Digital Literacy Tool Wattpad for Promotion of Religious Values

through Popular Literary Texts

Rosida Erowati, Novi Diah Haryanti, Tanenji Tanenji, Muhammad Arif, Makyun Subuki and

Neneng Nurjanah

Center of Excellence and Faculty of Education, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Wattpad, Literacy Tool, Religious Values, Digital Literacy.

Abstract: Digital literacy is essential today since the world has become more connected than ever in human history. The

tools for digital literacy are being created from time to time. One of which is Wattpad, a digital platform

focuses on writing and sharing stories. Wattpad is regarded as one of the largest digital platform in the field

of literature. Wattpad Indonesia has the reputation in proliferating popular literary texts. This article intended

to explain how religious values are being promoted through digital literacy tool Wattpad. The method used in

this research is content analysis with data triangulation by expert judgement. The source of data are Mariposa

(2016) and Mozachiko (2018). The results show that Wattpad as digital literacy tool has characteristic in the

interactivity between writer and reader. The interactivity made possible for the reader to respond immediately

to the event in the narrative. In both novels, the promotion of religious values were indicated in the characters

and the resolution of the conflicts. The value being promoted were on the level of belief, the level of religious

practice, and the level of behavior / morals. These religious values were immediately responded by their

readers with the statement of agreement/praising to the action of the characters through the feature of

comment.

1 INTRODUCTION

Digital literacy is a very important competency today.

In Indonesia, internet users reached 196.7 million

people (73.7%) by mid-2020 (Pratama, 2020), an

increase of 8.3% from the previous year. This shows

that digital literacy is increasingly needed. Digital

literacy needs to be understood as having the

knowledge and ability to use many technolog-ical

tools for various purposes (Mantiri et al., 2019). A

person who is digitally literate means that person is

able to use technology strategically to find and

examine information, connect and collaborate with

others, produce and share content, and use the

Internet and other technological tools to achieve

personal, professional, and academic goals

(Nurhidayah and Setiawan, 2019).

For teenagers who are now known as digital

citizens because they have been introduced to digital

devices since childhood, one of the most popular

digital tools is Wattpad. Wattpad is a storytelling

platform brand that carries the jargon of “Where

stories live” since 2019. 14 years since this platform

was created, Wattpad uses 50 languages as the basis

for stories, one of which is Indonesian. Since 2019,

the number of Wattpad readers' membership has

reached 90 million worldwide. The recorded statistics

show that 80% of Wattpad users are women, with

adolescence (Nurhidayah and Setiawan, 2019). Thus,

Wattpad is one of the platforms that is close to

millennial generation youth or generation Z. The data

above shows that Wattpad has been used as a digital

literacy tool in the field of storytelling through prose

and poetry with various genres from mystery to

humor, both fiction and non-fiction.

As a digital literacy tool in literature and writing,

Wattpad has been examined by various researcher

about its advantages and limitations. For the

Indonesian scope, in their article “Literary Cyber

Landscape: Postmodernism, Popular Literature, and

Interactivity”, Nurhidayah and Setiawan pointed out

two interesting facts (Nurhidayah and Setiawan,

2019). First, that the technical advantage of this genre

is that it offers interactivity between readers and

writers that is difficult for conventional media to do.

Second, that the existence of the comment, like,

subscribe, and follow features has broken the

Erowati, R., Haryanti, N., Tanenji, T., Arif, M., Subuki, M. and Nurjanah, N.

Digital Literacy Tool Wattpad for Promotion of Religious Values through Popular Literary Texts.

DOI: 10.5220/0011240000003376

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2021), pages 17-23

ISBN: 978-989-758-602-6

 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All r ights reserved

conventional boundaries that have been imprisoning

readers and writers. If Nurhidayah and Setiawan's

research considers the existence of popular literature

that develops through digital literacy media such as

Wattpad with a comparative per-spective with

conventional printed literary systems, then this study

intends to explain the form of this digital literacy

platform and see the messages conveyed, especially

religious values, through teenage fiction that's in it.

Contrary to the optimism of Nurhidayah and

Setiawan, Mawardi sees Wattpad's existence as a

digital literacy tool critically (Mawardi, 2018). In his

article, Mawardi describes the money-oriented

writing atmosphere at Wattpad and encourages reader

consumerism to a level of apparent awareness of the

writer and their idol characters on Wattpad.

Mawardi's highlight on the commodification of

Wattpad's stories into print novels reveals the two

phenomena that have been mentioned. Mawardi's

attitude also shows antipathy to the quality of

Wattpad's stories which tend to make sex scenes the

core of the story, although he also shows the existence

of some Wattpad writers who are not. Compared to

Mawardi's research, this study will focus more on

teen fiction written by the writers of Wattpad

Indonesia.

Apart from the researches above, other research

on Wattpad in Indonesia focuses on the use of this

digital literacy platform for information distribution.

This research conducted by Lifiani & Krismayani

describes in detail the self-publishing process carried

out by Wattpad writers, from preparing accounts,

writing processes and cover layouts, to

commodifying Wattpad stories into printed form

(Lifiani and Krismayani, 2020). Lifiani and

Krismayani's research indirectly shows how Wattpad

as a digital literacy tool is used efficiently by its users,

both writers and readers. When compared, this

research will focus more on messages in the form of

religious values conveyed by works published

through the Wattpad platform.

Based on the background of the above problems,

this article wants to explain how the Wattpad as

digital literacy tool is used as a means of conveying

religious values through teen fiction texts published

through the platform.

2 METHODOLOGY

The

method used in this writing is content analysis

with descriptive qualitative approach (Neuendorf,

2017). The data collection is by limiting the fiction

stories of teenagers in Wattpad Indonesia which are

in the "most read" category. For this reason, the data

sources used are the most popular teen fiction stories

on Wattpad Indonesia until 2020, namely Mariposa

(2016) and Mozachiko (2018). After the data source

is selected, then the data is sorted based on sentences

containing discourses about religious values. After

that, the sentences were categorized based on theories

about religious values (beliefs, rituals / practices,

action). At this stage, the data triangulation process is

carried out by asking two experts (from religious

education and social sciences) to assess the accuracy

of the religious values that appear in the sentences.

After being triangulated, these sentences are then

interpreted based on the theory of religious values by

taking into account the reader's response to the

sentences containing religious values. This article is

part of a broader study of religious expression in

popular literature that appears on the Wattpad

Indonesia platform.

3 RESULT

3.1 Knowing Wattpad as Digital

Literacy Tool for Storytelling

The digital literacy tool chosen, Wattpad Indonesia,

has a visual appearance for the story as seen in Figure

Figure 1: Visualization of the story in Wattpad.

In order to read stories using Wattpad, there are a

few features that need to be recognized:

a. Story title at top left (Mariposa).

b. Chapters under the title of the story

(Prologue, Mad Girl and Stone Hearted

Man, etc.).

c. Reader's comment next to each sentence in

the story.

For more clarity, the visual appearance of readers'

comments can be seen in the Figure 2.

ICRI 2021 - International Conference on Recent Innovations

Figure 2: The comment feature in Wattpad.

As a digital literacy tool, Wattpad provides an

advantage for readers to immediately comment on

every sentence. This shows that the greater the

number of comments obtained in one sentence, it

means that the discourse contained in the sentence is

increasingly appreciated by readers. This shows that

the interactivity between writers and readers is one of

the foundations for storytelling in Wattpad.

The interactivity of the writer and reader can also

be shown through the writer's greeting when starting

or ending a part of the story. The following image

shows the greeting given by author Mozachicko

@poppipertiwi to her readers. Poppi Pertiwi started

by commenting on the main character, Chicko

Gadangga, then challenged her readers to comment

on whether the reader wanted to continue the story or

not. This challenge was answered by 128 readers who

wanted the story to continue. Poppi Pertiwi's style to

challenge her readers is getting more exciting as the

story moves. In part 19, this writer's challenge was

answered by 1900 readers who wanted the story to be

continued, as seen in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Greetings from the story author in Wattpad.

Based on these observations, it can be said that

Wattpad provides a story writing model that does not

only depend on the author himself, but also prioritises

the interaction of the story with the reader. Because

the writer pub-lishes the story by section, sometimes

the reader can even offer a story plot.

3.2 Wattpad Indonesia and the

Development of Popular Stories

Wattpad globally offers a wide variety of genres on

their platform. Wattpad has 21 sub genres currently

offered, consisting of adventure, contemporary lit,

diverse lit, fan fiction, fantasy, historical fiction,

horror, humor, LGBTQ, mystery, new adult, non-

fiction, paranormal, poetry, romance, science fiction,

short stories, teen fiction, thriller, and werewolf.

Although there are various types of stories offered by

global Wattpad, for Indonesia, teen fiction has a

special place. The two Wattpad stories that have the

most readership until 2020 are part of teen fiction.

This shows the closeness between Wattpad user

statistics and the phenomenon of the growth of teen

fiction in Indonesia.

Teen fiction on Wattpad Indonesia has a

pattern with a story plot around a teenage romance

with a school setting in an urban area. The two stories

that are the data sources for this study use the city of

Jakarta as the background, even though the writers of

these stories are in Malang and Bali. The main male

character in the story is depicted as a popular student

at school, either because of his intelligence, or

because of his mischief. Meanwhile, the female lead

character later also became popular because she

pursued the love of the male main character. The

experience of chasing the love of a popular boy at this

school is what drives the story. Will the main female

character get her love? Will the two of them continue

to date? This question is always hanging in every part

of the story. From the main plot, the supporting

characters of the story, such as the friends of the main

male and female characters, as well as the families of

the two main characters, are presented to help the two

main characters achieve their goals.

3.3 Promotion of Religious Values in

Popular Stories on Wattpad

Indonesia

Wattpad's version of Mariposa (the first novel), the

story, which consists of 46 parts, presents a sweet

ending, with Iqbal and Acha, the two main male and

female characters, unite. Meanwhile, in the Wattpad

version of Mozachiko (the second novel), the story

doesn't end with Moza and Chicko joining their heart.

In part 40, the story ends with a parting dialogue

between Moza and Chiko.

As the uniqueness of Wattpad's story, each part of

the story focuses on one problem faced by the main

character. In the first novel’s story, Acha, whose full

name is Natasha Kay Loovi, is said to move to

Digital Literacy Tool Wattpad for Promotion of Religious Values through Popular Literary Texts

Arwana High School to pursue the love of Iqbal

Guanna Freedy (Iqbal), a man who is popular because

of his good looks and intelligence, but cold towards

women. The story moves from being rejected by

Iqbal, accepted by Iqbal, dating, not getting the

blessing of the family, ending happily: dating with the

blessing of the family. Meanwhile, in the second

novel’s story, Moza Adisti also struggled to get the

love of Chiko Gadangga, a schoolmate in 10th grade

class who is popular as a school champion, likes to

fight but always prioritizes solidarity with his friends.

In this story, the plot moves more complex because

of the background of the character Moza, who has a

stepfamily. Therefore, family problems also color the

story, in addition to friendship issues. Religious

values are introduced in various events and scenes in

these two stories.

From a thematic point of view, both the first and

second novels show the problem of finding the

identity in the main character of adolescents. The

school setting used in these two stories can represent

any school, because what is prioritized is the school

atmosphere complete with the social interactions that

occur at school. The house setting that is used as a

support for characterization reveals the middle to

upper social class which is the similarity of the social

characteristics of the main characters in both stories.

Other supporting settings are bars and restaurants. In

the second novel, the background bars are important

to support Chiko's characterization as a hero.

Meanwhile, in the first novel, the background of the

bar is precisely to show Iqbal's dislike of the frenetic

atmosphere of the bar.

The characterization of the male main character in

both stories has physical characteristics that are

handsome and strong. Iqbal is described as

emphasizing brain power rather than physicality,

while Chiko is described as prioritizing muscles over

his brain. As a result, physical fights are more

dominant in the second novel. Meanwhile, in the first

novel, the main character Iqbal is mostly featured in

competitions in science Olympiad or arguing in

debates. Psychologically, the two main male

characters have something in common, namely that

they highly value family values and friendship, but

cannot be firm in establishing relationships with

women. Socially, these two main characters also have

in common, namely having a wealthy family

background and warm family conditions. Thanks to

the family's condition that tends to be fine, the two

main male characters are depicted as being focused

on dealing with their problems with the women they

like or like them. The characterization of the male

main character in both stories seems close to

everyday situations that are easily seen around, in the

form of the smart and rich boy, and the naughty boy

who is kind, solid, and easily angry.

On the other hand, the development of the female

main character in both stories has the same physical

characteristics, namely that both are beautiful.

However, Acha is consistently shown as a smart,

beautiful girl. Meanwhile, Moza is shown that there

has been a physical change from a childish two-

pigtail girl to a beautiful girl dressed in sexy clothes.

Psychologically, both Acha and Moza have

something in common, namely that they care deeply

about family, are innocent, and are independent.

Although the Acha family is a representation of a

single mother family, Acha is described as more

selfish and self-centered because she does not pay

attention to the problems of friends or those around

her. Meanwhile, Moza, because she lives in a family

that consisted of her biological father and her step

mother and sister, her inner problems are more varied.

The competition for Chiko's love and the title of a

school princess with her half sister, Nency, has made

Moza's character more developed. Socially, the two

main female characters are depicted as coming from

middle-class families. The two main female

characters have an unusual family background

though. This non-mainstream representation of the

family makes the problems of the female main

character in both stories deeper and can help develop

the motivation of the female main character who

wants love persistently. In this case, the feelings of

liking and love represented by the two main female

characters are symbolic forms of the 'loss' they wish

to fill. For Acha, she lost her father figure since she

was a child, then she manifested it by liking the

character Iqbal as a strong and kind man. As for

Moza, she was not accepted by her step mother and

step sister, so she manifested this love by seeking

protection and acceptance from Chiko. From the

description of the two main female characters, it can

be seen that their characters are easily found in

everyday life with the typical of the beautiful, smart,

and choosy child. On the other hand there is the good

child who is innocent, impressionable, and impulsive.

Based on the analysis of the teen fiction genre

story, it can be seen that popular stories have strength

in terms of their closeness to the realities of everyday

life, which are often not disguised by aesthetic

metaphors, although sometimes they are excessive in

plotting the story, because every writer tries to make

the story always invite readers' interest. Therefore, in

popular stories, the issue of values can be conveyed

more clearly, because popular stories also aim to

build a moral compass in the reader. Black and white,

ICRI 2021 - International Conference on Recent Innovations

the good and the bad, the boundaries are more visible

in these two stories. The measure of political

correctness in these two stories is also seen in the way

the reader responds to one scene or one sentence.

One example of Mozachiko's story is in part 2

where Chiko kisses Moza in front of a crowd only to

prove to Jaka, a former of Moza, that Chiko is dating

Moza. Readers' comments on this scene reached

2700, most of whom disagreed with Chiko's actions.

This also happens in the first novel, which often reaps

thousands of comments when presenting scenes that

show Acha's courage as a woman to confess her

feelings to the man she likes first, even to the point of

changing schools for the man she likes. The scene that

appeared in part 3 drew 4400 comments which partly

expressed admiration for the determination of this

female main character.

The religious values promoted in these two works

can be categorized at the level of belief, the level of

religious practice, and the level of behavior / morals.

At the level of belief, the main male character in both

works is described as Muslim. Whereas the female

main character is not explicitly explained about her

beliefs, but implicitly, because there is no discourse

about dating different religions, it can be said that the

main female character also has the same beliefs. At

the level of religious practice, the two main male

characters are depicted as praying. Iqbal is depicted

praying once at home, while Chiko is depicted

praying 3 times in the school prayer room. At the

level of behavior / morals, we can find more religious

values in these two works.

Moral according to Al Ghazali (in Zubaidi) is a

constant act, which is done repeatedly in order to

form a habit (Zubaidi, 2013). These morals can lead

to both good and bad behavior. The religious value of

the work emerges through the good morals displayed

by the characters. Good qualities such as patience,

sincerity, gratitude, tawakal, and receiving

sustenance as they are after trying, are shown

especially through the way the main characters of the

two stories face challenges in their lives. The main

female characters in both stories are depicted as girls

who have patience, in the sense of trying their best to

achieve their goals. Both are described as smart girls.

Although their goal in both stories is to get the love

of their ideal man, this patient trait is shown in their

ability to face the character of the guy they like. After

they get answers from their male idol, their goal is

achieved. In the development of the story, the two

main female characters have to face the attitude of the

male main characters who tend to become possessive

after repaying the love of the female main character.

When faced with this possessive attitude, the two

main female characters tend to be looking for

solutions to problems. This is a reflection of the

nature of tawakal which means not giving up on

circumstances. In Mozachiko, Moza's attitude

towards her stepfamily's unwillingness to accept her

is also a reflection of her sincerity and gratitude.

Moza shows that she accepts the reality of her step

mother and step sister's dislike, but she doesn't resent

the situation either. She is even grateful that she can

still live in the house with her beloved biological

father.

In the two main male characters, who are

portrayed as popular boys in school, the superiority of

characters is clever, brave, responsible, and full of

affection. The antipathy attitude they show at the

beginning of the story by rejecting the liking of the

two main female characters is a form of the introvert

personality of the main male characters. When they

start to like the main female characters, they begin to

be able to open up and accept the existence of the

female main character as part of their life, moreover

they do not want to lose it. This change in attitude

shows the nature of gratitude and tawakal which are

part of the characteristics of the two main male

characters.

Thus religious values are shown especially

through the ways the main characters try to cope with

their problems along their search for identity.

4 DISCUSSION

The use of digital literacy tool like Wattpad is

nonetheless value free. The content published in it

definitely hold certain values. The definition of value

that is used in a limited manner in this study is the

value described by Aljo Klamer in a chapter of the

book About Values (Klaimer, 2017) which shows that

valuing is along with acting. In life, we cannot escape

values. Values can be based on 3 aspects: economic,

cultural and moral. According to Klamer, value is a

concept that is difficult to grasp, because it really

depends on the context (Europe, 2021). However,

values are always the basis of the statement "what is

important to someone".

Klamer sees value as the quality of an action,

object, practice, people and social entities that are

considered good, useful, important, beautiful,

desirable, constructive, and so on. This value has a

personal dimension - in the sense that the value is

experienced by a person - and social - in the sense that

the value comes from the influence that is shared

among groups of people.

Digital Literacy Tool Wattpad for Promotion of Religious Values through Popular Literary Texts

Based on the meaning of the value offered by

Klamer, the religious values studied in this paper are

religious values based on the meanings contained in

the teen fiction on Wattpad. Thus, the religious

meaning used here is a definition constructed from

the phenomena that appear in the story. Religion as

the root word of religious has a meaning related to

religion or belief in God or following the practice of

a religion or a religious person. The meaning used by

Merriam Webster's dictionary needs to be reviewed.

In a report on its website, the Council of Europe

explains that religion describes the relationship

between people and what they consider to be holy,

sacred, spiritual or great (Neville, 2021). Usually

religion will be complemented by a structured set of

practices that bind a community of people who share

the same beliefs. Religion is distinguished from belief

which has a broader meaning and one of them is

understood as a commitment / action that rejects the

dimensions of existence beyond this world. Based on

these definitions, it can be concluded that religion

contains practices that will bind its followers to what

is considered great or holy. In the same web, it is

shown that in Europe there are 19 religions and

beliefs that exist. Meanwhile in Indonesia it is

officially recognized that there are 6 religions and

beliefs. This shows that being religious is a condition

in which a person practices based on the religion he

believes in.

However, religion does not only bind individuals,

religion also colors social life. Religion can be an

identity, or religion can be a differentiator from

others. In this context, religion influences values.

Values in religion function in three ways, namely as

a basis for obligation, as a barrier that directs culture

and thought processes, and as a special moral

tradition (Davis, 2020). As a basis for obligation,

values in religion are needed to instill a fundamental

human life constitution based on obligations in that

religion. Religion shows that humans are responsible.

In all developing religions in the world, this human

responsibility is the basis of his obligation to the

Great or the Holy (Davis, 2020). Furthermore,

religion as a cultural guide, it can be understood that

religion is contained in culture. Therefore the value

contained in the various cultures in which the religion

develops is very strong in the ideas contained in that

religion. In simple terms, it can be said that religion

is at the same time a place for contesting cultural

values and norms in the society that adheres to it. And

lastly, religion as a basis of values for the tradition of

morality. It can be explained that each religion

develops its own moral standards by considering the

conception of what is seen as natural (Cawelti, 1972).

In relation to the religious values discussed in this

paper, religious will be limited to the second sense,

where religious values are a place for the contestation

of cultural values and norms in the society that

adheres to them. The results of the analysis show that

the religious values in the two popular works on

Wattpad Indonesia are a form of contestation between

youth culture in the form of a teenager's lifestyle and

the norms that apply in society. In the storytelling,

religious values appear as the actions of the main

characters to deal with conflicts in their lives as

teenagers. Religious values color their search for

identity to become teenagers with good morals,

especially for the people they care about.

As a place of contestation of religious values, the

genres examined in this paper also influence these

values. Teen fiction genre is a category of fictional

stories that tell the life of teenagers. Teen fiction in

Wattpad Indonesia has become a part of popular

culture which has the characteristics of communal or

mass production so that the way of studying it must

be distinguished from the high culture. The

emergence of popular culture since the 1960s has

made it necessary for researchers of that period to

define popular literature. Cawelti suggested that

popular literature researchers understand the formula.

In his view, the formula is a system of conventions

for structuring cultural products, in this case popular

literature. Formulas are tied to a certain culture and

time period. In relation to teen fiction on Wattpad

Indonesia, an identifiable formula is related to

Indonesian popular literature that has developed since

the 1970s. This formula includes the convention of a

macho male protagonist (smart, superhero) and a

female protagonist who is feminine, innocent, but

brave. In addition, a thematic convention about

teenage romance appears with the main setting of

school or campus. Popular literature in Indonesia has

a wide audience because it is considered capable of

capturing the realities of the times because popular

novel authors are usually young authors who are

considered to represent that era. Popular novels,

according to Adji, also have a big sociological effect.

This cultural product is able to create social icons

from young people in the novel. These figures

represent young people and become idol figures. Here

is the power of popular literature, where it not only

reproduces reality, but also produces reality. The

hallmark of popular literature is the existence of a

strong element of entertainment and didactic

elements (Damono, 1993). Popular literature thus

aims to build or spread values that build its readers in

an entertaining way. Based on this understanding, the

two popular novels on Wattpad Indonesia show their

ICRI 2021 - International Conference on Recent Innovations

influence on their readers through the thousands of

responses they have received from publishing on

Wattpad. These two works follow the formula for

popular youth literature that has emerged since the

1970s in Indonesia. By prioritizing moral values and

entertainment, these two works have succeeded in

reproducing the reality of teenagers in Indonesia in

the early second millennium era, as well as supporting

the creation of a reality in the form of strengthening

the youth romance genre.

5 CONCLUSION

Based on the above discussion, Wattpad as a digital

literacy tool for storytelling appears with an attractive

visualization and prioritizes interactivity with its

readers. Wattpad offers 21 storytelling sub genres

including teen fiction. In Indonesia, teen fiction on

Wattpad Indonesia reaches the most readership,

which proves an extraordinary readership of this

subgenre. The uniqueness of teen fiction on Wattpad

appears through the visualization of storytelling

which also prioritizes interactivity both through

reader comments and through the author's greeting

style in every part of the story they write. This

interaction can sometimes also affect the plot of the

story. The strengths of teen fiction in presenting

popular stories from teenagers, with plot patterns that

have been formulated about teenage love stories, with

the presence of a prominent male main character, as

well as an innocent but brave female main character,

make these stories represent everyday life without

being covered with an aesthetic metaphor. Thus, the

didactic element in these popular stories takes

precedence because these stories promote building a

moral compass, which rests on religion and norms.

Although teen fiction in value can help adolescents

understand this moral compass, more extensive

research needs to be done to see more accurately the

representations of what values live in the imaginary

society in these stories

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Digital Literacy Tool Wattpad for Promotion of Religious Values through Popular Literary Texts