Some Aspects of the Administrative and Legal Consequences of the

Distribution of the COVID-19 Coronavirus

O. V. Ziborov

, K. A. Sultanov

and A. V. Tseluiko

Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V.Ya. Kikot, Moscow, Russian Federation

MT JSC, 10 Staropimenovskiy per., Moscow, Russian Federation

Keywords: Coronavirus, COVID 19, Legal Regulation, Offense, Administrative, Foreign Experience, Restriction, Free

Movement.

Abstract: In this article, the authors try to analyze the legal consequences of spread of a new coronavirus infection both

in the Russian Federation and abroad. 2019 became the starting point for development of antiviral activities,

including those of a regulatory nature. The problems of checking QR codes among foreign citizens who were

vaccinated in other countries were especially acute. Adoption of new restrictive measures, including those of

a regulatory nature, helped stabilize the epidemiological situation in the country. Topical problematic issues

of implementation of the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on administrative

offenses in the field of countering the spread of COVID-19 are also considered. The main conclusion of the

study is that there is currently no clear mechanism and criteria for assessing the verification of QR codes

among the population, including foreign citizens, in the legislation of the Russian Federation, when traveling

within the country. The issue under consideration is essentially of high relevance and legal significance. The

relevance of this topic is beyond doubt. The authors put forward the original conclusions of the offer aimed

at regulating the legal status of foreign citizens during the period of restrictive measures in Russia, as well as

improving legislation aimed at stabilizing the epidemiological situation and preventing the commission of

new offenses.

1 INTRODUCTION

The legislation on administrative offenses has

undergone significant changes over the past two

years. In 2019, the first case of infection with the new

coronavirus infection COVID-19 was detected, after

which the authorities of many countries began to

adopt regulations aimed at tightening existing and

introducing new sanctions for violating self-isolation

regimes and other high-risk rules. Since the

beginning of introduction of new restrictive

measures, responsibility for their failure to comply

was accepted both in the Code of Administrative

Offenses of the Russian Federation and in the

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. However,

it is administrative and legal legislation that has

become the main way to suppress the spread of a new

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-8218

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8011-7190

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-8084

coronavirus infection, because it is obvious that

offenses are committed several times less than crimes

(Kurakin and Karpukhin, 2020).

Especially during adoption of measures of new

regulations, the status of foreign citizens located in

the territory of the Russian Federation was taken into

account. In 2021, the President of the Russian

Federation signed a Decree on temporary measures to

settle the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless

persons in the Russian Federation due to the threat of

the further spread of the new coronavirus infection. In

accordance with it, foreign citizens also have the right

to leave Russia to go to the states of their citizenship

(without transit through the territories of other foreign

states) on documents that prove their identity and are

recognized in the Russian Federation in this capacity

and which expired after March 14, 2020 (Savinov,

Kirillov and Taranovskaya, 2020).

416

Ziborov, O., Sultanov, K. and Tseluiko, A.

Some Aspects of the Administrative and Legal Consequences of the Distribution of the COVID-19 Coronavirus.

DOI: 10.5220/0011121600003439

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference "COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals" (RTCOV 2021), pages 416-421

ISBN: 978-989-758-617-0

The President of the Russian Federation also

signed a decree on temporary measures to regulate the

legal status of foreigners and stateless persons in the

Russian Federation during the period of overcoming

the consequences of the spread of COVID-19. This

document establishes that from June 16, 2021 until

the expiration of 90 days from the date of removal of

the temporary restrictions imposed by the Russian

Federation on transport links with a foreign state (the

list of states in respect of which they have been

removed, is approved by the Government of the

Russian Federation), the following deadlines have

been suspended (Pankova, 2020):

 temporary stay in the Russian Federation of

foreigners and stateless persons who are in it

and have citizenship of such a state or a

residence permit or other document confirming

the right to permanent residence in it, the

periods for which such persons are registered at

the place of stay, and the validity periods of the

visa and migration card with the stamps affixed

in it, issued to these foreigners and stateless

persons;

 validity of certificates of a participant in the

state program for the resettlement of

compatriots living abroad, valid as of March

15, 2020;

 validity of permits for temporary residence in

the Russian Federation and residence permits,

valid as of March 15, 2020, if foreigners and

stateless persons with such documents are

outside the Russian Federation;

 stay outside the Russian Federation of the

participants of the said state program and

members of their families, as well as foreigners

and stateless persons who have received a

temporary residence permit in the Russian

Federation or a residence permit or are VKS, if

such persons have not entered the Russian

Federation before the expiration of 6 months

the period of stay outside, after which the

certificate of a participant in the state program,

a temporary residence permit in the Russian

Federation, a residence permit, a work permit

issued by the VKS are canceled.

From June 16 to December 31, 2021 inclusively,

the following deadlines have been suspended:

 temporary or permanent residence in the

Russian Federation of foreigners and stateless

persons who are in the Russian Federation;

 the terms for which foreigners and stateless

persons are registered at the place of residence;

 the validity period of refugee certificates and

certificates of temporary asylum in the territory

of the Russian Federation.

From June 16 to December 31, 2021 inclusive:

 citizens of the EAEU member states can

conclude labor contracts (civil law contracts for

performance of work, provision of services)

with employers (customers of work, services)

without considering the requirements for the

stated purpose of the visit to the Russian

Federation;

 foreigners and stateless persons who arrived in

the Russian Federation on a visa-free basis

have the right to apply for the issuance

(renewal) of a patent without taking into

account the requirements for the deadline for

submitting documents for its registration and

for the stated purpose of the visit to the Russian

Federation;

 employers (customers of work, services) who

have received permission to attract and use

foreign workers can apply for issuance

(extension) of foreigners and stateless persons

who arrived in the Russian Federation on a visa

basis, work permits without taking into account

the requirements for the stated purpose of the

visit in the RF. They can do this only subject to

implementation of the established restrictions

and other measures aimed at ensuring the

sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the

population.

These foreigners and stateless persons who have

entered into such employment contracts (civil law

contracts for performance of work (provision of

services)), or have received such patents and work

permits, have the right to carry out labor activities in

the Russian Federation until the expiration of these

contracts and documents (Voronin, 2020;

Bonaccorsi, 2016).

Subsequently, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of

Russia issued clarifications to the provisions of

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of

June 15, 2021 No. 364 (on temporary measures to

regulate the legal status of foreigners and stateless

persons in the Russian Federation during the period

of overcoming the consequences of the spread of

COVID-19). Namely, it is specified that foreigners

and stateless persons who have regulated their legal

status, in accordance with the law provided by the

said Decree, can, within the permitted period of stay

in the Russian Federation, apply to the territorial

bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

for execution of permits for implementation of labor

Some Aspects of the Administrative and Legal Consequences of the Distribution of the COVID-19 Coronavirus

417

activities, or temporary or permanent residence in

Russia (Lendel, 2010).

2 STUDY METHODS

The method basis of this study was formed by general

scientific methods of cognition, including the

principles of objectivity, consistency, induction,

deduction, etc. Along with general scientific methods

of cognition, the following private and scientific

methods were used: descriptive, linguistic,

comparative and legal. Disclosure of the topic under

study is carried out from the standpoint of general

scientific methods (sociological, systemic, structural-

functional, concrete historical, statistical), general

logical methods of theoretical analysis, private

scientific methods (comparative jurisprudence,

technical and legal analysis, concretization,

interpretation). Due to foregoing, it seems relevant to

conduct a comparative study of the state of Russian

legislation to prevent the spread of a new coronavirus

infection. Comparison and analysis will be carried out

on the basis of foreign experience in the legal

regulation of restrictive measures for COVID-19,

checking QR codes for both Russian citizens and

foreign citizens.

3 RESULT DISCUSSION

In 2020-2021, the Ministry of Justice of Russia

completed works on the analysis of the practice of

applying regulatory legal acts adopted in order to

combat the spread of the new coronavirus infection

(Cevinc, 2014). As a result of the study, the Ministry

of Justice of Russia believes that the measures

introduced in the territory of the Russian Federation

(including decrees of the Mayor of Moscow and

regulatory legal acts of the Moscow Government)

have been adopted within the competence of the

relevant authorities and certainly meet the

constitutional goals of protecting the life and health

of citizens proportionate to the threat of the spread of

the epidemic in the territory of the Russian Federation

(Nanushek, 2016).

As part of the analysis of international law, it is

noted that the Convention for the Protection of

Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as

the practice of the Council of Europe bodies,

presuppose that the authorities are not only given the

right, but under the threat of responsibility they are

obliged to act in the most effective way to save

people's lives. A similar approach is enshrined in a

number of articles of the Constitution of the Russian

Federation (Behsudi, 2020).

General constitutional and international legal

approaches have found their development in specific

norms of Russian legislation, which allow the

authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian

Federation to establish a high alert regime, as well as

mandatory rules of conduct when introducing an

appropriate regime to protect the life and health of

people (Coronavirus (Covid-19) - Information for

Exporters).

Therefore, since the beginning of the coronavirus

pandemic, in a short time, both at the federal level and

at the level of the constituent entity of the Russian

Federation, new compositions of administrative

offenses have been formulated and officials of the

relevant executive bodies authorized to draw up

protocols on new compositions of administrative

offenses have been identified (Potential impact of

coronavirus on international supply chains).

However, the adopted legal prescriptions both at

the federal level and at the level of the subjects were

not devoid of potential conflicts related, first of all, to

the amount of fines imposed. Another problem of

formulating the compositions of administrative

offenses at the level of the constituent entities of the

Federation is their competition with the compositions

of administrative offenses recorded in the Code of

Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation

(Kurakin and Karpukhin, 2020). Thus, the authors

note that "in violation of Art. 1.3.1 of the

Administrative Offenses Code of the Russian

Federation, according to which the jurisdiction of the

constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the

sphere of legislation on crimes of an administrative

nature includes the determination of administrative

responsibility for the fact that the law and other

regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the

Russian Federation were violated, regulatory legal

acts of local government bodies, laws of the

constituent entities of the Russian Federation on

administrative offenses, there is responsibility for the

fact that rules and regulations have been violated that

are not defined either by the laws of the constituent

entities of the Russian Federation, or other regulatory

legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian

Federation, or legal acts of local self-government

bodies". In the same place, the authors cite the

legislation of the Kaluga region, where the powers of

the police officers included drawing up protocols on

administrative offenses under Art. 2.7 "Violation of

Living Conditions in a family" of the Law of the

Kaluga Region of February 28, 2011 No. 122-OZ

RTCOV 2021 - II International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference " COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

(RTCOV )

418

"On Administrative Offenses in the Kaluga Region".

However, the formulations "obvious disrespect",

"destruction and (or) damage to property" used in this

article are not considered in the regulatory legal acts

of the subject, which led to the problem of law

enforcement practice. The authors rightly point out

that, depending on the factual circumstances, such

cases may cause competition with the administrative

offenses provided for by the Code of Administrative

Offenses of the Russian Federation, namely: Part 1 of

Art. 5.61 "Insult", Art. 7.17 "Destruction or damage

to other people's property" and 20.1 "Petty

Hooliganism", as well as Art. 167 of the Criminal

Code of the Russian Federation "Intentional

Destruction or Damage to property" (Kurakin and

Karpukhin, 2020).

This point of view correlates with the situation in

the area of adoption of administrative orders in the

regulatory legal acts of the city of Moscow. So, in

Decree No. 12-UM and Art. 3.18.1 of the

Administrative Code of the city of Moscow, the

category "Self-Isolation Regime" appears. This

category is absent in federal legislation, the laws of

the city of Moscow and, in fact, is considered in the

context of the high alert regime, which was

introduced by Decree No. 12-UM. This could

potentially lead to competition from Art. 3.18.1 of the

Administrative Code of the city of Moscow and Art.

20.6.1 of the Administrative Code of the Russian

Federation in law enforcement practice (Sun and

Sharman).

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation

made a certain amount of clarity to the actively

emerging mechanism of administrative and legal

regulation associated with countering the spread of

the coronavirus pandemic. In Review No. 1 of the

Supreme Court of the Russian Federation it is noted:

"From the analysis of the above norms in their

systemic relationship, it follows that citizens,

officials, persons engaged in entrepreneurial

activities without forming a legal entity, legal entities

are subject to administrative liability under part 1,

Art. 20.6.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of

the Russian Federation both for violation of the Rules

and for violation of mandatory, as well as additional

mandatory for citizens and organizations, rules of

conduct when a high alert or emergency regime is

introduced in the territory of a constituent entity of

the Russian Federation" (Wrede, 2020; Kostennikov,

Kashkina, Sultanov, 2020).

According to the Supreme Court of the Russian

Federation, to provide development of the specified

provisions of the legislation of the Russian

Federation, which establish generally binding rules at

the federal level, the constituent entities of the

Russian Federation have adopted regulatory legal acts

in the field of protecting the population and territories

from emergencies. Among them, the highest court

included, namely, Decree of the Mayor of Moscow

No. 12-UM, Decree of the Governor of the Moscow

Region of March 12, 2020 No. 108-PG, and etc. "So,

- noted the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation,

- according to part 1, Art. 20.6.1 of the Administrative

Code of the Russian Federation, for example, the

actions of an individual are subject to qualification,

expressed in violation of subparagraph 3.2.4,

paragraph 3.2, section 3, paragraphs 12.1 and 12.3,

section 12 of Decree of the Mayor of Moscow dated

March 5, 2020 No. 12-UM "On Introduction of a

High Alert Regime" (as amended by the Decree of the

Mayor of Moscow dated April 10, 2020 No. 42-

UM)". Among the measures named by the Supreme

Court of the Russian Federation in Decree No. 12-

UM were bans on visiting city-wide territories,

leaving places of residence (except in emergency

cases), observing a social distance of at least

1.5 meters.

Therefore, development of administrative

legislation in terms of structuring and applying norms

on administrative responsibility at the level of federal

legislation and laws of the constituent entities of the

Federation illustrated (Universal Declaration of

Human Rights), on the one hand, the effect of

constitutional provisions on subjects of joint

jurisdiction, to which, in accordance with clause "k",

part 1, Art. 72 of the Constitution of the Russian

Federation and include administrative and procedural

legislation. On the other hand, subjects of joint

jurisdiction in the formal legal dimension are

associated with risks of legal conflicts, which can be

avoided by acts of interpretation of law.

Based on the available data in the public domain,

it is difficult to judge to what extent the administrative

practice for the consideration of cases under Art.

3.18.1 of the Administrative Code of the city of

Moscow. However, the opinion of the Supreme Court

of the Russian Federation that the actions of

individuals, expressed in violation of the provisions

of Decree of the Mayor of Moscow No. 12-UM "On

Introduction of a High Alert Regime", are subject to

qualification on the basis of an administrative offense

under Part 1, Art. 1 of the Code of Administrative

Offenses of the Russian Federation, indicates that the

scale in the administrative prosecution of persons in

terms of violations of the requirements established

during introduction of the high alert regime tilted in

favor of federal legislation, which, of course, will

significantly reduce the conflict of laws and the risks

Some Aspects of the Administrative and Legal Consequences of the Distribution of the COVID-19 Coronavirus

419

of competition between blanket orders of the Code of

Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation

and the Code of Administrative Offenses of the city

of Moscow.

Wherein, earlier the higher courts indicated that in

the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian

Federation there can be the liability only for violation

of federal, not regional legislation (Lum and Clayton,

2020).

Namely, as the Supreme Court of the Russian

Federation explained: according to clause "k", part 1,

Art. 72, Art. 73, part 4, Art. 76 of the Constitution of

the Russian Federation, administrative and

administrative and procedural legislation,

environmental protection and environmental safety

are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian

Federation and its subjects. Outside the jurisdiction of

the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian

Federation in matters of joint jurisdiction of the

Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the

Russian Federation, the constituent entities of the

Russian Federation have full state power, the

territory, region, cities of federal significance, the

autonomous region and autonomous okrugs exercise

their own legal regulation, including adoption of laws

and other regulatory legal acts.

According to subparagraph 39, paragraph 2, Art.

26.3 of Federal Law of October 6, 1999 No. 184-FZ

"On the General Principles of Organization of

Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of

State Power of the Constituent Entities of the Russian

Federation", the bodies powers implemented

independently at the expense of the budget of the

constituent entity of the Russian Federation (with the

exception of subventions from the federal budget),

the resolution of issues of establishing administrative

responsibility for violation of laws and other

regulatory legal acts of the constituent entity of the

Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of local

government bodies was attributed.

Art. 1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of

the Russian Federation determines that the legislation

on administrative offenses consists of the Code and

the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian

Federation on administrative offenses adopted in

accordance with it.

In accordance with clause 3, part 1, Art. 1.3 of the

Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian

Federation, the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation

in the field of legislation on administrative offenses

includes the establishment of administrative

responsibility on issues of federal importance,

including administrative responsibility for violation

of the rules and regulations provided for by federal

laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian

Federation.

The jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the

Russian Federation in the field of legislation on

administrative offenses includes the establishment by

the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian

Federation on administrative offenses of

administrative responsibility for violation of laws and

other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities

of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of

local governments ( clause 1, part 1, Arti. 1.3.1 of the

Administrative Code of the RF).

From a systematic analysis of the above norms, it

follows that a constituent entity of the Russian

Federation has the right to establish administrative

responsibility for violation of those rules and norms

that are provided for by regulatory legal acts of this

constituent entity of the Russian Federation,

regulatory legal acts of local governments, by

specifying in disposition of an article on an

administrative offense of specific illegal actions,

excluding the coincidence of the signs of the

objective side of an administrative offense

established by the law of the constituent entity of the

Russian Federation, with the signs of the objective

side of an administrative offense, the responsibility

for which is provided for by the Code of

Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation

(Kostennikov, Kashkina and Sultanov, 2020).

Therefore, when assessing and applying regional

rules on administrative responsibility, the following

shall be taken into account:

1) presence in federal legislation of a norm

governing public relations in the sphere of

jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, as well as in

the sphere of joint jurisdiction of the Russian

Federation and its subjects, excludes the possibility of

establishing in a regional law a norm on

administrative responsibility in this area;

2) a constituent entity of the Russian Federation,

establishing administrative responsibility, has no

right to intrude into those spheres of public relations,

the regulation of which is the subject of the

jurisdiction of the Russian Federation;

3) absence of a federal regulatory norm on issues

of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its

constituent entities allows the establishment of a

regional norm on administrative responsibility in this

area, if there is no corresponding composition in the

Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian

Federation;

4) presence in the Code of Administrative

Offenses of the Russian Federation of a "general"

composition of an administrative offense, covering

RTCOV 2021 - II International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference " COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

(RTCOV )

420

issues of federal, regional and local significance,

excludes the possibility of establishing a similar

composition in the law of a constituent entity of the

Russian Federation.

The foregoing indicates that presence of regional

regulatory legal acts adopted within the jurisdiction

of the state authorities of the Russian Federation does

not yet indicate that the subject of the Russian

Federation has the right to establish administrative

responsibility for violations of the norms contained

therein, just as absence of regional regulatory norms

does not exclude the possibility of adopting a regional

administrative-tort norm, if the legal regulation in this

area refers to the exclusive jurisdiction of the

constituent entity of the Russian Federation or its

powers on the subject of joint jurisdiction. In both

cases, presence or absence of the "general"

composition of an administrative offense in the Code

of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation,

covering the corresponding violations of both federal

and regional legislation, will be of decisive

importance.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The study shows that the measures taken are

predetermined by the degree of threat in the territory

of each constituent entity of the Russian Federation,

and are also accompanied by full-scale state support

for the most vulnerable sectors of the economy,

material support for broad categories of citizens. This

confirms that when the urgent measures were

introduced, the requirements of proportionality and

reasonableness of restrictions on rights and freedoms

were met.

The measures taken by the federal center and the

constituent entities of Russia are of an exclusively

temporary nature and are regularly reviewed for

compliance with the current situation. The gradual

easing of restrictions due to improvement of the

epidemiological situation confirms that the purpose

of these measures was precisely the protection of

people's health, and not arbitrary interference with

their privacy.

The complex of measures taken in the Russian

Federation corresponds to the world experience. A

detailed analysis of foreign practice also showed that

in a number of states (Germany, USA, Italy, France,

etc.), the judicial authorities checked the procedure

and validity of establishing restrictions comparable to

those introduced in Russia, and even exceeding them

in terms of the degree of impact. Such measures were

recognized as lawful by foreign courts.

REFERENCES

Kurakin, A.V., Karpukhin, D.V., 2020. Problems of

determining the subjects of administrative jurisdiction

in cases of administrative offenses structured in the

Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian

Federation and the Code of the City of Moscow on

administrative offenses during the coronavirus

pandemic, Modern Law, No. 12, pp. 80-87.

Savinov, Yu.A., Kirillov, V.N., Taranovskaya, E.V., 2020.

The impact of the Chinese coronavirus on the world

economy and trade, International Economics, No. 2, pp.

63-71.

Pankova, O.V., 2020. Issues of delineation of

administrative responsibility under Part 2 of Art. 6.3,

Art. 20.6.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of

the Russian Federation and Art. 3.18.1 of the Code of

Administrative Offenses of Moscow, in connection with

the spread of a new coronavirus infection, Administrative

law and process, N 7, pp. 67-72; No. 11, pp. 67 - 69.

Voronin, G.P., 2020. The situation with coronavirus. An

EDI Perspective, Standards and Quality, pp. 1-5.

Bonaccorsi. A., 2016. Addressing the disenchantment:

universities and regional development in peripheral

regions, Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 20(4),

pp.293-320.

Lendel, 2010. The Impact of Research Universities on

Regional Economies: The Concept of University

Products, Economic Development Quarterly, 24(3),

pp.210-230.

Sevinc, H., 2014. The role if universities in local economic

development: a case of TRA2 region in Turkey,

Research Journal of Business and Management, 1, pp.

448-459.

Hanushek, E. A., 2016. Will more higher education

improve economic growth? Oxford Review of

Economic Policy, 32(4), pp.538–552.

Behsudi, A., 2020. China warns against virus-related trade

restrictions [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://

www.politico.com/news/2020/02/11/china-coronaviru

strade-114065.

Sun S., Sharman N. Impact of the Coronavirus outbreak on

International Trade Involving China [Electronic

resource]. Access mode: https://www.jdsupra.com/le

galnews/impact-of-the-coronavirus-outbreakon-13730/

Wrede, I., 2020. How will the coronavirus aff ect the world

economy? [Electronic resource]. Access mode:

https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirusoutbreak-china-

and-the-worldeconomy-worse-than-sars/a-52253833.

Universal Declaration of Human Right (adopted by the UN

General Assembly on 10.12.1948). ATP"Consultant

Plus"

Lum, N., Clayton, I., 2020. Novel coronavirus outbreak:

implications for international trade and shipping

[Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.com

mercialriskonline.com/novel-coronavirus-outbreak

implications-for-international-tradeand-shipping/.

Kostennikov, M.V., Kashkina, E.V., Sultanov K.A., 2020.

Perspectives of Administrative Legal Proceedings Im-

provement in Conditions of Digitalization, Advances in

Economics, Business and Management Research, vol. 137

Some Aspects of the Administrative and Legal Consequences of the Distribution of the COVID-19 Coronavirus

421