Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Area

Affected by Petrol Stations

Svitlana Domuschy

, Valentina Trigub

and Elgudja Kulidjanov

Department of Geography of Ukraine, Soil Science and Land Cadastre, Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, 2,

Champagne Lane, Odesa, Ukraine

Odesa branch of the State institution “Soils Protection Institute of Ukraine”, 19, Laboratorna Street, Mizykevycha village,

Ovidiopol district, Odesa region, Ukraine

Keywords: Heavy Metals, Urban Soils, Petrol Stations, Concentration Factor, Index of Soil Pollution.

Abstract: The results of experimental researches on determination of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in the

soils of the city of Odessa (Ukraine) within the limits of influence of petrol stations are presented. The nega-

tive role of road transport emissions on modern climate change is outlined. The assessment of the ecological

condition of the city soil cover by the concentration coefficients and the total indicator of heavy metal pollu-

tion was carried out. It was found that the soils within the limits of influence of all petrol stations have a much

higher level of accumulation of the studied HM compared to the background content. Installed those soils in

terms of concentration coefficients have unsatisfactory ecological status in terms of zinc (100%), copper

(73%) and lead (50%) content of the study area. It was found that according to the indicator of total pollution,

55% of the studied area belongs to the dangerous category of soil pollution. The priority pollutants that have

the highest levels of pollution intensity are zinc and copper, which can significantly affect the increase in the

overall morbidity of children and adults in the city. A correlation was established between the intensity of soil

pollution and the total pollution rate (r = 0.99), which confirms the negative impact of vehicle emissions on

the soil cover of the city.

1 INTRODUCTION

In modern cities there is a rapid increase in the num-

ber of petrol stations (PS). These environmentally

hazardous sites are often located in residential areas

of cities, causing high levels of local pollution, which

is closely related to transportation, storage, filling of

tanks and spilling of petroleum products. Peculiarities

of petrol station environmental pollution are high

concentration of pollutants in the surface layer of the

atmosphere with subsequent deposition on the soil

and plant surface, as well as the lack of scattering of

pollutants by wind currents. Pollution from stationary

sources located on the territory of the petrol station is

supplemented by emissions from vehicles. At the

petrol station site, the speed of cars is significantly

reduced, and during the operation of the internal

combustion engine at low speeds, the emission of

toxic substances into the atmosphere increases. It is

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known that exhaust gases contain more than 200

different toxic compounds, including heavy metals

(HM) - Pb, Mn, Cd and others (Ibragimova, 2006;

Ekzan, 2005). Heavy metals, as a result of

participation in various migration cycles, pollute all

vital areas: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere.

Their high content causes morphological and

physiological abnormalities and adversely affects the

main functions of living organisms (bioproductivity,

generative capacity, etc.) (Ibragimova, 2006).

With a high degree of contamination of soils with

heavy metals, there is a change in some chemical and

physical properties of the soil. As long as heavy

metals are strongly bound to the constituent parts of

the soil and difficult to access, their negative impact

on the soil and the environment will be insignificant.

Thus, the study of the content of soluble forms of

heavy metals in the soil of cities is an urgent problem

Domuschy, S., Trigub, V. and Kulidjanov, E.

Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Area Affected by Petrol Stations.

DOI: 10.5220/0011341100003350

In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientiﬁc Congress Society of Ambient Intelligence (ISC SAI 2022) - Sustainable Development and Global Climate Change, pages 51-58

ISBN: 978-989-758-600-2

in the process of ecotoxicological assessment of

environmental pollution by petrol station emissions.

2 ANALYSES OF RECENT

RESEARCH AND

PUBLICATIONS

Problems of environmental pollution by heavy metals

and petroleum products near petrol stations and

highways have been previously covered in scientific

publications of Radomska, 2010; Sheikina and

Mysliuk, 2008; Franchuk and Radomska, 2009;

Isabel M. Morales Terrés et al., 2010; Fernández-

Villarrenaga et al., 2005. Scientists paid special

attention to determining the concentration of heavy

metals (Pb, Mn, Cd, Cu, Zn) in the soil cover along

the highways of industrial and urban areas (Hryshko

et al., 2012; Bilyk et al., 2009). The question of

studying the range of possible toxic consequences of

Petrol stations for workers and civilians dedicated

works

Radomska, 2015; Brugnone et al., 1997;

Karakitsios, 2007, Lynge et al., 1997; Antropchenko

et al., 2016.

It is known that pollution of the earth's surface by

transport emissions near and on the territory of petrol

stations is accumulating gradually. The degree of

pollution depends on the number of vehicles passing

through the adjacent route, road quality, storage

conditions (transportation) of fuel at the petrol station

and persists for a long time, even after road closure,

road closure, highway, or complete road and asphalt

removal) (Franchuk & Radomska, 2009).

Various chemical elements, especially heavy

metals that accumulate in the soil, are absorbed by

plants and through them through the food chain pass

into the body of animals and humans. Some of them

dissolve and are carried away by groundwater,

polluting rivers and other bodies of water and already

with drinking water can enter the human body (Bilyk

et al., 2009, Chaika et al, 2018).

The aim of the article is to study the ecological

condition of urban soils in relation to their

contamination with soluble forms of heavy metals

within the limits of influence of petrol stations in the

city of Odessa (Ukraine).

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Contamination of the environment with chemical

elements, and especially heavy metals, is usually

determined in relation to the background content of

these elements and (or) the maximum allowable

concentration (MAC) in it.

The level of soil and plant pollution depends on

the type of plants, forms of chemical compounds in

the soil, the presence of elements that counteract the

effects of heavy metals and substances that form

complex compounds with them, adsorption and

desorption, the number of available forms of these

metals in soil and soil-climatic conditions. As noted,

the negative impact of heavy metals significantly

depends on their mobility (solubility) (Bilyk et al.,

2009).

The object of the study was urban soils within the

limits of influence of petrol stations. Petrol stations in

different parts of the city of Odessa were selected to

study the contamination of urban soils with heavy

metals, where soil samples were taken at a distance of

10-15 m from fuel storage tanks. All petrol stations in

the city are located next to highways, which are also

an additional source of pollution.

The control area was located at a considerable

distance from the sources of industrial and motor

transport pollution (the territory of the city's botanical

garden, № 11) (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Map-scheme of soil sampling within the limits of

influence of petrol stations in Odessa.

The location and geographical coordinates of the

selection points are given in Table 1.

Sampling was carried out mainly by the envelope

method from a depth of 0-15 cm. Preparation of

samples was carried out according to standard

methods. In the testing center of the Odessa branch of

the State Institution "Soil Protection Institute of

Ukraine" were conducted studies to determine the

content of mobile forms of heavy metals Mn, Co, Cd,

Pb, Cu, Zn (according to DSTU 4770.1: 2007, DSTU

4770.5: 2007, DSTU 4770.3: 2007, DSTU 4770.9:

2007, DSTU 4770.6: 2007, DSTU 4770.2: 2007

ammonium acetate buffer with pH 4.8 on the atomic

absorption spectrophotometer AAS 115) (National

ISC SAI 2022 - V International Scientiﬁc Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE

Standard of Ukraine…, 2005). To compare our

research on the assessment of soil contamination of

the city of Odessa with heavy metals, we used the

average data of zonal soils of the territory - the

chernozems of the south (Kulidjanov et al., 2014).

Statistical processing of the obtained results was

performed using the MS Excel package. The degree

of contamination of the soil of the urban environment

with heavy metals was carried out according to the

indicator of the concentration factor of chemical

elements (Ks) and the total pollution index.

Table 1: Soil sampling points.

№ The name

of the

study area

Location Geographical

coordinates

1 Petrol

station № 1

«Soca

the Lustdorf

road Street

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

2 Petrol

station № 2

«WOG»

Balkivska

Street

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

3 Petrol

station № 3

«Catral»

Balkivska

Street

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

4 Petrol

station № 4

«ОККО»

Hrushevsky

Street

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

5 Petrol

station № 5

«Аlcor-

Оil»

Southern road 46

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

6 Petrol

station № 6

«BRSM

Oil»

Black Sea

Cossacks

Street

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

7 Petrol

station № 7

«ОККО»

Krasnova

Street

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

8 Petrol

station А№

8 «Motto»

Avenue of the

Heavenly

Hundre

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

9 Petrol

station № 9

«WOG»

Lustdorf road

Street

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

10 Petrol

station №

«X-Оil»

Gagarin

Avenue

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

11 Control

(the

territory of

botanical

garden)

French

Boulevard

Street

26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.

43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.

The concentration coefficient of the studied heavy

metals, which is characterized by the ratio of the

content of the chemical element in the soil to its

background value, was calculated by the formula (1)

(Madzhd et al., 2016):

Кс = Сі / Со, (1

)

where: Ci - the content of the chemical element in

a particular object, mg/kg; Co - background content

of the chemical element in the soil, mg/kg.

The total pollution rate was determined by the

formula (2) (Madzhd et al., 2016):

Zc =

∑

𝐾𝑐 − (𝑛 − 1)







)

where n is the number of total elements; Kc -

concentration factor.

The level of ecological condition of the soil cover

of the study area was determined in accordance with

the indicators of dangerous of soil contamination

according to the total indicator Zc, proposed by Yu.

V. Saet (1990). There are 4 categories of soil

pollution: admissible if Zc <16 - is characterized by

the lowest level of morbidity in children and a

minimum of functional disorders in the adult

population; moderately dangerous, if Zc = 16-32 - is

characterized by an

increase in the overall incidence;

dangerous if Zc = 32-128 - is characterized by an

increase in the overall level of morbidity, the number

of frequently ill children, children with chronic

diseases, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system;

very dangerous if Zc> 128 - is characterized by

increased morbidity of children, impaired

reproductive function in women (increased cases of

toxicosis during pregnancy, premature birth, stillbirth,

infant malnutrition) (Madzhd et al., 2016)

The risk of soil contamination with heavy metals

in relation to public health was determined by the

intensity of pollution. The intensity of soil

contamination (Pj) was calculated by the formula (3):

∑

(Kc×Mi), (3

)

where: Kc is the coefficient of concentration of

the trace element; Mi - the value of the hazard index

(toxicity) of a chemical element according to the

hazard class (4.1 and more - the first class; 2.6-4.0 -

the second class; 0.5-2.5 - the third class; up to 0.5 -

fourth grade) (Chaika et al, 2018).

The level of environmental hazard was

determined according to a scale developed taking into

account the impact of pollution intensity indicators on

the health of the population (Table 2).

Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Area Affected by Petrol Stations

Table 2: Characteristics of environmental hazards of soil

pollution (Chaika et al, 2018).

Category

of soil

pollution

intensit

Admiss

ible

Permis-

sible

Dangerous Very dan-

gerous

Intensity

of soil

pollution,

15 and

under

16-30 31-50 51 and

Changes

in popu-

lation

health

indicators

The

lowest

level of

mor-

bidity

Increas-

ing the

overall

morbid-

ity of the

popula-

tion

Increase in

the general

morbidity,

chronic

diseases,

disturbance

of a

functional

condition

of cardio-

vascular

system

Increase

in the

general

morbidity

children,

repro-

ductive

dysfunc-

tion in

women

4 RESULTS OF THE STUDY AND

THEIR DISCUSSION

It is known that environmental pollution by emissions

from road transport leads to both short-term and long-

term negative consequences. During the operation of

road transport engines, a wide range of gases and

solids are released, the impact of which leads to the

intensification of global warming, acid rain, pollution

of all components of the environment.

Pollution by road transport has a negative impact

in several areas:

- global warming;

- pollution of air, water and soil;

- impact on the health of the population

(Serdyukova & Barabanshchykov, 2018).

Car emissions contain various greenhouse gases,

such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide, which

are able to block the sun's rays reflected from the

Earth's surface, changing air temperature, which is

one of the main factors in global warming (When will

the Arctic…, 2016).

In turn, the harmful effects of global warming on

the environment are manifested in such negative

consequences as desertification, increased melting of

snow and ice, rising sea levels, the emergence of

severe storms and other extreme natural phenomena

(When will the Arctic…, 2016).

It is well known that the air temperature is always

higher within the city. One of the reasons for this

phenomenon is the presence of heavy traffic.

Emissions from road transport, especially old cars,

are toxic to living organisms and can cause a variety

of diseases (such as lung cancer); negatively affect

the growth and development of plants. However, the

greatest danger from environmental pollution from

road transport emissions is the reduction of the ozone

layer. After all, it is the presence of the ozone layer

that prevents harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from

entering the atmosphere, which can cause many

diseases, including skin cancer and others. (Jenny,

2018).

During the operation of the car with internal

combustion engines, the sources of emissions of

harmful substances are: exhaust gases, crankcase

gases, evaporation from the power supply systems,

uncontrolled spillage of consumables. Exhaust gases

from transport contain a large amount of lead, which

together with salts of other metals enters the trophic

chain "soil - groundwater - plants - animals - humans".

Thus, the increased content of lead in the human

body leads to anemia, renal failure, mental retardation,

an increase in the number of nervous diseases; high

content of zinc - to negative changes in the

composition of the blood, reduces the body's

resistance to infections, promotes the development of

cancer cells, delays growth and sexual development;

excess copper content leads to cancer, central nervous

system disorders, decreased blood vessel plasticity

(Voloshyn, and Mezentseva, 2007).

In the aerogenic type, heavy metal compounds

accumulate in the upper humus horizons, forming

complex complexes with organic matter and have a

significant period of removal from the soil, in

particular, zinc - from 70 to 510, cadmium - 13-110,

copper - 310-1500, lead - 770-5900 (Orlov, et al.,

2001). Therefore, determining the content of heavy

metals in soils is of great importance for assessing

their danger within large cities, including the city of

Odessa.

The current situation in Ukraine is characterized

by a reduction in environmental pollution by

industrial emissions, but the level of air pollution and

urban soil pollution remains high, due to a significant

increase in road transport and, accordingly, Petrol

stations.

The data shown in Table 3 show that soils within the

influence of all petrol stations have a much higher

level of accumulation of the studied heavy metals

compared to the background content, and lead - with

the content of MAC. The content of heavy metals is

respectively: for manganese - 1.3-1.7; zinc - 7-51;

cobalt - 0.6-4; copper - 4-24; cadmium - 0-4; lead -

1.5-14 background content levels.

According to the calculations, it is established that

the priority pollutants that can cause a negative

ISC SAI 2022 - V International Scientiﬁc Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE

impact on the components of the city's environment

is lead. Lead is a heavy metal of the first class of

danger and it is considered one of the most toxic

chemical elements, even in small quantities. Com-

pared with the MAC, urban soils at all study sites

(except the control area) are significantly higher in

the content of mobile lead (from 1 to 4 MAC).

Table 3: The content of heavy metals in the studied soils.

Place of

selection

Content of chemical elements in soils,

mg / kg

Mn Zn Co Cu Cd Pb

PS № 1

55,8 3,2 0,3 1,3 0,4 1,5

PS № 2 48,1 22,0 1,6 2,6 0,6 19,5

PS № 3 47,3 8,2 0,6 0,8 0,3 5,6

PS № 4 52,3 19,3 0,8 5,4 0,5 25,7

PS № 5 47,3 22,3 0,9 5,3 0,2 13,5

PS № 6

42,4 3,6 0,2 2,0 0,3 2,6

PS № 7 51,6 5,7 0,5 1,1 0,2 3,5

PS № 8 50,2 20,7 1,2 4,0 0,5 22,6

PS № 9

51,6 12,8 0,6 3,3 0,1 7,5

PS № 10 45,2 12,8 0,9 2,3 0,4 11,1

Average

content at

the petrol

station

49,2 13,1 0,8 2,8 0,4 11,3

Control 39,2 3,2 0,3 1,3 0,0 1,5

Background

content

33,9 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,2 1,9

MAC - 23,0 5,0 3,0 0,7 6,0

Copper is a chemical element that belongs to the

heavy metals of the II class of danger. In about 40%

of the studied areas, the maximum concentration limit

of mobile forms of Cu was exceeded. The maximum

excess is about 2 MAC (Petrol station № 4 (5.4

mg/kg).

Manganese - belongs to the III class of danger.

The presence of manganese more than normal

adversely affects the human body, which is expressed

in the destruction of the central nervous system.

Manganese values in all studied soil samples exceed

the background content by 1.5-2 times. The highest

content of manganese was observed at petrol station

№ 1 (55.8 mg/kg).

Zinc is a heavy metal of the first class of danger.

In conditions of high humidity is characterized by

high migration into the soil. For the distribution of

mobile forms of zinc, the trend of maximum content

in soil samples taken near petrol station № 2 (22.0

mg/kg) and petrol station № 5 (22.3 mg/kg), which is

close to the MAC.

Cobalt is a chemical element that belongs to the II

class of danger. Analyzing the distribution of mobile

forms of cobalt, it was found that 100% of the studied

areas do not exceed the MAC, but are much higher

than the background content.

Cadmium - belongs to the I class of danger. Its

compounds are extremely toxic, even in small

concentrations. The average cadmium content (0.35

mg / kg) in all studied soil samples taken near the

petrol station does not exceed the MAC, but is much

higher than the background content.

As a quantitative indicator of the activity of radial

migration, we used the concentration factor (Kc),

which characterizes the degree of accumulation of

substances in the system component relative to the

selected standard. For the standard we used the

background content of heavy metals. Background

values of heavy metal concentrations were used to

calculate Kc (Kulidjanov et al., 2014). The value of

the concentration coefficient (Kc) indicates the

activity of the processes of leaching (Kc <1) and

accumulation (Kc > 1) of substances in the genetic

horizons (or a separate horizon) of the soil.

The ecological condition of the soil by the

concentration factor is defined as unsatisfactory if the

excess of the concentration factor is ≥ 5.0 times;

satisfactory - 3.0-5.0; normal 1.0 - 2.9; optimal ≤ 1.0

(Madzhd et al., 2016).

According to the calculation of the coefficient of

concentration of chemical elements (Table 4), it was

found that the content of manganese, cobalt and

cadmium does not pose an environmental hazard to

soils, as Ks does not exceed 5 times. Unsatisfactory

ecological condition of the soil according to the

coefficients of zinc concentration (Ks ≥ 5), are

characterized all studied areas, including the control

area. 73% of the study area is characterized by high

coefficients of copper concentration (Ks ≥ 5).

According to the coefficients of lead concentration,

50% of the study area has a satisfactory and 50% -

unsatisfactory ecological status of soils (Petrol

stations № 2, 4, 5, 8, 10).

According to the approximate assessment scale of

soil contamination hazard according to the total

pollution index (Zc), 55% of the study area belongs

to the hazardous category of soil contamination. The

most critical situation is within the influence of petrol

station № 4 (Zc = 73.9), petrol station № 5 (Zc =

72.2), petrol station № 8 (Zc = 70.6), which indicates

the high ability of urban soils to absorb and retain

heavy metals (Table 4). It can be assumed that in

these areas we can see an increase in the overall

incidence of urban population, an increase in the

number of children who are often ill, children with

chronic diseases, an increase in the proportion of

people with cardiovascular disorders.

Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Area Affected by Petrol Stations

Table 4: The value of the coefficients of concentration of

chemical elements (Kc) and the total pollution index (Zc)

in the studied soils.

Place

selecti

Indicators, Кс

Zn Co Cu Cd Pb

PS №

1,7 7,4 0,9 6,0 2,7 0,8 4,3

PS №

1,4 50,

4,2 12,

3,9 10,5 67,1

PS №

1,4 18,

1,7 3,6 1,7 3,0 14,8

PS №

1,5 43,

2,2 24,

3,2 13,8 73,9

PS №

1,4 50,

2,3 24,

1,6 7,3 72,2

PS №

1,3 8,2 0,6 9,2 2,0 1,4 7,7

PS №

1,5 13,

1,3 4,8 1,0 1,9 8,4

PS №

1,5 47,

3,2 18,

3,6 12,2 70,6

PS №

1,5 29,

1,6 15,

0,9 4,0 37,1

PS №

1,3 29,

2,5 10,

2,5 5,9 37,0

Ave-

rage

values

on the

petrol

station

1,5 29,

2,1 12,

2,3 6,1 39,3

Contro

1,2 7,4 0,9 6,0 0,3 0,8 1,4

According to the calculations (Table 5), it is

established that the priority pollutants that may

adversely affect human health are zinc (Pj = 121.6)

and copper (Pj = 51.0). Accordingly, according to the

scale of environmental dangerous assessment, soil

pollution belongs to the fourth - very dangerous

category of pollution intensity, which may increase

the overall morbidity of children and adults in the city.

The average intensity of lead contamination of the

studied soils (Pj = 24.9) corresponds to the second

category (permissible); manganese (Pj = 3.6), cobalt

(Pj = 8.2) and cadmium (Pj = 9.5) corresponds to the

first zone (admissible category of soil contamination

intensity), for which the minimum level of morbidity

is possible.

The control area for the intensity of manganese,

cobalt, cadmium and lead pollution belongs to the

admissible category of pollution; zinc and copper are

permissible and dangerous, respectively.

Table 5: Intensity of soil pollution Pj.

Soil

sampling

oints

Indicators Рj

Mn Zn Co Cu Cd Pb

PS № 1 4,1 30,2 3,5 23,8 11,0 3,4

PS № 2 3,6 205,4 17,0 47,8 16,1 43,1

PS № 3 3,5 76,1 6,7 14,2 6,9 12,2

PS № 4 3,9 179,7 8,8 97,4 13,1 56,6

PS № 5

3,5 207,4 9,3 96,0 6,6 29,7

PS № 6 3,1 33,7 2,5 36,7 8,2 5,6

PS № 7 3,8 53,1 5,2 19,1 4,1 7,8

PS № 8 3,7 192,5 13,0 72,7 14,8 49,9

PS № 9 3,8 118,8 6,4 60,0 3,8 16,6

PS № 10 3,4 119,6 9,8 42,4 10,1 24,4

average

on the

petrol

station

3,6 121,6 8,2 51,0 9,5 24,9

Control 2,9 30,2 3,5 23,8 1,1 3,4

Heavy metal content is interrelated with

individual components of urban ecosystems. The

values of the correlation coefficients showed the

existence of a mathematically proven relationship

between the intensity of soil pollution and the total

rate of pollution. It should be noted that a close

correlation is observed (r = 0.99) between these

indicators (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Correlation between the intensity of pollution and

the total rate of soil pollution.

Studies show that there is a high probability of

man-made impacts of road transport emissions on the

soils of the study area, a high degree of their

contamination with heavy metals, which can have a

negative impact on the health of urban populations.

Additional research is needed to confirm and study in

more detail the impact of road transport emissions on

the morbidity of the population.

y = 1,4729x - 14,426

R² = 1

0 20406080

Total pollution indicator, Zc

Intensity of soil pollution, Pj

ISC SAI 2022 - V International Scientiﬁc Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE

5 CONCLUSIONS

As a result of research to determine the content of

heavy metals in the soil within the influence of petrol

stations, the following was found:

1. Heavy metals have a high ability to accumulate

in the soil. Analysis of the content of heavy metals in

soils is a representative indicator of the ecological

state of the territory. It was found that the content of

heavy metals within the influence of petrol stations

significantly exceeds their background content. The

main sources of pollution are emissions from motor

transport.

2. For spatial interpretation, correct and visual

presentation of data on soil contamination by various

chemical compounds, it is advisable to use

dimensionless indicators, in particular the

concentration factor. It is established that soils have

unsatisfactory ecological condition according to

concentration coefficients: according to zinc content

- 100%; copper - 73%; lead - 50% of the study area.

3. It was found that 55% of the study area belongs

to the dangerous category of soil pollution (in the total

pollution indicator).

4. The priority pollutants that have the highest

levels of pollution intensity are zinc and copper,

which can significantly affect the increase in the

overall morbidity of children and adults in the city.

5. A correlation was established between the

intensity of soil pollution and the total pollution

indicator (r = 0.99), which confirms the negative

impact of motor transport on the soil cover of the city.

6. Emissions from road transport have a

significant negative impact on modern climate

change, leading to warming, "damage" to the ozone

layer, the fall of acid rain.

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