Influence of Endured Coronavirus Infection on Bioelectric Activity of

the Brain in Students

Elena M. Inyushkina

, Andrey A. Inyushkin

and Alexey N. Inyushkin

Samara National Research University, 443011 Samara, Russia

Keywords: Covid 19, Electroencephalogram, Spectral Power, Attention Tests, Students.

Abstract:

In the paper, differences in the spectral power (SP) of EEG rhythms of the main frequency ranges (alpha,

beta) in two groups of students, before and after the tests for attention are assessed. The first group consisted

of students, who did not have a coronavirus infection in their anamnesis (control), the second group consisted

of students recovered from a coronavirus infection no more than 3 months ago. EEG was recorded with NVX

36 digital DC EEG system according to the international scheme 10-20. The subjects were tested for

attentiveness. After passing the tests, the results were above the minimum indicating the strain of the attention

process. The registration time was 1 minute. It was found that students who underwent coronavirus infection,

compared with the control group, showed a statistically significant change in the SP of the alpha and beta

rhythms in several leads. In particular, there was an increase in the SP of the alpha rhythm in the frontal lead

Fz and the central lead C3. When comparing beta1 rhythm, an increase in SP in the frontal lead Fz was also

noted. Analysis of the beta 2 rhythm showed a decrease in the SP of the rhythm in students with coronavirus

infection in the occipital O2 lead. The results show the effects of coronavirus infection on the bioelectrical

activity of the brain in students. Despite the fact, that all the students at the time of the study were recovered,

there is still a difference between those who did not get sick and those who had recovered. This indicates the

effect of the coronavirus on the activity of the human brain.

1 INTRODUCTION

At present, it is generally accepted that sustainable or

harmonious development includes a whole range of

concepts, but most of it is aimed primarily at ensuring

the quality of life of people, which is impossible

without high-quality health care (Bobylev, Girusov,

Flight, 2004).

Recently, the health and well-being of people has

been declining due to the new coronavirus infection,

which, of course, leads to an imbalance in one of the

most important goals of sustainable development,

such as the health and well-being of the world's

population.

At the end of 2019, an outbreak of a new

coronavirus infection occurred in the People's

Republic of China, in the city of Wuhan. On February

11, 2020, the World Health Organization offered the

official name for the infection caused by the new

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3390-962X

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8564-4275

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-2636

coronavirus – COVID-19 ("Coronavirus disease

2019"). In turn, the international committee on the

taxonomy of viruses on February 11, 2020 assigned

the official name to the causative agent of the

infection – SARS-CoV-2 (Conradi, Nedoshivin,

2020).

Emergence of COVID-19 has challenged

healthcare professionals to quickly diagnose it and

provide medical care to patients. Currently, an

intensive study of the clinical and epidemiological

characteristics of the disease continues, as well as the

development of new means of its prevention and

treatment. The most common clinical manifestation

of a new variant of coronavirus infection is bilateral

pneumonia. Some patients develop hypercoagulable

syndrome with thromboembolism and thrombosis,

and other organs and systems are also affected, and

large vessels may be damaged even in young people

(Klok, Kruip, VanderMeer, Arbous, Gommers, Kant,

Inyushkina, E., Inyushkin, A. and Inyushkin, A.

Inﬂuence of Endured Coronavirus Infection on Bioelectric Activity of the Brain in Students.

DOI: 10.5220/0011109700003439

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference "COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals" (RTCOV 2021), pages 5-12

ISBN: 978-989-758-617-0

Kaptein, vanPaassen, Stals, Huisman, 2020), (Oxley,

Mocco, Majidi, Kellner, Shoirah, Singh, De Leacy,

Shigematsu, Ladner, Yaeger, 2020). However,

damage to the lungs, kidneys, liver, or chronic heart

failure are not the only complications caused by the

coronavirus. Quite often, even several months after

recovery, patients experience cognitive impairments:

a decrease in mental performance, memory, and other

intellectual functions. It was found that neurological

consequences after COVID-19 can also be long-term

(Heneka, M.T., Golenbock, D., Latz, E., Morgan, D.,

Brown R.., 2020).

It was revealed that SARS-Cov-2 affects the brain

and nervous system in a completely different way

than other viruses. Researchers examined samples of

cerebrospinal fluid from patients with COVID-19

who had cognitive impairment and mental problems

and found a marked increase in inflammatory markers

that indicate activation of immune cells in the brain.

However, at the same time, scientists did not find

characteristic markers for viral damage to the central

nervous system (Egbert, A.R., Cankurtaran, S.,

Karpiak, S., 2020). Many researchers also note that

the mechanism of damage to the nervous system in

coronavirus differs from the effects of other

pathogens (Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen,

S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D.,

et al., 2020). Thus, the pathogenetic mechanisms of

the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the central nervous

system require detailed study (Baig, A.M., 2020).

The aim of this paper was to study the effect of the

previous coronavirus infection on the bioelectrical

activity of the brain in students during tests for

attention.

2 METHODS

This paper was performed on 20 students aged 20 to

25 years. Ten students did not have a coronavirus

infection in their anamnesis (group 1), the other 10

had recovered from a coronavirus infection (group 2)

and were examined three months after recovery.

Group 1 included 4 males and 6 females, group 2

consisted of 5 males and 5 females. Students were

included in the study on the basis of informed

voluntary and confirmed written consent. All stages

of the experiment were carried out in accordance with

the rules of bioethics used in studies of physiological

functions in humans. The subjects were subjected to

electroencephalographic examination. The

electroencephalogram was recorded using NVX 36

digital DCEEG system. Lead electrodes were placed

on the subjects' heads in accordance with the

international scheme "10–20" in the following

standard leads: Fp1, Fpz, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3,

C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, Oz, O2. A

combined ear electrode (A1, A2) was used as a

reference. Each student's EEG was recorded twice: in

the initial state and after the tests for attention. In the

process of EEG registration, the subjects sat in a chair

in a dark room with their eyes closed. After a five-

minute period of adaptation to the experimental

setting, a background EEG was recorded from the

subjects for 1 minute. Re-registration of the EEG was

also carried out within 1 minute after performing the

tests for attention. Changes in the spectral power

(μV

) of the EEG rhythms within the main frequency

ranges were analyzed on the EEG: alpha (8-13 Hz),

beta (13-35 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz).

As the first test for attention, we used the

Bourdon-Anfimov proofreading test (crossing out the

specified letters in the form). This test took 5 minutes

to complete. As the next, the Landolt ring test was

used for 5 minutes. The final stage of testing was the

execution of the attention test from the KornFerry

company (Judge, T. A., Heller, D., Mount, M. K.,

2002). In accordance with the testing conditions, it

was required to check all the presented pairs of

numbers within 2 minutes and identify coinciding

ones. After passing the tests, all subjects had results

higher than the minimum level indicating the tension

of attention.

Since sample data distribution differed from

normal (P <0.05: Shapiro-Wilk test for normality),

the Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to assess

statistically significant differences in the spectral

power of EEG rhythms between students who had

recovered from coronavirus infection and the control

group of students. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was

used to assess the differences before and after testing

for attention. Differences were considered

statistically significant at P < 0.05.

3 RESULTS

It was found that students who had recovered from

coronavirus infection showed changes in the EEG,

which were expressed in a change in the spectral

power of the alpha rhythm in some leads. In the initial

state (before the performance of attention tests), the

median power of the alpha rhythm in the median

frontal lead Fz in students, who had coronavirus

infection in their anamnesis, was significantly higher

than that in students of the control group by 7.30 μV

(P = 0.037: Mann-Whitney rank sum test). After

passing the tests for attention, an equally directed

RTCOV 2021 - II International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference " COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

(RTCOV )

tendency to decrease in the spectral power of the

alpha rhythm in lead Fz was observed in students of

both groups, however, a statistically significant effect

of testing on the value of this parameter was found

only in students who had undergone coronavirus

infection (decrease in the median by 7.15 μV

; P =

0.039: Wilcoxon signed rank test), while in intact

students the change did not reach the level of

statistical significance (decrease in the median by

0.70 μV

; P = 0.203: Wilcoxon signed rank test).

After testing, no difference was found between the

power of alpha rhythm in the Fz lead in intact students

and students recovered from coronavirus infection (P

= 0.185: Mann-Whitney rank sum test), though the

median of this parameter was higher in those who had

recovered by 0.85 µV

. Statistical data on the values

of the spectral power of the alpha rhythm in the

median frontal lead Fz in the subjects of both groups

before and after testing are shown in Fig. 1.

Statistically significant differences in the spectral

power of the alpha rhythm in students who had

undergone coronavirus infection compared with

intact students were also detected in the central lead

C3. In this lead, the median of the power of the alpha

rhythm in students who had recovered from

coronavirus infection turned out to be significantly

higher than in intact students both before (by 15.05

μV

; P = 0.007: Mann-Whitney rank sum test) and

after testing for attention (by 6.60 μV

; P = 0.017:

Mann-Whitney rank sum test). Testing did not

significantly affect the spectral power of the alpha

rhythm in lead C3 of intact students (P = 0.129:

Wilcoxon signed rank test), in whom the median of

this parameter increased by 0.40 μV

after testing. In

students who had recovered from the coronavirus

infection, the spectral power of the alpha rhythm in

lead C3 after testing for attention decreased

comparing to the initial level by 8.85 μV

(P = 0.027:

Wilcoxon signed rank test). Statistical data on the

values of the spectral power of the alpha rhythm in

the central lead C3 in the subjects of both groups

before and after testing are demonstrated in Fig. 2.

We also carried out a comparative analysis of the

spectral power of EEG beta rhythms (β1 and β2

rhythms) in intact students and students who had

recovered from coronavirus infection before and after

performing attention tests.

Statistical analysis revealed differences in the

spectral power of beta rhythms in several leads.

Figure 1: The difference in the spectral power (μV

) of the

alpha rhythm in the median frontal lead Fz in intact subjects

(white boxes) and students who had endured a coronavirus

infection (gray boxes) before the test (left boxes) and after

the test (right boxes) for attention. An asterisk marks a

statistically significant difference between the two groups

of subjects before testing (* P <0.05: Mann-Whitney rank

sum test). The # symbol indicates a statistically significant

difference between the state before and after testing for

attention in students with endured coronavirus infection (#

P <0.05: Wilcoxon signed rank test).

Figure 2: The difference in the spectral power (μV2) of the

alpha rhythm in the central lead C3 in intact subjects (white

boxes) and students who had endured a coronavirus

infection (gray boxes) before the test (left boxes) and after

the test (right boxes) for attention. Asterisks denote

statistically significant differences between the two groups

of subjects (* P <0.05; ** P <0.01: Mann-Whitney rank sum

test). The # symbol denotes a statistically significant

difference between the state before and after testing for

attention in students with endured coronavirus infection (#

P <0.05: Wilcoxon rank test).

Before testing for attention, the median power of the

β1 rhythm in the median frontal lead Fz was higher in

the group of students with coronavirus infection by

6.05 μV

than in intact students (P = 0.011: Mann-

Whitney rank sum test). However, after testing, the

spectral power of the β1 rhythm in this lead in

students who had undergone coronavirus infection no

longer had a statistically significant difference from

that in intact students (P = 0.103: Mann-Whitney rank

Inﬂuence of Endured Coronavirus Infection on Bioelectric Activity of the Brain in Students

sum test), although the median of this parameter in

intact students at that moment was lower than that of

those who had recovered by 2.30 µV

. As a result of

testing, a weak tendency towards a decrease in the

spectral power of the β1 rhythm in the Fz lead in

intact students (by 0.50 μV

; P = 0.383: Wilcoxon

signed rank test) was found, while in the group of

subjects who had recovered from coronavirus

infection, the tendency of this parameter to the

reduction was more pronounced (by 4.25 μV

although the change also did not reach the level of

statistical significance (P = 0.055: Wilcoxon signed

rank test). Statistical data on the values of the β1

rhythm spectral power in the median frontal lead Fz

in the subjects of both groups before and after testing

for attention are shown in Fig. 3. Statistically

significant differences in the spectral power of the β1

rhythm in intact students and those had endured a

coronavirus infection were also found in the central

lead C3. The power of the β1 rhythm in persons who

had undergone coronavirus infection turned out to be

higher than in intact subjects both before and after

testing.

Figure 3: The difference in the spectral power (μV

) of the

β1 rhythm in the median frontal lead Fz in intact students

(white boxes) and students who had endured a coronavirus

infection (gray boxes) before the test (left boxes) and after

the test (right boxes) for attention. An asterisk marks a

statistically significant difference between the two groups

of subjects before testing (* P <0.05: Mann-Whitney rank

sum test).

Before testing, the spectral power of the β1

rhythm in this lead in students with endured

coronavirus infection, exceeded that in intact subjects

by 10.05 μV

(P = 0.013: Mann-Whitney rank sum

test); after testing, the value of this parameter in the

group of recovered patients also turned out to be

higher than in intact students by 6.00 μV

(P = 0.005:

Mann-Whitney rank sum test). Testing for attention

did not have a statistically significant effect on the

spectral power of the β1 rhythm neither in intact

students, nor in students who had undergone

coronavirus infection. Wherein, both those and others

showed a tendency towards a decrease in the spectral

power of the β1 rhythm in lead C3, respectively, by

1.45 μV

(P = 0.055: Wilcoxon signed rank test) and

7.40 μV

(P = 0.164: Wilcoxon signed rank test).

Statistical data on the values of the spectral power of

the β1 rhythm in the central lead C3 in the subjects of

both groups before and after testing for attention are

shown in Fig. 4.

Under these experimental conditions, no

statistically significant differences were found in the

spectral power of the β2 rhythm of students who were

intact and who had endured a coronavirus infection in

the median frontal lead Fz before and after testing for

attention. In the initial state (before testing), the

median power of this rhythm in students who had

endured a coronavirus infection exceeded that in

intact students (by 0.9 μV

), however, the difference

was not statistically significant (P = 0.344: Mann-

Whitney rank sum test). Similarly, there was no

difference in the spectral power of the β2 rhythm

between the two groups of subjects after testing (P =

0.265: Mann-Whitney rank sum test), when the value

of the median power of the β2 rhythm in students who

had undergone coronavirus infection turned out to be

by 0.65 μV

higher than that of intact students. As a

result of testing, the median β2-rhythm power tended

to decrease both in intact students (by 0.25 μV

) and

in students who had undergone coronavirus infection

(by 0.50 μV

), however, these changes were not

statistically significant (P = 0.250 and P = 0.156,

respectively: Wilcoxon rank sum test).

Figure 4: The difference in the spectral power (μV

) of the

β1 rhythm in the central lead C3 in intact students (white

boxes) and students who had endured a coronavirus

infection (gray boxes) before the test (left boxes) and after

the test (right boxes) for attention. Asterisks mark

statistically significant differences between the two groups

of subjects before testing (*P <0.05: Mann-Whitney rank

test) and after testing (** P <0.01: Mann-Whitney rank sum

test).

RTCOV 2021 - II International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference " COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

(RTCOV )

In the central lead C3, there was also not

statistically significant difference in the spectral

power of the β2 rhythm in intact students and students

who had endured a coronavirus before and after

testing for attention. In students recovered from

coronavirus, the median β2 rhythm power before

testing was higher by 6.00 μV

than in intact students,

but this difference was not statistically significant (P

= 0.081: Mann-Whitney rank sum test). After testing,

there was also no statistically significant difference

between the spectral power of the β2 rhythm in

subjects who were intact and who had endured a

coronavirus (P = 0.054: Mann-Whitney rank sum

test), although in the latter group, the median of this

parameter was higher by 2.95 μV

. Testing had no

effect on the power of the β2 rhythm in lead C3

neither in intact students (P = 0.275: Wilcoxon signed

rank test), nor in those who had endured a coronavirus

infection (P = 0.203: Wilcoxon signed rank test),

despite the trend towards a reduction in the value of

this parameter in subjects of both groups (by 0.80 µV

and 3.85 µV

, respectively).

Figure 5: The difference in the spectral power (μV

) of the

β2 rhythm in the occipital O2 lead in intact

students (white

boxes) and students who had endured a coronavirus

infection (gray boxes) before the test (left boxes) and after

the test (right boxes) for attention. An asterisk denotes a

statistically significant difference between the two groups

of subjects after testing for attention (* P <0.05: Mann-

Whitney rank sum test). The # symbol denotes a statistically

significant difference between the state before and after

testing for attention in students who had endured a

coronavirus infection (# P <0.05: Wilcoxon signed rank

test).

The only EEG lead, in which statistically

significant differences between the groups of subjects

in the spectral power of the β2 rhythm were found

was the occipital O2 lead. In this lead, the median

power of the β2 rhythm in persons who underwent

coronavirus infection was lower by 3.10 μV

than that

of intact subjects after testing (P = 0.014: Mann-

Whitney rank sum test). The value of this parameter

before testing was also lower in students who had

recovered from coronavirus infection by 3.40 μV

however, at that moment, the differences between the

groups of subjects were not statistically significant (P

= 0.161: Mann-Whitney rank sum test). Testing for

attention had no effect on the spectral power of the β2

rhythm in the O2 lead in intact subjects (P = 0.131:

Wilcoxon signed rank test), despite the trend towards

a decrease in the median of this parameter (by 1.2

μV

). Wherein, as a result of testing, the median

spectral power of the β2 rhythm decreased by 0.90

μV

in subjects who had undergone coronavirus

infection (P = 0.031: Wilcoxon signed rank test).

Statistical data on the values of the spectral power of

the β2 rhythm in the occipital O2 lead in the subjects

of both groups before and after testing for attention

are presented in Fig. 5.

Typical examples of the EEG of a student who

had endured a coronavirus infection before and after

testing for attention are shown in Fig. 6.

4 DISCUSSION

During SARS-CoV-2 infection, mental disorders and

symptoms of stress disorders are recorded in almost

70 % of people, which leads to a decrease in the

quality of life and disrupts work productivity

(Shepeleva, I. I., Chernysheva, A. A., Kiryanova,

E.M., Salnikova, L.I., Gurin O. I. , 2020).

In this paper, we investigated the spectral power

of EEG rhythms before and after performing tests for

attention in intact students and students who had

suffered from coronavirus infection COVID-19 three

months ago. Three months after recovery, at least a

half of the patients retain neurological symptoms such

as dizziness, headache, and impaired consciousness

(Li, X., Geng, M., Peng, Y. et al., 2020; 16.

Niazkar, H.R., Zibaee, B., Nasim,i Q., Bahri, N.,

2020). In our opinion, it is necessary to investigate the

long-term effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the

central nervous system, especially on structures that

are easily attacked by the virus.

Use of the EEG technique is a traditional method

for studying the biopotentials of the brain, while it is

well known that for various levels of wakefulness, the

predominance of EEG signals of a certain frequency

with pronounced activity in the alpha range is

characteristic (Corsi-Cabrera, M., Guevara, M.A.,

Del Rio-Portilla, Y., Arce, C., Villanueva-Hernandez,

Y., 2000). Analysis of the main EEG rhythm, alpha

activity is one of the approaches to an objective

assessment of the disorganization of the functional

state of the cortical mosaic in the central nervous

Inﬂuence of Endured Coronavirus Infection on Bioelectric Activity of the Brain in Students

system (Ivanov, L. B., 2005), (Livanov, M.N., 1984).

The alpha rhythm is recorded mainly in the occipital

regions with closed eyes in a state of calm

wakefulness and is blocked by light stimulation,

concentration, and mental stress (Kostandov, Э. А.,

Cheremushkin, E. F., 2012). According to modern

concepts, the generation of the alpha rhythm is

associated with the reverberation of impulse activity

along the intercortical and thalamocortical neural

networks, and its severity reflects the synchronization

of the activity of various brain systems, namely, the

connection of information received from the afferent

system of the body with the mechanisms of working

memory. The EEG alpha range traditionally attracts

increased attention of researchers due to its high

sensitivity to various external influences and subtle

Figure 6: EEG of a student who had endured a coronavirus

infection before (above) and after (below) passing tests for

attention.

changes in the functional state of the cerebral cortex

accompanying sensory, motor, cognitive and mental

processes (Basar, E., Schurmann, M., Karakas, S.,

1997), (Itil, T.M., Le Bars, P., Eralp, E., 1994).

In the present study, we found that students who

had recovered from COVID-19 had an increase in the

spectral power of the alpha rhythm both before and

after passing the tests, compared to a group of intact

students. As for the influence of tests on attention on

the spectral power of the alpha rhythm, we can note

the similar tendency in the two groups. After passing

the tests, the spectral power of the alpha rhythm

decreased. This effect is quite natural, since the EEG

alpha rhythm is characteristic of the state of calm

wakefulness and disappears with increased attention

or mental activity (Ivanov, L. B., 2005), (Livanov,

M.N., 1984).

According to the results of the study, beta rhythms

(β1; β2) varied ambiguously in the subjects. In those

who had endured a coronavirus infection, the spectral

power of the β1 rhythm was higher than in those who

did not have it, in the central (C) and frontal (F) leads.

This fact may indicate that the previous coronavirus

infection can desynchronize the activity of cortical

neurons, in turn, increasing the level of cortical

excitation. In the dynamics of the β1 rhythm in two

groups, a tendency towards a decrease in the spectral

power of waves after the solution of the tests

prevailed, which may indicate an increased level of

brain activation (Livanov, M.N., 1984). These data

are confirmed by a decrease in the spectral power of

the β2 rhythm in occipital leads in subjects who had

endured the infection comparing to the control group,

as well as a decrease in this parameter as a result of

testing.

5 CONCLUSION

1. In the present study we found that the endured

coronavirus infection has a direct effect on the alpha

and beta rhythms of the EEG of students.

2. It was found that the spectral power of the alpha

rhythm in students who have recovered from

coronavirus infection is higher than in intact students.

A statistically significant increase in the spectral

power of the alpha rhythm was found in the frontal

lead Fz and central lead C3.

3. When studying the spectral power of the beta 1

rhythm in students who had endured a coronavirus

infection, there was a statistically significant increase

in the frontal lead Fz compared to the group of intact

students. Analysis of the beta 2 rhythm showed a

decrease in the spectral power of the rhythm in

students recovered from coronavirus infection in the

O2 lead.

RTCOV 2021 - II International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference " COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

(RTCOV )

4. The results of the study indicate the influence

of previous coronavirus infection on the bioelectrical

activity of the brain in students passing tests for

attention. Despite the fact that all the students were

healthy at the time of the study, the difference in EEG

rhythms between intact and recovered subjects still

exists. This indicates the impact of COVID-19 on the

human brain, even in a delayed period after the

infection.

The study was carried out with the financial

support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research

(scientific project No. 18-29-14073).

REFERENCES

Bobylev, S.N. et al., 2004. Economy of sustainable

development. Tutorial. Stupeni Publishing House,

Moscow , 303.

Conradi, A.O., Nedoshivin, A. O., 2020. Angiotensin II and

COVID-19. Secrets of interactions, Russian Journal of

Cardiology , 4 , pages 72–74.

Klok, F.A. et al., 2020. Incidence of thrombotic

complications in critically ill ICU patients with

COVID-19. Thromb Res. 191, 145.

Oxley, T.J. et al., 2020. Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting

Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. N. Engl. J. Med. 382.

Kostinov, M.P., 2020. Immunopathogenic properties of

SARS-COV-2 as a basis for the choice of pathogenetic

therapy. Immunology. 1 , pages 83–91.

Lvov, D.K., Alkhovsky, S. V., 2020. The origins of the

COVID-19 pandemic: the ecology and genetics of

Coronaviruses (Betacoronavirus: Coronaviridae)

SARS-COV, SARS-COV-2 (Subspect Sarbecovirus),

MERS-COV (SUBSPECT MERBECOVIRUS).

Virology issues. 2, pages 62–70.

Zhou, H. et al., 2020. The landscape of cognitive function

in recovered COVID-19 patients. J. Psychiatr. Res.129,

pages 98–102.

Solomon, I.H. et al., 2020. Neuropathological Features of

Covid. N. Engl. J. Med., 383, pages 989–992.

Heneka, M.T. et al., 2020. Immediate and long-term

consequences of COVID-19 infections for the

development of neurological disease. Alzheimer’s Res.

Ther., 12, 69.

Egbert, A.R. et al., 2020. Brain abnormalities in COVID-19

acute/subacute phase: A rapid systematic review. Brain

Behav. Immun., 89, pages 543–554.

Mao, L. et al., 2020. Neurologic Manifestations of

Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in

Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol, 77, pages 683–690.

Baig, A.M., 2020. Neurological manifestations in COVID-

19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. CNS Neurosci. Ther., 26,

pages 499–501.

Judge, T. A. et al., 2002. Fivefactor model of personality

and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. J. App. Psychol.,

87, pages 530-541.

Shepeleva, I. I. et al., 2020. COVID-19: damage to the

nervous system and psychological and psychiatric

complications. Social and Clinical Psychiatry, 4 , pages

76-82.

Li, X. et al., 2020. Molecular immu ne pathogenesis and

diagnosis of COVID-19. J. Pharmaceut. Analysis. 10,

pages 102-108.

Niazkar, H.R. et al., 2020. The neurological manifestations

of COVID-19: a review article. Neurol. Sci. 41(7),

pages 1667-1671.

Corsi-Cabrera et al., 2000. EEG Bands During Wakefulness,

Slow-Wave and Paradoxical Sleep as a Result of

Principal Component Analysis in Man. Sleep. 23,

pages738–744.

Ivanov, L.B., 2005. Applied computer electroencephalogra

phy. 256.

Livanov, M.N., 1984. Electroencephalogram rhythms and

functional significance. Journal of Higher Nervous

Activity. AND. P. Pavlova. 4 , pages 611-621.

Kostandov, E. А., Cheremushkin, E. F., 2012. Changes in

the spatial synchronization of the electrical potentials of

the neocortex at different intervals between stimuli

during the development of a set for an emotionally

negative facial expression. Journal. higher. nerve.

active them. AND. P. Pavlova. 6 , pages 703-713.

Basar, E. et al., 1997. Alpha oscillations in brain

functioning: an integrative theory. Int. J.

Psychophysiol. 1, pages 5–15.

Itil, T.M. et al., 1994. Quantitative EEG as biological mar

ker. Neuropsychopharmacol.10, 310.

Barai, M. K. et al. Vietnam: achievements and challenges

for emerging as a fta hub. Transnational corporations

review, 9(2), pages 51–65.

Rowley, C. Rama, M., 2003 The changing face of

corruption in the asia pacific: current perspectives and

future challenges - tìm trên google. Elsevier.

Ding, C., 2003. Land policy reform in china: assessment

and prospects. Land use policy, 20(2), pages 109–120.

Li, H., Tang, M., Huhe, N., 2016. How does democracy

influence citizens’ perceptions of government

corruption? A cross-national study. Democratization,

23(5), pages 892–918.

López Jerez, M., 2020. The rural transformation of the two

rice bowls of vietnam: the making of a new asian

miracle economy? Innovation and development, 10(2),

pages 169–186.

Luan, N. T., 2020. Current law on general rights of

agricultural land users in vietnam: reality and issues

that need modification - tìm trên google. Juridical

tribune, 10(special issue), pages 122–141.

Nguyen, H. H., 2019. The persistence of a nonresponsive

political regime in vietnam. Asian politics and policy,

11(4), pages 527–543.

Pilarczyk, K. W., & Nuoi, N. S., 2005. Experience and

practices on flood control in vietnam. Water

international, 30(1), pages 114–122.

Powell, M., Wafa, D., & Mau, T. A., 2019. Corruption in a

global context: restoring public trust, integrity, and

accountability. Taylor and francis.

Smith, W., Williamson, I. P., Burns, A., Chung, T. K., Ha,

N. T. V., & Quyen, H. X., 2007. The impact of land

Inﬂuence of Endured Coronavirus Infection on Bioelectric Activity of the Brain in Students

market processes on the poor in rural Vietnam. Survey

review, 39(303), pages 3–20.

Thanh, L. N., 2019. Law on enterprises at using agricultural

land in vietnam nowadays: reality and petition for some

scopes to be changed. European researcher. Series a,

10, pages 66–74.

Van Der Burg, M., 2015. Cultural and legal transfer in

napoleonic europe: codification of dutch civil law as a

cross-national process. Comparative legal history, 3(1),

pages 85–109.

RTCOV 2021 - II International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference " COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

(RTCOV )