ReforestAR: An Augmented Reality Mobile Application for

Reforest Purposes

Matias Luna

, Enrico Gomes

, Alexandrino Gonçalves

1,2 a

, Nuno Rodrigues

1,2 b

Anabela Marto

1,2 c

and Rita Ascenso

1,2 d

School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal

CIIC, ESTG, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Mobile Application, iOS, Android, Reforestation.

Abstract: Forest areas are essential to life on planet Earth and, without them, human society would not be able to sustain

itself. Yet, they are under constant threat of reduction and damage, and many of them have been lost

worldwide. Besides preventing their disforestation in the first place, awareness for maintaining, replanting,

and restoring these areas should be raised to live in a greener and healthier environment. Information in

modern times is mostly passed on through technology and, with the rise of Augmented Reality (AR), coupling

both smartphones (devices that most people use in current times) and nature seems like an opportunity to raise

consciousness to the cause. In this paper, we present an application to relate both Augmented Reality and

reforestation, to raise awareness of environmental damages by allowing users to virtually place 3D models of

trees on a real surface, using their own mobile phones, helping to plan and to visualize the replanting process

over previously destroyed areas.

1 INTRODUCTION

Augmented Reality (AR) technology can be

perceived as an “enhanced” version of reality or, in

other terms, a mixture of a real-world environment

with virtual components such as interfaces and

objects overlaid on it. One of the technology trends

that have been growing more accessible every year,

AR is highly responsible for the successful user

experiences of the most downloaded applications in

the current market, such as online shopping catalogue

applications. Some of AR’s main uses and

functionalities are facial recognition, geolocation,

object recognition, and phone tracking.

Nowadays, AR continues to grow significantly and

new applications have been and are being developed.

While most AR apps are focused on the entertain-

ment or shopping industry; the mobile application

market can also be used for education, entertainment,

and others. AR is being increasingly selected to be used

to generate awareness in diverse areas, for example,

about past landscapes and endangered animals.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5966-3218

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0953-6018

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6005-288X

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8011-2333

Context and Motivation

Deforestation is the process of removal of an area that

contains vegetation such as trees, shrubberies, and

plants. Normally these are natural areas reconditioned

for human activities such as agriculture, cattle raising,

and the creation of urban cities. According to the

magazine World Wildlife Fund

(WWF) (WWF -

Endangered Species Conservation | World Wildlife

Fund, 2021), 31% of the land is covered by forests,

and year by year the human footprint in the green

areas grows. The main activity that contributes to

deforestation is wildfires, being estimated that 94%

of it is caused by humans (e.g., lighting bonfires and

discarding cigarette butts). The other 6% are caused

by natural disasters such as earthquakes, thunder, and

hot temperatures during summer. This demonstrates

that, if human lapses are reduced, wildfires will too

(Deforestation and Forest Degradation | Threats |

WWF, 2019).

After a forest cover area is damaged or burnt by a

wildfire, a process of reforestation can be initiated to

World Wildlife Fund is a sixty-year-old conservation

organization that works helping local communities

conserve the natural resources in nearly 100 countries.

180

Luna, M., Gomes, E., Gonçalves, A., Rodrigues, N., Marto, A. and Ascenso, R.

ReforestAR: An Augmented Reality Mobile Application for Reforest Purposes.

DOI: 10.5220/0010833200003124

In Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP 2022) - Volume 1: GRAPP, pages

180-187

ISBN: 978-989-758-555-5; ISSN: 2184-4321

recover from damages. A reforestation process can be

defined as naturally or artificially, by replenishing an

area that has been deforested with trees and plants

(Reforestation, 2021), and it happens when there is a

public or private interest in recovering that area due

to its ecological, social, or production value.

Objective

In this study, an application is proposed to join both

AR and reforestation to raise awareness of

environmental damages. By immersing users into a

real-time reforestation experience, the objective is to

allow users to virtually place 3D models of trees onto

real-world surfaces, by use of smartphones, in both

iOS and Android platforms.

The application, named “ReforestAR”, lets users

place virtual trees on detected surfaces, and with this,

simulate a reforestation planning experience. This

behaviour was achieved by the usage of an algorithm

that acknowledges the minimum distance between

trees. The application also enables users to

personalize the experience with specific options such

as scale modification, the quantity of placed trees, and

the type of tree that is being placed. Saving, loading,

and sharing reforestation projects are also possible.

2 RELATED WORK

Research of available published apps and an

extensive scientific review was accomplished to

better comprehend the current state of AR in the

market, considering its features, user interface and

main functionalities.

2.1 Available Published Apps

The market available apps related to reforestation

provide some interesting features related to the topic.

For example: Reforest App offers the possibility to

control the carbon footprint that humans emit with

their day-by-day activities (Reforest - Restore the

planet and reverse climate change, 2021), or Replant

(REPlant, 2015), whose main goal is to create a plants

lover’s community in Brazil, by dynamic

dissemination of stores, fairs, forums and events

related to reforestation.

An example of the integration of AR technology

with mobile apps is found in the Reforestation of the

Imagination (RIT) (Reforestation of the Imagination,

2011), an AR application developed in Unity

using

the Vuforia

framework. The application recognized

tree rings of sculptures in an art exhibition and show

a 3D model of the tree.

Journals and entities have started to create their

own AR apps, for example, The TIME

Immersive

mobile application (Introducing TIME Immersive, a

New Way to Experience TIME's Journalism, 2019)

was developed by an American news portal. Within the

application, the user can experience immersive AR

experiences (Example: simulation of deforestation in

the Amazon Forest). Another example is the official

mobile application of the World Wildlife Fund

(Introducing WWF Forests, now live in Apple's App

Store, 2021) that uses AR technology to show the user

species of flora and fauna of native forests, even with

real sounds and interaction features.

In the addition to the available apps in the market

analysed, it is also important to know what scientific

studies have been realized in the field of reforestation

with this technology in recent years.

2.2 Scientific Review

A mobile application using AR technology for plant

recognition was implemented by students at the

Technological Institute of the Philippines. It has

information on about twenty-five kinds of herbal

plants that can be found in the Philippines. The AR

feature allows users to scan an image of a plant

through the device’s camera, it is recognized and, if it

is one of the included plants of the database, the 3D

object of the plant is created and shown on the screen.

When the figure is tapped, information about the

species is presented. The authors evaluated

suitability, accuracy, learnability, operability, time

behaviour, resource utilization, and recoverability of

the application by getting users’ feedback. Thirty

answers resulted in a medium grade of 4,29 out of 5.

The application was considered as “acceptable”

according to the parameters that were evaluated

(Angeles, 2017).

Another mobile application that uses AR

technology for plant tracking and modelling was

developed by researchers of the Central China

Normal University in Wuhan, China in 2019. The

Unity is a cross-platform game engine with its own IDE.

Vuforia is an open-source SDK for creating AR

applications.

TIME refers to the American news magazine.

ReforestAR: An Augmented Reality Mobile Application for Reforest Purposes

181

application’s main objective was to help people gain

interest in plant learning. The application workflow

starts with the user taking picture of all 360 angles of

the plant with the device’s camera. Then, the Vuforia

engine obtains information about the tracking object

and generates a similar 3D model, that will be shown

on the screen after a user tap. For future work, authors

promote the usage of recent technologies to create

new interactive, interesting, and imaginative ways of

learning (Zhao, 2019).

In 2019, researchers from the University Carlos

III of Madrid created a game that uses the Internet of

Things (IoT), Ubiquitous Computing (UC), and AR

technology to simulate a virtual representation of the

process of planting and gardening. It is called “The

Magic Flowerpot”, and the principal objective of the

game is to encourage people to learn about vegetation

in their local environment. The authors stated that the

game work is divided into three phases: 1) taking

pictures of the plants that the users aim to grow in

their virtual garden, 2) the user “virtually seeds” the

virtual plant with the help of the mobile application

on a unique location called, the “Augmented Smart

Pot” and awaits for its growing, 3) using the

application the plant can be placed to any spot, and

the “Augmented Smart Pot” can be reused for more

seeds. Eventually, the user will have a virtual garden.

The authors expect their work to serve as an example

of the usage of the IoT, UC, and AR technologies

integrating virtual and real environments for learning

purposes (Zarraonandia, 2019).

3 METHODOLOGY

The process of planning and development of both

mobile applications – iOS and Android – followed the

Scrum

agile development methodology, allowing

the authors to make a progressive series of

incremental upgrades over time when adding,

updating, and removing features.

Currently, the Portuguese mobile market is ruled

by two operating systems (OS): Android by Google

and iOS by Apple

(Mobile Operating System Market

Scrum is one of the most used agile development

methodologies.

Google refers to the American multinational

technology company.

Apple refers to the American multinational technology

company.

Share Portugal | StatCounter Global Stats, 2021).

Since the main goal is to reach the largest number of

people, the application was developed for both OS.

The application interacts with different components

to work correctly. Figure 1 displays a detailed

overview of how the interaction and communication

between the back office and Cloud services of

Firebase

with both iOS and Android operates.

Figure 1: Integration between agents and components.

Data from users of both OS are kept in the cloud,

through Google’s NoSQL

Realtime Database,

Firebase. Its structure follows a JSON (JavaScript

Object Notation) tree, which is optimized for quick

operations that enhance the responsiveness of a real-

time experience.

The application has three 3D models available for

the user to place in the AR reforestation scene for

study purposes, but it has information relative to

seventeen species of trees that are native in Portugal.

Even though Vuforia AR SDK is one of the most

popular choices for an AR SDK, ARKit

and

ARCore

were chosen instead, due to their native

compatibility and for presenting no limitations in

their use (no watermark or commercial restrictions).

3.1 ReforestAR Architecture

Figure 2 shows the navigation bar from where the

user can switch between five sections: Areas,

Projects, ReforestAR, Catalog, and User.

Google’s Firebase platform to create mobile and web

applications.

NoSQL databases store data differently than relational

tables, having a variety of types such as document, key-

value, wide-column, and graph.

ARKit is Apple’s SDK that developers use to create AR

mobile applications.

ARCore is Google’s SDK that allows developers to

create mobile applications with AR features.

GRAPP 2022 - 17th International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications

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The Areas section shows the map with the

device’s location, where overlaid polygons represent

the predefined areas that the system has defined.

Figure 2: iOS General View Architecture.

The Projects section shows a list of all the

reforestation projects associated with the

authenticated user. When adding a virtual 3D tree

model with AR, its placement is associated with a

project. Each project has a specific view that is shown

when selected from the list, showing the project’s

name, description, status, number of trees, associated

users, and sharing/deleting functions if the user that is

accessing the page is the project owner.

The Trees section shows a list of all the tree

species considered in the project’s scope. A specific

view of each tree is shown when selected, and it

shows the tree’s Latin name, common name,

recommended space between each one when planted,

its minimum and maximum height, and a description.

The User section shows the user’s name, email,

username, statistics about the number of projects of

the authenticated user, and the number of planted

trees. The login, logout and account registration

options are also available here. All registration and

messages when invalid information is inserted.

The ReforestAR section holds the AR view where

the main features of the application are available, or

in other words, the AR camera.

3.2 ReforestAR Placement Algorithm

When the user taps on an available horizontal surface

on the screen, an object is created in that position. The

algorithm was created so when the user taps to create

objects, it must respect some ground rules as if it was

a real reforestation plan. The user can’t create an

object in a position where there is another virtual

object. Every object should have a distance value to

prevent this from happening. Now, when the user

intends to create more than one object with a single

click, the first object will be placed in this position,

but it will also be used as the origin position to create

new random positions for the new objects that are part

of the same tap group. The new positions will go

through several comparisons that will verify that they

are valid positions to simulate a reforestation

environment. If the positions created do not comply,

a new position is created and the verifications are

made again, having a limit of twenty attempts per

position, before failing and communicating to the

user that the place where they intend to place the

objects does not have enough space.

The three rules that the new random positions

must follow are: 1) To be between a “min_distance”

and “max_distance” away from the initial position,

i.e., the first tap of the user. 2) To be “min_distance”

and “max_distance” away from any of the models

from the same tap group. 3) To be “min_distance”

and “max_distance” away from any models that

already existed in the scene before the tap group. The

process is depicted in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Algorithm implementation, rules visualization.

3.2.1 Algorithm Load Functionality

The process of loading is activated once the user taps

in the button, and it will retrieve the information

about stored 3D models in the selected project. Then,

the placement of these models in the AR environment

works differently on each OS. In iOS, the user will

select a point in the surface that will serve as the

origin position to relate the stored 3D models

previous positions. In Android, the initial tap is not

necessary since the origin position is calculated

automatically, so the objects are placed once the load

function is finished.

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183

3.3 Limitations

3D models with a size of more than 200MB were

excluded since pilot tests concluded that they were

not appropriate for the test device RAM capacity.

Apple’s Scene Kit 3D object format “Universal

Scene Description” USDZ keeps all the assets of the

AR Scenario (including the 3D object) as a folder

structure of nested sub-elements from a single “zip

file”, but when 3D objects were imported to Apple’s

Scene, some of their features were not correctly

applied to the exported 3D object, as perceived in

Figure 4. That is why the same models in iOS look

different from Android.

Figure 4: Views of both ReforestAR application layout.

Another limitation to consider is that, since the

applications were not developed in a unified

environment, some elements were implemented

differently in each platform according to the available

native components of each OS. A greater focus was

given to the academic context of the application and

functionalities in iOS instead of layout elements.

3.4 iOS Application

The used software to develop the ReforestAR

includes Foundation (the base framework of all

Swift

classes), UIKit and SwiftUI for UI design,

MapKit and CoreLocation for map and location

services, AR Kit, Reality Kit and Scene Kit for AR

features, and the Firebase iOS SDK for integration

with database.

ReforestAR Section in iOS was developed with

SwiftUI and it is compound by different buttons,

labels, sliders, switchers, and pickers with each one

of them with a specific function.

Some of the views have either SwiftUI, UIKit

components, or both. The way of communicating the

changes happening in SwiftUI components to UIKit

Swift is the programming language developed by Apple

used to create applications for Apple devices.

components is done with the API of the Notification

Center

and redundancy of variables. SwiftUI

components are reactive, so the variables state is kept

through the application cycle and it is evident in the

user’s screen.

Labels that show relevant information, such as the

current number of trees that have been placed in the

current session and the real-time geographic location

of the user's device, were added. A toggle switch

activates a functionality that compares the current

user’s device location to the one stored in the project

once the load functionality is triggered. Buttons to

remove the last placed tree from the current session,

present a view with all available models that may be

selected, and display or hide a right bar menu. This

right bar menu contains a picker selection for

configuring the number of trees to be placed by a

single tap (from 1 to 10), a slider that modifies the

scale of future placement models, and another button

to display or hide a small menu that includes features

to delete all the placed trees existing in the current

session, select the associated project, and save and

load progress from the associated project.

3.5 Android Application

The AR camera interface and functionality in

Android operate with minor differences from the iOS

version. When the section is selected (or when

initially loaded, being the application home page), a

user instruction guide is presented to elucidate the AR

camera process and application navigation. At the end

of the instructions, a button with a camera icon is

provided and it is responsible for opening the AR

camera. When it is opened, a process of calibration

starts and the camera needs to recognize the

horizontal surface on which trees will be placed. This

is achieved by circularly moving the phone around

and it is complemented by an animation overlayed on

the screen representing the necessary movement to

help guide the user. Once the surface is detected, an

area with white spots will be shown in the AR

environment displaying the exact area where tree

placement is available.

A menu panel can be toggled by tapping on the

bottom right corner button. This menu has many

actions and settable parameters accessible to the user,

those being: action options for saving a project,

undoing the last tree placement, deleting all placed

trees; selecting the type of 3D tree model (species) to

Notification Centre is a notification dispatch mechanism

of Swift that helps with communication within the

application.

GRAPP 2022 - 17th International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications

184

be planted; selecting the height of the next tree to be

planted; and, finally, selecting the number of trees to

be planted at once. This interface can be seen in

Figure 5.

Figure 5: Android ReforestAR AR view.

Differing to ReforestAR for iOS, in Android, the

load function is triggered from the Projects Section

(not from the AR Section) and when the save option is

selected, a dialogue confirmation box is shown asking

for the project name and the project description to

associate the 3D models’ placements disposition

(positions in the AR environment) to be saved.

4 DISCUSSION

This section contains an assessment of the proposed

architecture, the apps developed for this study and the

existing available apps and published scientific work.

4.1 Comparison with Published Apps

After the analysis of similar published applications, a

comparison between each application features was

conducted, as can be seen in The comparative board

includes information about six applications, five of

them previously analysed and the last being the

study’s proposed application.

The comparative board includes information

about six applications, five of them previously

analysed and the last being the study’s proposed

application.

ReforestAR, like some of the other contemporary

apps, has support for iOS and Android. It includes a

feature to create and place 3D objects of trees through

AR as the other two applications do but has no carbon

footprint control and no 3D object recognition as

there were no planned requirements that would utilize

these features.

Table 1: Differences of ReforestAR to other applications.

4.2 Comparison with Scientific Work

After a summary of the exposed ideas from scientific

studies in reforestation and AR technology, a

discussion about the differences that ReforestAR

provides was made.

All the analysed studies had mobile apps

developed with Unity using the Vuforia SDK, and

two of them confirmed their support for Android

devices. What this shows, is that there is a preference

for the usage of this software for AR apps for Android

OS. Nonetheless, when analysing the published apps,

most of them included a version for iOS, something

that ReforestAR has also done to reach a large

number of users. Two of the analysed studies’

applications allowed user interaction with the 3D

object, while in ReforestAR object interaction is not

allowed. None of the previously analysed studies had

the functionality to create more than one 3D object at

the same time and ReforestAR does allow it.

The main purpose of all the analysed apps was

educational, with a focus on the improvement of the

learning of plants and environmental awareness with

an interactive alternative for support, much in line

with one of the main goals of this project.

5 TESTS AND RESULTS

Following the expected pipeline of interface

development, informal tests were conducted with

different individuals to correct possible errors and

improve user experience. Notwithstanding, at the end

of the application development procedure, the System

Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire was applied to

obtain a usability score for our application from a

group of users that volunteered to test them. The SUS

questionnaire contains ten statements that can be

scored from 1 to 5, where 1 stands for “Strongly

disagree” and 5 for “Strongly agree” (Assistant

Secretary for Public Affairs, 2021).

ReforestAR: An Augmented Reality Mobile Application for Reforest Purposes

185

The number of users available for testing varied

for each platform and can be considered a small

quantity (this is due to the current global pandemic

COVID-19), as iOS had four test participants and

Android, seven. However, results were useful for the

analysis of the usability of the application and future

work considerations, even if on a modest scale. Each

participant was also informed about the context of the

study, the purpose, and the goals that the development

of this project attempted to accomplish, thus causing

a positive reception in all of them, mostly due to the

apps’ environmental component.

5.1 Test and Results for iOS

Tests on iOS and iPadOS were conducted. The users

could use their mobile devices to experiment the

application. The SUS forms were answered in the

English language. Participants tested the application

indoors and outdoors for ten minutes approximately.

In Figure 6, all scores of each question by every

participant for the iOS and iPadOS is shown.

Figure 6: Each question's score by iOS user tests.

The average SUS score of all four participants was

72.5 on a scale between 0 and 100. All participants

had an age interval between twenty and thirty years

old. Statistically conclusions cannot be done because

there were not enough participants, but participants

related to the environmental cause were more

interested in the study. After being inquired about the

operation of the application, answers show that the

application’s interface was simple to operate,

highlighting that the most difficult part to interact

with, was using the ReforestAR section.

5.2 Test and Results for Android

As previously stated, due to the global pandemic

situation, the number of users that could test this

platform were limited, seven to be precise. Four tests

were realized by compiling the application on a

Samsung A40 device.

The test users were characterized into two age

groups, one being “between eighteen and nineteen”

and the other, “between fifty-four and sixty-one”,

with two members in the first group and two members

in the second. Members of the second group did not

have previous experience with AR.

Another round of tests, this time realized on a

Samsung Galaxy S5e 10.5” tablet, was also realized

with three participants, all in the age category of

“between eighteen and twenty-nine”. Navigating and

operating the application this time was easier for the

participants, presumably due to better hardware

specifications of the device used for testing.

After testing the application, participants were

asked to answer the SUS questionnaire. The average

SUS score of the first age group was 78.5, considered

“Good”, and for the second one, 84, also considered

“Good” in adjective ratings (Bangor, 2009). Figure 7

demonstrates each question’s score by a participant.

After being inquired about the ease of navigation

and operation of the application, most participants

stated that they thought the interface was very simple

to operate and that the most difficult part of the

operation was when using the AR camera but agreed

that most people would learn to use this system very

quickly.

Figure 7: Each question's score by Android user tests.

6 CONCLUSIONS

This study had the purpose of developing mobile

applications, both for iOS and Android platforms, that

could assist users to experience what reforesting trees

could look like, and beyond the successful

development, there were satisfactory user tests. The

concise feedback received from these tests showed

that all the users that operated the applications found

them accessible and easy to use, despite a need for an

initial short learning time.

12345678910

Score

Question number

12345678910

Score

Question number

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186

The difference in the general score for both apps

may be attributed to differences in layout and

possibly due to the Android application having

instructions on how to operate it. This might indicate

that instructions are vital for a better user experience.

The authors intend that ReforestAR for iOS and

Android can assist in reforesting lost areas with its

planning capabilities and become widely used.

Considering that this application is at an initial

proposal state, future work on this project is

contemplatable. It can include saving and loading 3D

models according to geolocation placement values,

more configuration parameters for the AR camera

interface, a more realistic placement algorithm that

considers each species’ minimum placement

distances, a carbon footprint calculator for projects

according to the number of trees, and a tutorial view

for the iOS platform.

Hopefully, when ReforestAR becomes available

to the general public, the interactive experience of

planting virtual trees can bring their attention to the

topic of deforestation and reforestation, and

consequently, raise awareness of these sensitive

topics.

Since real-world reforestation projects tend to

have visible results only after a couple of years, we

believe that the immediate nature of viewing a tree in

a deforested zone through ReforestAR can help

motivate users to this subject.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by national funds through

the Portuguese Foundation for Science and

Technology (FCT) under the project

UIDB/04524/2020.

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