no change in the self-esteem value of

groups that do not upload selfies, is accepted. Based

on the results of the data analysis test seen in table 4

of the cond x time row, the significance value of 0.001

is interpreted as a significant interaction between the

research time and the research group. So that H4,

which states the interaction between research time

and research groups, is accepted.

4 DISCUSSION

The value of self-esteem in each individual tends to

be different from each other. This is because self-

esteem is a subjective assessment made by

individuals on themselves that are positive or

negative (Desjarlais, 2019; Neff, 2011; Rosenberg,

1965). The value of self-esteem possessed by

individuals can be changed by several factors, one of

which is the "likes" feedback obtained on social

media. According to sociometer theory, acceptance or

rejection given by others is one of the factors that can

affect self-esteem (Leary et al., 1995). Getting likes is

like accepting from others, while not getting likes is

likened to rejection from others (Coulthard &ogden,

2018). Research conducted by Pounders et al. (2016)

shows that self-esteem is a major contributing factor

to uploading selfies to social media. But the number

of likes gained on the uploaded selfie is not in

accordance with expectations can reduce self-esteem.

This theory is in line with the results of research

obtained which showed that there was a significant

change in the self-esteem value of the experimental

group, no significant change in the self-esteem value

of the control group and the interaction between time

and group during the study.

The results also showed that the experimental

group that gained additional "likes" significantly

increased in self-esteem value, while the

experimental group that did not get additional "likes"

significantly decreased in the study. The results of

this study are in line with the results of a study

conducted by Burrow &Rainone (2017) which

showed that individuals who had a high number of

"likes" significantly had high self-esteem compared

to individuals with low or average "likes". Research

shows that teens and early adults want "like" feedback

on uploaded selfie posts and tend to like posts with a

lot of likes compared to posts that have few likes

(Chua & Chang, 2016; Mascheroni et al., 2015;

Sherman et al., 2016).

No significant change in self-esteem in the group

that did not post a selfie showed that using social

media or getting likes could affect self-esteem. This

is supported by research results that show that the

higher the intensity of social media use can reduce

self-esteem (Jan et al., 2017), the use of social media

seen from the feedback obtained can affect self-

esteem and well-being (Valkenburg et al., 2006) and

the statement of Adam Mosseri, instagram boss, who

said that likes obtained can affect mental health

(Leung, 2019; Spangler, 2019).

Research conducted by Coulthard and Ogden

(2018) obtained results that contradicted the results of

research obtained by researchers, namely there was

no influence of uploading selfies and getting feedback

on self-esteem. This is because during the study,

participants experienced dropouts and were afraid of

feeling exposed on social media because they

uploaded too many selfies than usual. And also the

likes that participants get raise the question of

whether there is an additional influence of "likes"

(unknown people) that are obtained the same as the

likes that participants get before getting additional

"likes" (known people).

From the results of data analysis tests and

hypothesis tests, it can be concluded that the influence

of selfie feedback on the self-esteem of women

instagram users. This is evidenced by the acceptance

of H1, H2 and H4, which showed the self-esteem

value of the group that posted selfies and earned

additional "likes" was higher than the group that did

not get additional "likes" and the interaction of time

and research groups during the study. And the effect

of the use of social media on the value of self-esteem

as evidenced by the acceptance of H3 shows no

significant change in self-esteem value in groups that

do not upload selfies.

The Impact of Posting Selﬁes and Gaining Feedback (‘Likes’) on the Self-esteem of Woman Instagram Users

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of research from hypothesis tests

obtained by researchers regarding the influence of

selfie upload feedback on the self-esteem of women

instagram users, it can be concluded that:

1. There was a change in self-esteem value in

groups that uploaded selfies and got additional

"likes" and groups that posted selfies and did not

get additional "likes".

2. There was a significant increase in self-esteem in

the group that uploaded the selfie and got an

additional "like"

3. There was a significant decrease in self-esteem

in the group that posted selfies and did not get

additional "likes".

4. There was no significant change in self-esteem in

the group that did not upload the selfie.

5. There is an interaction of time and research

groups during research.

Based on the results of research obtained by

researchers, there are several suggestions that can be

considered for related parties, namely:

1. For Women Instagram Users, the advice that

researchers give women instagram users is to see

the impact, either positive or negative, in using

social media and wise in using social media.

Thus allowing the value of self-esteem to be

stable over time..

2. Share the Next Research, research activities in

this study are less conducive because it takes

place during pandemic conditions, so the

activities are carried out online. For further

research is expected when conducting research

activities, researchers conduct assistance to

ensure the subject performs activities in

accordance with the instructions of activities that

have been established.

For further researchers who use the same topic to

increase the sample size in each group in order to

expand the results of the study.

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