Youth Self-esteem
Sarah Fadila and Amia Luthfia
Marketing Communication Program, Communication Department, Faculty of Economics and Communication,
Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia
Keywords: Self-esteem, Instagram, Negative Influence.
Abstract: Social media has become a part of youth life in Indonesia, especially Instagram. Although research on the
detrimental impacts of social media on youth well-being has been extensive, it is possible that the content of
social media has a positive effect on youth self-esteem. In addition, Instagram accounts can be an educational
medium for youth especially for mental health education and communication. The purpose of this study is to
investigate self-comparison and Instagram @selflovewarrior. id accounts affect youth’s self-esteem.
Therefore, this study analysed the effect of an Instagram account that campaigns mental health awareness and
and self-comparison behaviour on youth self-esteem. This research used a quantitative approach with a survey
48.5% in youth self-esteem. The two variables together influenced youth self-esteem of 21.2%. It seems that
compare themselves with others still has a considerable influence on self-esteem. It is worth multiplying the
youth.
1 INTRODUCTION
Media nowadays vary from an overabundance of
devices (smartphones, robots) to channels (Internet,
cable) to venues of channels (social networking sites,
home shopping network) and/or devices (smartphone
apps), affording users the ability to not only interact
with these “media” (human-computer interaction) but
also interact through them to communicate with other
users (computer-mediated communication). Sundar
(2008) asserts that the affordances of computerized
advances change our media involvement by
welcoming us to lock in with substance in such an
individual way that we not as it acted, but actively
construct meaning (Sundar and Limperos, 2013).
More specifically, some new communication
technologies are changing the manner of reception by
which individuals acquire information from
institutional, interpersonal, and peer information
sources (Papacharissi, 2010).
One of the most popular communication
technologies today is social media. Social media
users can upload information and ideas in order to
build virtual relationships with other users online and
often a means to share part of the user’s life with the
public. Today, a significant part of youths’
interactions with close friends and peers occur via
social network sites (SNSs), such as Facebook,
Snapchat, and Instagram (Valkenburg et al., 2017).
Youth is the largest social media user age group in
Indonesia, with a total percentage of 37.3 percent or
around 23 million users (Pertiwi, 2019).
Some social media platforms have a variety of
features that are appropriate for engaging in
discussion, research, knowledge exchange, and other
activities. One of the popular social media amongst
Indonesian youth is Instagram. Instagram is a social
media for uploading photos or videos followed by a
comment, like, save content, and follow feature. By
uploading photos or videos, users become attached to
each other. In the period January 2020 - January 2021
Instagram was ranked third with a percentage of
6.61% (Statcounter, 2021) by reaching 69.2 million
(69.2700,000) active users according to data released
86
Fadila, S. and Luthfia, A.
DOI: 10.5220/0011244200003376
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2021), pages 86-94
ISBN: 978-989-758-602-6
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

by NapoleonCat (Mustafa, 2020). According to data
from Statista taken in August 2020, it says that most
Instagram users in Indonesia are in the 18-24 year age
group as much as 36.3%.
However, despite its popularity and role in
information technology and means of
communication, there are issues that develop as a
result of using Instagram. UK Royal Society for
Public Health research on 1,500 youth shows
Instagram to be a major contributor to youth’s poor
mental health (Solstice, 2021), which is also
associated with high levels of anxiety and depression
(Amerensw, 2021). The use of Instagram has been
shown to have an effect on social anxiety mediated by
self-esteem (Jiang and Ngien, 2020). This is also
supported by a survey conducted by Scope of 1,500
people aged 18 to 34 years, that social media makes
them feel unattractive (Amerensw, 2021).
Naturally, youths like to compare themselves with
their peers, celebrities, or other people even in
conditions at unusually high levels (Academy, 2019).
It is feared that the use of social media and self-
comparison behavior can worsen the condition of
youth self-esteem. Moningka and Eminiar (2019)
research on Jakarta’s youth shows that the more often
youths do selfcomparisons via social media, they tend
to have low self-esteem. Individual who highly
engage in comparison behaviors with their peers tend
to be dissatisfied with themselves. This clearly affects
the formation of self-esteem (Moningka and Eminiar,
2019).
Based on the findings of these studies, we
determined that it was important to conduct research
on self-esteem, Instagram use, and self-comparison
among young people. Moreover, the youth period is a
critical period for the development of self-esteem and
self-identity, and low self-esteem can endanger
youth’s emotional regulation (Khalek, 2016). In
addition, social media has a very strong impact on
individual self-esteem, such as using social
networking sites for information, communication and
building and maintaining relationships, but the
majority of people end up doing upward and
downward comparisons with other people, resulting
in an impact on self-esteem (Jan et al., 2017). Various
studies have proved that wellbeing is directly related
to self-esteem, particularly the developing youngsters
with whom they interact (Ackerman, 2021).
In the midst of accusations and suspicions of
social media as the cause of low youth self-esteem, it
turns out that there are several parties who are
concerned with this condition to create social media
accounts that aim to help social media users increase
their self-esteem. On social media Instagram, some
accounts motivate and increase one’s self-esteem,
namely @selflovewarrior.id. @nkcthi, @menjadim
anusia and many more. @selflovewarrior.id is an
Instagram account that contains content that spreads
awareness of mental health, self-love and well-being.
This account is based on an online organization that
focuses on increasing mental health awareness
through self-love, youth empowerment,
development, and advocacy. When social media is
accused of being a cause of low self-esteem in young
people, we saw @selflovewarrior.id as an example of
creativity to empower youth, enhance well-being, and
care for mental health. We wanted to see how this
account influences youth’s self-esteem.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Social Comparison
Social comparison theory began with an American
social clinician in 1954, Leon Festinger. He proposed
that individuals have a thought process to self-
evaluate by comparing their capacities and
suppositions to others, which can lead to consistency
(UKEssays, 2021). The social comparison theory
clarifies how people compare themselves to others to
assess their possess suppositions and capacities to
diminish any vulnerability in these regions and
memorize how to characterize the self (Dion, 2016).
Early formulations assumed that people generally
contrast themselves with others and that this can lead
to better or worse self-evaluations (Elmore and
Smith, 2018). This sort of comparison is regularly
made in an exertion adapted toward self-
improvement, in that recognizing others who outflank
us may give important data that in turn can offer
assistance to make strides in our claim execution
(Guyer and Vaughan-johnston, 2020). Schachter’s
tests tried the speculation that individuals who were
feeling on edge would favor to affiliate with others
instead of being alone since having others around
would decrease their uneasiness (Kong, 2016).
Social comparison theory can also be related to
social media. It is claimed that these social
networking sites lead numerous individuals to do self-
evaluations and make social comparisons between
themselves and others based on social classes, social
parts, magnificence, ubiquity, riches amassing, and
other social capacities (Jan et al., 2017).
@selflovewarrior.id an Instagram Account to Improve Indonesian Youth Self-esteem
87

2.2 Self-esteem
Self-esteem is essentially an aesthetic or valuative
phenomenon (Tafarodi, 2021). Self-esteem is how we
value and perceive ourselves (Jan et al., 2017), it’s
based on our opinions and beliefs about ourselves,
which can sometimes feel really difficult to change.
Selfesteem includes all of the various beliefs that
people hold about themselves including those related
to how they look and feel, as well as how they feel
about specific attributes or abilities (Cherry, 2021).
Numerous studies have indicated that self-esteem is
one of the most important risks and protective factors
in the development of mental disorders and social
problems. Selfesteem refers to a person’s overall
sense of his or her value or worth (Ackerman, 2021).
Self-esteem has two measures, low self-esteem,
and high self-esteem. Those with low self-esteem, in
extreme cases, actively dislike themselves and feel
worthless. Those with high self-esteem like
themselves and believe strongly in their inherent
worth as individuals (Jordan and Zeigler-Hill, 2017).
In specific, the characteristic of self-esteem may be
influenced by long-term presentation to social media
in existence, whereas state self-esteem may be
influenced by accidental utilize (e.g., brief exposure
to an unknown social media profile in a lab setting)
(Vogel et al., 2014). These opinions of other people,
either friends or public, and the feedback from them
have a very strong effect on people’s self-esteem (Jan
et al., 2017). Jan et al., Heatherton and Polivy (1991)
claimed that the concept of self-esteem can be either
steady or liquid in nature i.e. it can take time to create
for a few individuals whereas it can alter with patterns
and day by day occasions for others. According to S.
Ahmed, self-esteem consists of four dimensions,
namely, view of life, family relations, tolerance, and
sociability (Ahmed et al., 1985).
Self-esteem is strongly related to self-concept.
Self-concept is not innate but is developed or
constructed by the individual through interaction with
the environment and reflecting on that interaction. It
is learned, not inborn, it is affected by organic and
natural components, but social interaction plays a
huge part as well; Self-concept creates through
childhood and early adulthood when it is more easily
changed or updated. It can be changed in later years,
but it is more of an uphill battle since people have
established ideas about who they are (Ackerman,
2021). In enlargement to self-concepts, people too
understand themselves in alternative ways that – they
need self-images, selffeelings, additionally as footage
drawn from the opposite colleges – a way of what
they sound like, what they feel like tactically, a sense
of their bodies in motion. There are six particular
spaces related to self-concept: scholarly, victory or
disappointment in school; influence, the mindfulness
of enthusiastic states; competence, the capacity to
meet fundamental needs; family, how well one
functions within the family unit; physical, feelings
about looks, health, physical condition, and overall
appearance, Social: the ability to interact with others.
2.3 Uses and Gratification (UG)
Uses and Gratification theory focuses on
understanding user motivation for media use, access,
and understanding of their perspective towards a
selected media. The uses and gratifications approach
is predicated on the belief that motivation springs
from each “psychological and social aspects on
consuming media”, and deciding needs for device
usage. In uses and gratifications studies, audience
members “are not passive recipients of or reactors to
media stimuli; rather they’re purposive and acutely
aware selectors of messages that fulfill personal
wants (such as ‘keeping in contact with necessary
events’ or ‘escape from boredom’)”. This hypothesis
places more accentuation on how the group of
onlookers responds to the media. How these modern
juxtapositions of organization, peer, and
interpersonal sources may alter information-
processing designs, and impacts of data utilization
will have much to do with the exchange of thought
processes that drive specific intelligent.
The researchers found that individuals use the
web for social reasons, to pass time, information-
seeking, convenience, and diversion functions.
During a study conducted by prince Ryan Johnson
(2014) on ”, it’s explicit that associate degree
individual’s expectations of the satisfaction are
directly influenced by accessibility and previous
Twitter experience if it’s perceived as straightforward
to use, user expectations of satisfaction are higher.
Once talking regarding the employment and
gratification of social media, the employment of
social media is predicated on motivation, the
satisfaction of motivation, and familiarity with the
media. Viewing posts, the necessity of social
connection, and the cyber-psychological demands of
young people in social communication are all reasons
why youth use Instagram.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how
self-comparison and Instagram @selflovewarrior. id
accounts affect youth’s self-esteem. Social
comparison theory to find out how the user’s history
compares themselves to other people, social media,
and how the social environment compares themselves
ICRI 2021 - International Conference on Recent Innovations
88

to others. The uses and gratifications theory used to
find out motives and patterns of using
@selflovewarrior.id account.
3 MATERIAL AND METHOD
This research used a quantitative approach with a
survey method. Because the research was carried out
during the Covid-19 pandemic, an online survey was
conducted using the Google Form platform for
distributing questionnaires. The population was taken
from the followers of the Instagram
@selflovewarrior.id account, which has 40300
followers. The sampling design of this research was
non probabilitypurposive sampling with sampling
technique convenience sampling for Instagram users
aged 17-25 years old. We distributed the
questionnaires to @selflovewarrior.id Instagram
account followers. With a margin of error of 5%, the
confidence level of 95%, and the proportion of the
population taken was 20%, assuming a minimum
sample size of 220 respondents. The response rate in
this study was 44.91.
The research instrument (questionnaire) for the
concept of Self-Esteem refers to the Rosenberg
SelfEsteem Scale (RSE) of 10 items and the
Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory of seven items
(view of life). For the Self-Comparison scale, refer to
The Questionnaire of the Iowa-Netherlands
Comparison Orienta Measure proposed by Gibbons
and Buunk, which consists of 11 questions about
comparing self. As for the Uses and Gratification
theory (UG), asking about how long respondents
spend time using their Instagram, and how their
engagement with Instagram and the
@selflovewarrior.id account. Including several
questions about how the @selflovewarrior.id account
can influence the respondents’ lives to improve their
self-esteem and well-being. In the model in Figure 1
below, we proposed the following hypothesis:
H1: Instagram account @selflovewarrior.id
influences youth’s self-esteem.
H2: Self-comparison influences youth’s self-
esteem
H3: Instagram account @selflovewarrior.id and
self-comparison influence youth self-
esteem.
Figure 1: Proposed mod.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validity and reliability test were performed to check
the instrument. The results show in Table 1 that all
questionnaire items are valid when the Pearson’s
correlation value
> 0.128 with N = 200-300 at the
significance level of 0.05. The Instagram
@selflovewarrior.id account variable has a
Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.872
> 0.6. The self-
comparison variable has a Cronbach’s Alpha value of
0.727
> 0.6. As for the self-esteem variable, it has a
Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.612
> 0.6. It can be
said that the questionnaire items for the Instagram
@selflovewarrior.id, self-comparison, and self-
esteem variables are declared reliable or consistent to
be carried out in the research.
Table 1: Validity, Reliability, Descriptive Statistics.
Variables Items Validity Reliability Mean SD
@selflove
warrior.id
10
0.670 -
0.909
0.872 2.414 0.675
Self-
comparison
11
0.519 -
0.916
0.727 2.899 0.522
Self-esteem 17
0.676 -
0.916
0.612 3.133 0.378
Y
Self-esteem
X1
@selflovewarrior.id
X2
Self-comparison
H1
H2
H3
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89

Table 2: Correlations.
@selflove
warrior.id
Self-
esteem
Self-
comparison
@selflove
warrior.id
Pearson
Correlation
1 .027 -.271**
Sig. (2-tailed) .685 .000
N 224 224 224
Self-esteem Pearson
Correlation
.027 1 .422**
Sig. (2-tailed) .685 .000
N 224 224 224
Self-
comparison
Pearson
Correlation
-.271** .442** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000
N 224 224 224
Based on the data above, for the variable (X1) the
Instagram account @selflovewarrior.id with the
variable (Y) self-esteem has not significance value (2-
tailed) of 0.685
> 0.05, the relationship of the two
variables is not correlated. For variable (X2) self
comparison with variable (Y) self-esteem has a
significance value (2-tailed) of 0.00 ¡0.05, the
relationship of the two variables is correlated. While
the Pearson Correlation value of the two variables is
0.442 a positive relationship. This value is in the
Pearson Correlation value range 0.41 to 0.60, so that
the correlation of these two variables is moderate. For
normality test using the One-Sample Kolmogorov-
Smirnov Test, the result shows the significance value
is 0.20
> 0.05, it can be concluded that the residual
value is normally distributed. Multiple regression
analysis was performed to test the hypotheses. The
result is showed in Table 3. Table 3 showed, both
@selflovewarrior.id and self-comparison variables
influence youths’ self- esteem, as the F value is
30,946 and significant value 0.00
< 0.05, so
hypothesis 3 (H3) is accepted.
Table 3: Model Summary and ANOVA Results.
R R
Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error
of the
Estimate
df F Sig.
0.468 0.219 0.212 0.336 2 30.946 0.000
Based on Table 3, the @selflovewarrior.id and
self-comparison variables both concurrently
influence the self-esteem variable of 0.219 (adjusted
R square). This means that self-comparison and
Instagram @selflovewarrior.id account influence of
21.9% on youth self-esteem. Meanwhile, the other
78.1% were influenced by other factors outside of this
study.
To find out the amount of influence of each
variable @selflovewarrior.id and variable self
comparison on youth self-esteem can be seen in Table
4 below, by looking at the value in regression
standardized coefficient Beta (). @selflovewarrior.id
variable has = 0.159 and significance value p ¡ 0.05,
this result shows the influence of @selflovewarrior.id
on youth self-esteem of 15.9%, and hypothesis 1 (H1)
is accepted. The self-comparison variable has = 0.485
and a significance value p ¡ 0.01, indicating the effect
of this variable on youth self-esteem of 48.5% and
hypothesis 2 (H2) is accepted.
Table 4: Regression Coefficients.
Model Unstandardized
Coefficient
Standardised
Coefficient
t Sig.
B Std Error Beta
(Constant) 1.839 .191 9.645 .000
@selflovewarrior.id
U&G
.093 .036 2.569 .011
Self-Comparison .351 .045 7.854 .000
4.1 Dependent Variable: Self-esteem
The regression equation from this study is Y = 1.839
+ 0,093 + 0,351 + e. Next, the Constanta value was
1,839. The unstandardized regression coefficient 1
@selflovewarrior.id was 0.093, which indicates that
the youth self-esteem increases by 0.093 (on a
fivepoint scale) for a one-unit change in usage of
@selflovewarrior.id. The 2 of self-comparison was
0.351, this indicates that youth self-esteem affects by
0.351 for a one-unit change in youth self-comparison
behaviour.
Furthermore, to find out more details about the
benefits of using @selflovewar rior.id in youths, see
Table 7 below. @selflovewarrior.id usage variable
consists of 10 items of questions regarding the
Instagram @selflovewarrior.id account and used a
scale of 1 to 5, 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly
Agree. Researchers sorted statement items based on
the smallest to largest mean values.
ICRI 2021 - International Conference on Recent Innovations
90

Figure 2: The result of multiple regression analysis.
Table 5: @SELFLOVEWARRIOR.ID.
No @selflovewarrior.id U&G
Question Items
Mean SD
1 I participated in the activities
offered by @selflovewarrior.id
1.52 0.689
2 How often do you comment on
@selflovewarrior.id account
content?
1.83 0.943
3 How often have you saved content
on your @selflovewarrior.id
account?
2.51 1.160
4 How often you like content on
@selflovewarrior.id account?
2.84 0.892
5 How often do you open a
@selflovewarrior.id account?
2.85 0.833
6 Are you read and view each
substance from
@selflovewarrior.id carefully?
2.94 1.248
7 @selflovewarrior.id account helps
me increase my confidence and
self-esteem
3.71 0.900
8 @selflovewarrior.id account helps
me understand my self
3.71 0.905
9 I gain new knowledge on
@selflovewarrior.id content
3.80 0.887
10 @selflovewarrior.id account
enhanced my understanding of
mental health and self-love
3.84 0.856
From the Table 5, can be seen in item number 10,
“@selflovewarrior.id account enhanced my
understanding of mental health and self-love”, has the
highest mean score of 3.84. And the number 9
question item ”I gain new knowledge from
@selflovewarrior.id content” has a mean value of
M=3.80. It can be said that the Instagram account
@selflovewarrior.id can improve youth self-esteem,
especially because this account increases the
knowledge or understanding of its followers about
mental health and self-love. As shown in Table 6, the
Instagram account @selflovewarrior.id has a positive
effect on self-esteem by 15.9%. In item number 7
”@selflovewarrior.id account helps me increase my
confidence and selfesteem” the mean value is
M=3.71. This means Instagram users (followers of
the @selflovewarrior.id account) feel this account
helps them increase their selfconfidence and increase
their self-esteem. Followed by item number 3
”@selflovewarrior.id account helps me understand
myself” with a mean value of 3.71. This means, users
felt this Instagram account helps them better
understand themselves. These things are part of the
positive effects of the @selflovewarrior.id on the self-
esteem of its followers.
Figure 3 below shows the content of
@selflovewarrior.id that educates their audience.
@selflovewarrior.id account optimizes all the
features Instagram provides. So the overall content is
very educational, interactive, even connected with
mental health e-learning links. Followers of this
account can also learn from other users who share
their experiences and opinions in the comments field
and are guided by the administrator
@selflovewarrior.id
5 DISCUSSION
The first purpose of this study was to measure the
influence of the Instagram account
@selflovewarrior.id on the self-esteem of its
followers. Our finding showed the use of Instagram
@selflovewarrior.id did not have a negative effect on
youth self-esteem, according to the data in Table 6
that Instagram @selflovewarrior.id contributes
positively to self-esteem. We compared to other
studies, the research of Jan et al., (2017) showed the
negative effect of social media on person self-esteem,
social media decreasing self-esteem. Another
research which conducted by de Calheiros Velozo
and Stauder (2018) showed there were no relation
between looking at others’ content (as an account
followers) and emotional symptoms, even though the
other activities on social media are related to various
aspect of mental health. These findings differ from
our study. In our study, the relationship between
social media (Instagram account
@selflovewarrior.id) and self-esteem is positive due
to the goal of this well-being account for increasing
Y
Self-esteem
X1
@selflovewarrior.id
X2
Self-comparison
.159*
.485**
.212
@selflovewarrior.id an Instagram Account to Improve Indonesian Youth Self-esteem
91

users’ knowledge about self-love, mental health
awareness and healthy self-esteem.
When compared with Shaohai Jiang and Annabel
Ngien (2020) study, their research results showed that
the use of Instagram itself does not directly affect the
deterioration of healthy self-esteem or well-being.
Another research of Chaturvedi, et al., (2021) showed
social media has a positive aspect for mental health
and mental health self-management strategy for kids.
Both studies are supporting our findings that the
social media account could give positive impact to
selfesteem or mental health.
Second purpose of our study is to measure the
effect of self-comparison on self-esteem. Our study
showed that Instagram @selflovewarrior.id account
and self-comparison both influence youth selfesteem.
This is in line with a research by Chusniah et al
(2020), that social comparison on Instagram has a
significant effect on self-esteem. If we compare, our
study differs from the research conducted by Jiang et
al (2020), which stated that the relationship between
social comparison and self-esteem was negative and
significant. While the results of our study state that
the relationship between social comparison and self-
esteem is a positive and significant relationship.
Figure 3: @selflovewarrior.id post on Instagram feed.
6 CONCLUSION
Social media is considered to have a negative
influence on youth self-esteem. Some studies have
proven such negative influences. However, this study
actually aimed to show that there are positive
accounts on Instagram that contain content and have
goals for youths’ well-being and mental health
awareness, one of which is the @selflovewarrior.id.
With the different aspects that social media has, it is
extremely possible to use it for learning. This study
proves that positive accounts such as
@selflovewarrior.id can actually increase youth self-
esteem even though the influence is still low by
15.9%. The respondents (Instagram
@selflovewarrior.id followers) tend to think that this
account can help them understand, get more
information and knowledge about mental health
awareness, self-love, and healthy self-esteem. They
also feel that this account helps them increase their
level of selfconfidence, self-esteem and better
understand themselves. In conclusion, the Instagram
@selflovewarr ior.id account can be used as E-
Learning platform to increase and bring youth to a
more well-being life, self-love awareness to healthy
self-esteem. Because Indonesian youth utilize this
Instagram account to learn about mental health, self-
awareness, self-love, and self-esteem.
Besides, self-comparison behavior factor still
overshadows the addition of @selflovewarrior.id
influence on youth self-esteem because the influence
of self-comparison is higher than @selflovewarrior.id
usage, by 48.5%. Therefore, since this account is used
as a means of learning about mental health, awareness
of self-love, and healthy self-esteem by youth in
Indonesia, the @selflovewarrior.id account should
add the type of content that can increase youth
engagement on this account with the aim of to
increase self-esteem, mental health, and well-being
could be higher. It is worth multiplying the types of
well-being accounts like @selflovewarrior.id to
offset the negative influence of social media on youth.
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