PTX: The Bridge to a More Flexible Energy System
Jing Liu, Lingyu Guo, Zhen Dong, Qi Zhao and Lihua Li
State Grid Shanghai Electrical Power Research Institute, Shanghai 200437, China
Keywords:
Power to X; Power to Gas; Renewable Energy; Multi-energy Complementary.
Abstract: In order to reduce carbon emissions, increase the utilization rate of renewable energy, and reduce the large-
scale abandoned wind and solar energy, the technology of Power to X has become a hot spot in the field of
energy research. This paper combines the existing research results and applications of PTX to explore the
future development. Firstly, expound the concept and significance of PTX; then through the comparison of
European, Japanese and domestic PTX projects and applications, elaborate the development of PTX; then put
forward key technologies about energy conversion equipment and cooperative operation method among
multi-energy system; then take Shanghai as an example and raise the PTX application path according to the
energy environment; finally, prospect the future development PTX.
1 INTRODUCTION
In order to achieve the long-term goal set by the Paris
Agreement, China promises to reach the peak of
carbon emissions around 2030 including the
proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy
consumption will be mentioned as 20% by 2030 and
the carbon emissions per unit of GDP will be 60%-
65% lower than 2005 (Boqiang Lin, 2014). Shanghai
plans to achieve the city peak carbon emissions and
per capita carbon emissions by 2025 and by 2035 the
total carbon emissions will be reduced by 5%
compared with the peak. The energy consumption per
10,000 yuan will be controlled below 0.22 tons coal.
State Grid Corporation of China proposed that by
2050 non-fossil energy will account for more than
50% of the primary energy and electricity will account
for more than 50% of the terminal energy
consumption (Xiaoxin Zhou, 2018). In order to
achieve these goals, we should make tremendous
changes in energy supply and utilization. It is
imperative to accelerate the energy revolution.
At present, the revolution of the energy industry is
mostly focused on developing the renewable energy
(Pingkuo Liu, 2019), but how to increase the energy
efficiency and the usage of renewable energy is a key
factor in energy revolution. There are many ways to
use renewable energy: directly applied to terminal-
user (solar cells, geothermal heating, biomass, etc.) or
using renewable energy to generate electricity (Lei
Wang, 2019). The latter is an effective means of
producing and utilizing renewable energy. However,
due to the randomness and uncontrollability of
renewable energy (Huan Zhou, 2016), it is difficult to
match power supply and demand in real time. What’s
more, because of the traditional energy storage
technology bottleneck, too much new energy is
wasted. In addition, demand for clean fuels and raw
materials continues to grow, whether in transportation,
agriculture, steel production or heating.
To solve the conflict between renewable energy
intermittent and clean energy demand, there must be
breakthroughs in energy storage, flexible conversion
and demand-side management. The conversion of
power into other forms of energy (Power to X, PTX)
provides a variety of options to solve this problem.
PTX is considered by some scholars to be the key to
promoting energy revolution (Jan Christian Koj etc.,
2019).
2 PTX PROMOTES NEW
TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS
FOR ENERGY REVOLUTION
2.1 The Definition of PTX
PTX means Power-to-X. PTX is a general term for
technologies that convert power into other forms of
22
Liu, J., Guo, L., Dong, Z., Zhao, Q. and Li, L.
PTX: The Bridge to a More Flexible Energy System.
DOI: 10.5220/0011104900003355
In Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Energy and Environmental Engineering (CoEEE 2021), pages 22-30
ISBN: 978-989-758-599-9
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

energy. It was first proposed by Germany, where "X"
can be fuel, heat, mechanical energy, chemicals, etc.
(Rego de Vasconcelos Bruna etc., 2019). Power can
be converted into thermal energy, mechanical energy
which can be used as direct source; power can be
converted into fuel, chemicals which can provide raw
materials for certain industries; power can be stored
in hydrogen and methane to meet the peaking demand
of the power grid. The concept of PTX is extended by
PTG and PTH (PTG: Power-To-Gas; PTH: Power-
To-Heat) (
Ralf Peters etc., 2019; Feng Zhao etc.,
2016)
.
2.2 The Significance of PTX
The development of PTX has helped to build an
energy Internet focused on electricity. PTX is not
limited by capacity, time, space and industry. It
further enhances the consumption of renewable
energy, reduces the abandonment of renewable
energy, improves the comprehensive utilization
efficiency of energy, and helps to improve the grid’s
flexibility. Due to the real-time balance of power
generation in power systems, a fully renewable
energy-based power system will require a large
amount of equipment to store energy such as batteries
and pumped storage, which can be stored for seconds,
hours, days and weeks. Figure 1 is from Sterner et al.
(2014) and the analysis of Frontier Economics. It
shows the energy storage cycle of different capacities
and different modes. The comparison shows that
there is a certain advantage in converting electrical
energy into fuel storage. In general, PTX technology
makes the energy bidirectional flow between the
power system and other energy systems, realizes the
mutual conversion of electricity and other energy
sources, helps multi-energy systems to integrate with
each other, strengthens the effective interaction of
energy resources and promotes the construction of
energy Internet with the power grid as the hub.
Figure 1. Comparison of different energy storage forms.
PTX helps companies to break through the
development bottleneck. Electric utility companies
are facing challenges. Their traditional profit models
for power generation, transmission and distribution
are threatened. On the one hand, renewable energy
and energy storage solutions such as solar and
cogeneration (Ceguo Wu, 2017) are less dependent
on traditional power grids; on the other hand, users
upgrade their equipment to reduce energy
consumption (Bin Hu, 2017). PTX not only connects
other energy carriers to store the electric power, but
also connects non-energy materials to make electric
energy directly used as industrial raw materials, and
gradually forms an electricity-centered energy supply
structure. Through PTX, we will continue to expand
the varieties of energy, enrich application scenarios,
promote the reorganization and extension of the
energy value chain, promote the comprehensive non-
regulatory services such as integrated energy services
and promote new business models as well as profit
growth points. On the one hand, PTX can achieve
cross-industry communication between the power
industry and other energy fields; on the other hand,
PTX can break the industrial barriers of public
utilities.
PTX contributes to the improvement of social
energy efficiency. From the perspective of energy
consumption, the economic efficiency of electric
energy is 3.2 times of oil and 17.27 times of coal
(Lijing Qiu, 2018). In China, the proportion of energy
consumption in terminal energy consumption
increases by 1 percentage point, and the energy
consumption per unit of GDP can be reduced 2 - 4
percentage points (Zhengmin Yin, 2013). From the
perspective of energy supply, at present, different
systems such as electric power, heat and gas are
integrated and complemented, but the degree of
utilization is not high which reduces the overall
efficiency of energy systems. PTX provides
cooperation opportunities for different kinds of
energy companies, helps to extend the
interconnection between the power Internet and the
petrochemical industries and helps to promote
efficient coordination of power production and
related industries. The application of PTX technology
can increase the proportion of electric energy among
the terminal energy consumption, break the
traditional application mode of different energy types.
It also can improve the comprehensive utilization
efficiency of energy, promote the transformation and
upgrading of the industry, optimize the urban
infrastructure construction plans and improve the
overall energy efficiency level of the society.
PTX: The Bridge to a More Flexible Energy System
23

3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PTX
AT HOME AND ABROAD
Frontier economics have targeted some of the
countries and regions with renewable energy
advantages and have classified their production and
exports (Figure 2). The role of each country in PTX
global market and the timing of its entry are
determined by its own resource and market
environments. The following is a detailed description
of the development of PTX in Europe, Japan and
China.
Type PtX motivation and readiness Selected example
Frontrunners
 PtX already on countries (energy) political radar
 Export potential and PtX readiness evident
 Uncomplicated international trade partner
 Especially favourable in early stages of market penetration
Norway
Hidden
Champions
 Fundamentally unexplored RES potential
 Largely mature, but often underestimated, (energy) political framework with
sufficiently strong institutions
 PtX could readil
y
become a serious to
p
ic if facilitated a
pp
ro
p
riatel
y
Chile
Giants
 Abundant resource availability: massive land areas paired with often extensive
RES power
 PtX readiness not necessarily precondition, may require facilitation
 Provide order of PtX ma
g
nitudes demanded in mature market
Australia
Hyped
Potentials
 At centre of PtX debate in Europe with strong PtX potential
 Energy partnerships with Europe foster political support
 Potential to lead technology development; may depend strongly on solid
p
olitical facilitation
Morocco
Converters
 Global long term conversion from fossil to green energy sources
 PtX to diversify portfolio as alternative long-term growth strategy
 Strong motivation for PtX export technology development; may requires
p
olitical facilitation and
p
artnershi
p
with the EU/DE
Saudi Arabia
Uncertain
Candidates
 Partially unexplored RES potentials, possibly paired with ambitious national
climate change policies
 PtX export in competition with growing national energy demand
 PtX export motivation and potential unclear – may drive PtX technology
d
evelopment, however export uncertain
China
Figure 2. Type of possible PTX producers/exporters and selected example country.
3.1 The Development of PTX in Europe
Europe uses PTX to solve energy resource
imbalances and focus on its value-added services
(Benoit Decourt, 2019). By January 2016, there are
49 PTG pilot projects in the world. And 44 of them
are located in Europe which mainly located in
Germany and Denmark with a large proportion of
renewable energy and low electricity prices (Ming
Che, 2017). Netherlands and France also pay
attention to PTX. It is related to their lower electricity
prices and the proportion of renewable energy. In
2017, the proportion of renewable energy in Denmark
reached 47% (Ning Wang, 2019), and in Germany it
was 36% (Ning Wang, 2019).
In Danish, Aarhus completed the capacity
expansion of the existing cogeneration plant in 2015,
while solving the problem of excess wind power and
heating demand. North Jutland and Orr has signed a
cooperation agreement. It is expected to complete the
country’s first fuel-cell bus system in October 2019.
The region also signed a contract for the intentional
electrolysis system with Aalborg, using the excess
power to produce hydrogen. In addition, Danish has
carried out a project named Hybalance to use the
excess wind energy to produce hydrogen in order to
balance the grid load. Meanwhile, the hydrogen can
also be used in transportation and industry.
In Germany, many researches about PTX has be
conducted (Christian Schnuelle, 2019). The German
Power-to-X Alliance will invest 1.1 billion euros to
promote the production of green hydrogen and
synthetic methane (Shanshan Fan, 2019). The
REFHYNE project will provide the required
hydrogen through a 10MW electrolytic cell.
Replacing the existing two steam methane reformers,
it can balance the in-plant power grid and can provide
first-level control and backup services for German
transmission operator. The project also includes some
research for the 100MW electrolytic cell of the
CoEEE 2021 - International Joint Conference on Energy and Environmental Engineering
24

Rhineland Refinery. Siemens has completed a set of
PTX solutions covering the hydrogen energy industry
chain (Figure 3). In the upstream, Siemens can
provide power generation equipment and solutions
suitable for renewable energy. In the middle reaches,
Siemens has the core technology for hydrogen
production by electrolyzing water. Downstream,
Siemens can provide hydrogen equipment for
industrial applications. The core PEM technology and
related product series have been successfully
commercialized in the world first megawatt electric
hydrogen production plant in Germany by 2015. The
Baden-Württemberg Solar and Hydrogen Energy
Research Center (ZSW) proposes a combination of
high-temperature biomass oxidation and high-
temperature electrolysis to reduce the amount of
electricity needed to produce renewable hydrogen.
Figure 3. Conversion of renewable power into various forms of chemical energy carriers.
The Netherlands has conducted an electric-to-gas
project named HyStock which includes a 1MW
proton exchange membrane (PEM) and a 1MW solar
energy field that will supply some of the electricity
needed to produce hydrogen from the water. The
hydrogen produced is injected into the gas cylinder
and transported to the terminal user. The project also
includes the research about how the cell can provide
benefits to the power industry by providing auxiliary
services to the grid.
In Austria, the project named H2Future consists of
a 6MW electrolyzer and is planned to be installed in
a steel plant. While supplying hydrogen to the steel
plant, it will also use the electrolytic cells to provide
various levels of backup balancing services for the
grid. The hydrogen fuels are produced by off-peak
electricity.
In France, a hydrogen storage project named
GRHYD has be conducted. The goal of GRHYD
Project is to convert the remaining energy produced
by renewable energy into hydrogen and mix it with
natural gas to form ethane for reuse in existing natural
gas infrastructure.
In Sweden, the utility company Vattenfall has
invested about 100 million euros to build three
cogeneration units with a total heating capacity of 120
megawatts. These units will use excess wind energy
to heat the water. It is expected to be put into use in
2019 to replace one of the 330MWh coal-fired plant.
It can reduce the use of fossil fuels in heating.
In Scotland, one content of Heat Smart Orkney
project is a plan to convert wind power into heat
which received £1.2 million through the Scottish
government's Local Energy Challenge Fund. Users
PTX: The Bridge to a More Flexible Energy System
25

will receive energy-efficient heating equipment that
is connected to the Internet and is activated when the
wind turbine receives a power limit signal. It can
produce heat only by using the remaining power from
the fan in community.
3.2 The Development of PTX in Japan
The "hydrogen energy society" concept proposed by
Japan (Jie Zhou, 2019) hopes to diversify energy
supply by using hydrogen, increase energy self-
sufficiency rate and complete Japan's independent
emission reduction targets.
In the latest Energy Basic Plan, Japan has
positioned hydrogen energy as a core secondary
energy in parallel with electricity and heat. It hopes to
realize the application of hydrogen energy in homes,
industry, transportation and even the whole society
through hydrogen fuel cells. So real energy security
and energy independence can be realized. Japan
hopes to seek new growth points in economy relying
on hydrogen energy (Guang Jia, 2019).
Japan has put forward the development strategy of
“utility 3.0” by combining PTX technology with
“three-type” enterprise construction. On the one hand,
Utilities 3.0 is the next generation of social sharing
platform. The Tokyo Electric Power Research
Institute proposed that Uber, Lyft and DiDi are shared
transportation platforms, Airbnb is a housing sharing
service platform and public utilities will have a next-
generation sharing platform. On the other hand,
Utilities 3.0 not only promotes the restructuring and
expansion of the energy value chain, but also covers
a variety of infrastructure services such as
transportation, communications, gas, water, hydrogen
and other utilities.
At the same time, Utilities 3.0 is based on the
needs of future infrastructure construction. In the
industrial economy era, the most important
infrastructure is the fundamental infrastructure, but
the most important infrastructure for the development
of the new economy and the digital economy in the
future is the “cloud network”.
3.3 The Development of PTX in China
At present, there is no systematic PTX concept in
China, but the development in the hydrogen energy
industry and fuel cell vehicles is good (Meng
Qingyun, 2013; Hongshuai Shen, 2018; Wen Ling,
2019). Now the national energy industries are paying
more and more attention to the developments of PTX
(Shil Song, 2017).
In policy perspective, the National Clean
Development Council and the National Energy
Administration jointly issued the Clean Energy
Dissipation Action Plan (2018-2020) in October
2018. The plan explicitly mentioned the need of
"explore the transformation of renewable energy
surplus power for the other types of energy which can
be used in an efficient way". In the 2019
"Government Work Report", "Promoting the
construction of facilities such as charging and
hydrogenation" was written. The National
Development and Reform Commission as well as
other ministries have issued relevant subsidy support
policies for fuel cell vehicles. National Energy Group,
Sinopec and other enterprises invest hydrogen energy
to utilize the entire industrial chain. They also
participate in the research and development of
hydrogen fuel cells to promote international
cooperation.
In technology perspective, the team of He Yijun
from Shanghai Jiaotong University has conducted a
series of research on the key technologies of PTX
(Jiani Shen, 2016&2018; Guobin Zhong, 2019, Wei
Su, 2019). The research mainly focuses on PTX
system design and operation optimization technology
under multi-time scale and multi-class product
uncertainty environment.
In project perspective, at the end of 2010, the first
demonstration project for hydrogen production from
off-grid wind power in China was completed in
Dafeng, Jiangsu. The project consists a wind turbine,
a non-grid wind/network intelligent coordinated
power controller, a fan controller, a new electrolyzed
water system, etc., and one 30kW and one 10kW fan
jointly supply power to the hydrogen production
device. The demonstration project is small in scale
and has a hydrogen production capacity of only
120m3/d (Zhuoyong Yan, 2015). In 2016, the world
largest wind power hydrogen production
comprehensive utilization demonstration project in
Zhangjiakou City has been connected to the grid for
power generation, including 200MW wind power
generation, 10MW electrolysis water hydrogen
production system and hydrogen comprehensive
utilization system. The wind turbine with a single unit
capacity of 2MW has an annual production capacity
of 17.52 million m3 of hydrogen. The total
investment of the project is 2.03 billion yuan,
covering an area of 116 mu (about 77,000 m2). It is
estimated that the annual sales income will be 260
million yuan and the profit and tax will be 0.8 billion
yuan. The project effectively solved the problem of
large-scale abandoned wind and solved the bottleneck
of the development of wind power industry in Hebei
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Province. In September 2016, Dalian built the first
70MPa hydrogen refueling station (Tongji-Xinyuan
Hydrogen Station) that uses hydrogen from wind and
solar hybrid power generation. The hydrogen
refueling station is the research result of the 863
project “Research and Development and
Demonstration of 70MPa Hydrogen Refueling
Station Based on Renewable Energy
System/Hydrogen Storage” undertaken by Tongji
University.
4 APPLICATION OF PTX IN
URBAN ENERGY INTERNET
4.1 Multi-energy Collaborative Model
in Urban Energy Internet
There are many different forms of energy that can be
used to transform in urban energy Internet. The most
common and practical ones are Power to Gas, Power
to Heat, Power to Food, and Power to Mobility.
Power to Gas. Hydrogen is the raw material for all
power to X and is the most promising storage
solution. Hydrogen can also directly enter the natural
gas pipeline network in a certain proportion,
providing buffer and regulation mechanisms for the
grid and gas network. It is expected that in the future,
large-scale wind power consumption can be achieved
by integrating wind power hydrogen production into
power plant CO2 capture technology to manufacture
methane and supplement natural gas demand to create
a true energy router.
Power to Heat. The current level of electrification
in Shanghai is still at the middle and lower reaches of
the country, with a large space for improvement. The
traditional electric heating, heat pump, electric
refrigeration, heat storage, cold storage and other
safeguard projects are the basic scenarios of PTX
technology in Shanghai.
Power to Food. The electric stove equipment has
no noise, no radiant heat, and the cooking
environment is more comfortable. It is more
conducive to energy saving and emission reduction.
According to estimates, heating the same food,
electrical stoves 61% faster than liquefied gas, saving
72.6%. Based on the current situation that cooking is
still dominated by gas in large-scale canteens such as
schools, hospitals, military, hotels, restaurants and
residents' kitchens. We will vigorously promote the
all-electric kitchen model represented by
electromagnetic stoves. It can effectively reduce
nitrogen oxide emissions while effectively improves
the kitchen environment.
Power to Mobility. Electric vehicles not only
consume excess energy, but also store this part of
energy and then recharge it to the grid as needed. Use
batteries or indirectly use hydrogen fuel to replace
fossil fuels. At the same time, Shanghai as an
international shipping center and an international
metropolis, the transportation uses a large amount of
oil, which can be replaced by clean energy (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Energy supply value chain from power generation
to end users (take power to mobility as an example).
Using PTX technology to build a complete urban
energy Internet architecture model is important for
future energy planning and development. Figure 5
combines electrical energy, thermal energy and gas
energy to build a multi-energy complementary system
for a small community. It is the basis of the large-
scale energy Internet architecture and can also be used
as a pilot project for PTX.
Considering the multi-energy planning of large
cities, figure 6 builds a large urban energy Internet
architecture model that includes the coupling of
multiple sources of energy such as cold, heat,
electricity, gas, and biomass.
PTX: The Bridge to a More Flexible Energy System
27

Figure 5. The small multi-energy complementary system.
Figure 6. Large-scale urban multi-energy network model.
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
WORK
Technology, demand and market, investment and
supply will drive the development of PTX. First,
technological breakthroughs and expansion of scale
will make the costs significantly reduce. The existing
PTX projects are both small in scale. Some of the
projects don’t fully utilize renewable energy to
generate electricity, and the applied scenarios are
limited. Next step is to expand the scale of the
experimental unit and increasing the applied
scenarios. Second, carbon emission requirements and
exact subsidy policies will drive the expansion of
market demand. Long-term stable market demand is
a key factor in ensuring investors to enter the market,
which means that PTX products must meet the needs
of consumers, and their prices can cover costs. The
pressure of energy saving and emission reduction as
well as the supporting subsidy policy guidance can
reduce the entry barrier of the PTX market. Third, a
good business environment and a sound agreement
system will help increase investment and cooperation.
Establish a multi-party cooperative energy
partnership with PTX as a focus, and lead a multi-
party agreement to scale the PTX market, reduce
investment risks, and ensure the stable supply of
renewable energy.
CoEEE 2021 - International Joint Conference on Energy and Environmental Engineering
28

5.1 Using Hydrogen to Produce
Electricity as a Demonstration
Large-scale wind power hydrogen production
projects can be considered. On the one hand, the wind
power hydrogen production project includes three
subsystems: electrolytic hydrogen production, high-
voltage hydrogen storage and fuel cell power
generation. It can be implemented in various modes
such as “electricity-hydrogen-electricity” and
“electric-hydrogen-use”. However, the overall
conversion efficiency of the "electric-hydrogen-
electric" mode is low, and the cost of the fuel cell
power generation equipment is high, so it's not
available to promote and apply in large-scale. On the
other hand, the cost of producing hydrogen from wind
power is much better than wind power connected to
the grid. The difference in technology and cost is very
large, especially in manufacturing costs. When wind
power is connected to the grid, it not only needs to
meet strict technical specifications, but also requires
additional phase control equipment, which costs
about 50% of a wind turbine. For example, the current
price of a 1000kW wind turbine is about 800~10
million yuan/unit. If the wind turbine only to produce
hydrogen, its cost is about 300~5 million yuan/unit,
and there is still room for decease the cost. The
demonstration project could focus on offshore wind
power. The demonstration of wind power hydrogen
production could use the surplus power (excessive
power exceeding the national regulations) of offshore
wind power at a lower price (such as 0.2 yuan or
below).
5.2 Expand “X”
The extension of X does not only contain chemicals
such as methane and methanol. It that can be
converted into various forms such as heat. It is
possible to consider the construction of all-electricity
parks, schools, factories and communities to improve
the replacement of fossil energy by coal, oil and gas.
Expand the type and scale of terminal energy
consumption. Based on the traditional electricity to
heat and heat storage projects, learning the example
of Tokyo Electric Power, it can be considered that
provide efficient energy solutions in the super high-
rise buildings, large residential areas, key industrial
parks to improve the value of grid service products.
5.3 Targeted Technical Research
The Targeted technical research can be the robust
design and operation optimization of multi-type
energy product systems based on renewable
energy/surplus power, as well as the design of
modular demonstration devices for PTX systems
which are suitable for different application scenarios,
including hydrogen integrated energy system
integration technology and PTX energy router
technology.
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