Delinquent and “Marginal” Personalities in Wartime: Reasons and

Consequences of Deviant Behaviour for Modern Society

Andrii Shaikan

and Valentina Shaikan

State University of Economics and Technology, 16 Medychna Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50005, Ukraine

Keywords: Sociopsychological Phenomena, Marginalism, Deviance and Delinquency, Anomie, Apathy, Antipathy,

Collaboration, Wartime, Reasons, Consequences, Challenges, Society.

Abstract: The democratic world community has witnessed an unheard-of consolidation and solidarity of the Ukrainian

nation at the beginning of the 21st century. The Orange Revolution, the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine's

struggle for independence are heroic hours for the Ukrainian nation. Ukrainians want to live in a democratic

and civilized country. But there are forces that prevent this. Hence, the “hybrid war,” “feeding” and the

activation of asocial phenomena are everything that both internally and externally interfere with the

sovereignty of Ukraine. The article provides the reasons for the emergence, comparison and modern

manifestations of such negative sociopsychological phenomena as marginalism, deviance and delinquency,

anomie, apathy, antipathy, collaboration, etc., their consequences and challenges for modern Ukraine.

1 INTRODUCTION

The early 20s of the XXI century were for us,

Ukrainians, a world of political, economic, and

sociopsychological crises that have existed from the

beginning of the XXI century to the present: the

Orange Revolution in 2004-2005, as is well known;

the Revolution of Dignity in 2013-2014, which was

“interrupted” in February 2014 by a hybrid war: the

Russian-Ukrainian war in East Ukraine and Crimea.

At the beginning of the XXI century, the world saw

and heard the Renaissance and birth of the Ukrainian

nation, an “unheard consolidation and solidarization

of the nation.” The world community witnessed how

the capital of Ukraine, Kiev, drowned in “orange

grace” (Bryukhovetsky et al., 2005). Lina Kostenko

an honorary professor at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy,

told the students and employees of the National

University “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy,” who were the

first to join the all-Ukrainian Resistance Movement

on November 22, 2004 “You are now defending

Ukraine… (Bryukhovetsky et al., 2005)”. And these

words became ingrained in the history of the XХI

century Ukrainian Renaissance. On the evening of

December 2, 2004, during a live broadcast on

“Channel 5,” Vyacheslav Bryukhovetskiy, President

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-6518

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9408-9154

of the National University “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy,”

invited the audience to bring exhibits to the future

“Orange Revolution Museum,” which may be called

the “Museum of Orange Evolution” or the “Museum

of Ukrainian Victory” (Bryukhovetsky et al., 2005).

Both then and now these are the nation's hours and

months of heroism. The beginning of a new era in

Ukrainian history continues. What brought millions

of Ukrainians together and connected them to the

modern democratic world community? The answer

was the same then as it is now: we want to live in a

democratic, prosperous, civilized Ukraine where the

government does not oppose the people, respects the

Constitution, laws, and morality, and does not tolerate

violations of citizens' rights (Bryukhovetsky et al.,

2005). We are Ukrainians, and as we desire peace and

stability, we protect our independence and liberty.

Meanwhile, the Russian-Ukrainian “hybrid war” has

been going on for 7 years, which, according to the

Ukrainian political expert Taras Berezovets, “hiding

behind words about the age-old friendship of the

Russian and Ukrainian peoples, systematically has

been preparing the dismemberment of Ukraine and

the seizure of its lands (Berezovets, 2016)”.

It is quite perilous for individuals who are not on

the front lines to develop an addiction to the

Shaikan, A. and Shaikan, V.

Delinquent and “Marginal” Personalities in Wartime: Reasons and Consequences of Deviant Behaviour for Moder n Society.

DOI: 10.5220/0011356900003350

In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientiﬁc Congress Society of Ambient Intelligence (ISC SAI 2022) - Sustainable Development and Global Climate Change, pages 327-334

ISBN: 978-989-758-600-2

327

conditions of war. Meanwhile, not only is the

peaceful Ukrainian populace suffering in the front-

line zone, but Ukrainian defenders are dying daily in

hospitals and on the front line. The horrors of “hybrid

war” were depicted in the novel “Airport: This Book

is About War That Should Never Have Happened,

About Heroes Who Had No Desire to Die, and About

Love That Never Dies,” which was based on true

events and written by Sergei Loiko, correspondent

and photographer of the Los Angeles Times (Loiko,

2015). Sergei Loiko wisely and succinctly described

the horror of this war, the valour of the Ukrainian

Airport garrison, in the following words: “I dedicate

this book to my small grandchildren, Zoya and Max.

Hopefully, when they grow up, events described in it

will be read as fantasy, not because “this can never

happen,” but because “this should never be…”

(Loiko, 2015). For decades, Bolshevik experiments

known as “contraselector elimination” and

“contraselector selection,” “schismagenesis,” and

prevalent ideological indoctrination contributed to

the extinction of the Ukrainian nation's gene pool

(carriers of “plus-variants,” or valuable

representatives of the nation), and an increase in

“minus-variants” or low-value elements. This

aggressive kind not only eliminate others, but also

produced a larger number of descendants (Bilokin,

2000). Serhii Bilokin authored “Masovyi teror yak

zasib derzhavnoho upravlinnia v SRSR (1917–1941

rr.)” (Bilokin, 2000). It contains documents and

materials attesting to the purposeful and deliberate

physical extermination of intellectuals, workers,

peasants and clergy who did not accept Bolshevism

and Soviet authority. Simultaneously, conditions

were created to support those who had recognized the

Soviet system, had adapted to it, and contributed to

the expansion of the bribery, bait, and collateral

systems, as well as the expansion of low-value

elements.

As is generally known, the Roman Empire

collapsed due to the spread of clientele, a large

segment of impoverished people who refused to work

and subsisted on the selling of their votes, begging

and servility to patricians. The events that unfolded in

the Soviet Empire were similar: deterioration as a

result of the expansion of low-value elements.

It would be prudent to recollect the interesting

content of an interview conducted on one of Ukraine's

major television channels on September 19, 2018, by

Roman Dodonov, a professor and Doctor of

Philosophy, who worked at Donetsk National

University till 2014. He stated that on the eve of the

Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014, pro-Ukrainian

students comprised 20%–25% of the student body at

Donetsk National University, while pro-Russian

students comprised 25% – 30%. This ratio had moved

substantially by September 2018, owing to the

growing influence of Russian hybrid aggression on

the Donetsk region population's consciousness.

According to him, the Bolsheviks initiated

“schismagenesis” in Eastern Ukraine during the

1920s and 1930s - a process of religious schism and

the accumulation of negative events. And if a person

is deficient in a vital component for decades, it

becomes susceptible to manipulation. This is the

origin of separatist sentiments!

With the beginning of the war in eastern Ukraine,

thousands upon thousands of migrants fled to other

regions of the country. Numerous of them have

arrived at Kryvyi Rih. Individual immigrants should

not be identified because they include intellectuals,

businessmen and young people who started their own

business, began working in higher educational

institutions, obtained jobs in businesses and other

institutions, enrolled in universities, etc.

Simultaneously, since the outbreak of the Russian-

Ukrainian war in 2014, Kryvyi Rih has been

overwhelmed with delinquent and “marginal” people

from the Luhansk and Donetsk regions. Early on, it

became evident that they were not looking for work,

but for simple ways to earn their “bread and butter.”

They began crowding the Coordination Centre for

assistance, which was established at the Kryvyi Rih

Economic Institute of Kyiv National Economic

University named after Vadym Hetman shortly after

the war began (today it is the Center for Psychological

Assistance and Social Adaptation of the State

University of Economics and Technology). Only a

few were hired. The refusal to obtain a job was

explained by a low salary. Meanwhile, everyone was

accommodated in dormitories equipped with heating

and hot water for a reasonable monthly price. There

were also those who honestly explained their refusal

to work with large amounts of financial and material

help from various international and governmental

charitable organizations on a monthly basis. The

deftest among them quickly discovered the possibility

of receiving free meals and support from the city's and

districts' populations via the Coordination Center, the

Executive Committees of the City of Kryvyi Rih. All

manner of antisocial groups sprouted out like

mushrooms after the rain, engaged in vast money

“extraction” through various fraudulent schemes, due

to their possession of current computer technology

and the ability to “display” incorrect information.

Those lacking in these abilities pleaded for alms.

Psychologists from the Coordination Center

conducted explanation work with large families of

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displaced people in which parents were unable to

work and whose children were unable to attend

school or kindergarten. Numerous issues have

occurred among alcoholic and drug addicts.

Therefore, the authors were driven to create this

article by a situation that became acute in Ukraine in

2014, specifically with the outbreak of the hybrid

war. This war brought to light the “diseases” of

Ukrainian society that had existed for a long period of

time but went unnoticed by the former Soviet system

and were inherited by Ukraine in 1991, the year it

declared independence: marginalisation, deviant

behaviour, delinquency, anomie, apathy,

desocialization, and antipathy. As a result of the

Soviet legacy, Ukrainian society is highly

marganized. Such processes pose a threat to the

economy, society and the state.

2 OUR CONTRIBUTION

In the 1990s of the ХХ century, Ukrainian society

was in a state of information immunity for the

Ukrainian nation. The Soviet (Bolshevik) industry of

ideological technology development (experiments)—

contraselector elimination, contraselector selection,

schismagenesis, mass Bolshevik terror (individual,

political, financial, and psychological), the “Great

Terror of 1937–1938,” for decades, had been

infecting the populace with information viruses,

resulting in a state of self-destruction for the

Ukrainian nation. Oksana Moroz describes how

“information affects the way Ukrainians think and

behave today,” why “Ukrainians require immunity

from information viruses,” and the modern virus-

creation industry (Moroz, 2020). Her 20 years of

professionalism in this area, her experience and her

candour are especially helpful in the context of an

aggressor's strong information assault in a hybrid war.

Oksana Moroz explains not only why the Ukrainian

nation's information immunity was destroyed, but

also discusses issues of information hygiene and

teaches how to spot and protect against the current

“industry of virus manufacturers.” Notable is her

conclusion about modern Ukraine, which has been in

a state of war for seven years: “We are one of the key

marketplaces where information conflicts are fought

using cutting-edge technologies (Moroz, 2020)”. The

20s of the ХХІ century were fateful for Ukraine. Our

victory at the front will also be contingent on the

stability of the Ukrainian population in the face of

information infections in the rear. According to the

article's authors, O. Moroz has identified segments of

modern Ukraine's population that “have a

considerable impact on the information environment

in Ukraine or on the adoption of collective decisions

(Moroz, 2020)”. It should be acknowledged that this

segmentation reflects the reality of Ukrainian society,

as three distinct groups of individuals have been

identified: The I type is “Individuals who have lost

their ability to resist viruses”; the II type is “Fighters

for immunity, fighters against viruses”; and the III

type “The most persistent are those who retain

immunity” (Moroz, 2020). The first category consists

of “addicted and tired” individuals (“prone to

suggestions and susceptible to all viruses in any

contact with the real world,” “completely passive

members of society” who support gaming,

esotericism, yoga, drugs, etc.);”Religious fanatics”

(all new and old religions, sects); and “Survivors”

(urban population: former teachers and librarians who

are hostages of the “Stockholm syndrome,” any

handout and kind word from the leaders of the

country stimulate them to fleeting love and

demonstration of devotion“); ”Villagers” (not

farmers; “analogue thinkers,” “believe everything

that sounds good,” “poorly informed and susceptible

to viruses”); “Pride” (or “band people,” “susceptible

to viruses”); “Ostap Benders” (“shuttle traders” -

“producers” - “visionaries from business”, “radicals”

and “nonconformists” - all have destroyed immunity)

(Moroz, 2020). The second type of Ukrainian

comprehends the digital era, is capable of critical

thinking, and its representatives are “the driving force

that controls the vector of the country's development,

business, sciences, etc.” (these are the elderly urban

intelligentsia, moms, senior businessmen,

adolescents, freelancers, and representatives of

creative professions possessing informational

immunity and are only mildly susceptible to the

majority of viruses) (Moroz, 2020). ІІІ type of

Ukrainians possess knowledge and the ability to filter

the information field, comprehending the scope and

consequences of any manipulative influences

(bloggers, startups, innovators, techies, IT specialists

and new intelligentsia-” the most prepared and

effective segment in the fight against viruses”)

(Moroz, 2020).

According to the authors of the article,

segmenting the current Ukrainian population in this

way enables us to comprehend the position and issues

of those who live on the cusp of cultures,

communities, or asocial or antisocial groups.

Psychological terminology elucidates the core of

negative phenomena. Thus, the Ukrainian

psychologist Lydia Orban-Lembryk refers to persons

who have found themselves outside their prior society

but were either unable to enter or were rejected by the

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new group as having a “marginal personality”

(Orban-Lembrik, 2010). According to the same

psychologist, “deviant behaviour” refers to a pattern

of activities that deviates from generally recognized

standards of morality, law and culture in society

(Orban-Lembrik, 2010). Scientists Iryna Vashchenko

and Marianna Klyap define deviant behaviour as

activities that contradict and violate socially accepted

legal and moral standards (Vashchenko and Klyap,

2013). Individuals who are “totally passive” in

society are introverted and apathetic (Vashchenko

and Klyap, 2013), completely “involved in their own

issues and experiences” (Vashchenko and Klyap,

2013). These citizens are possibly the easiest

candidates for manipulators, as they are influenced by

manipulative subjects. The authors of this article

classify the І type of contemporary people as

dangerous to society, delinquent, desocial, anomical

and antipathic. And besides, such persons are mobile

and relatively young, innovative and proactive,

cunning and practical when the possibility to obtain a

variety of benefits quickly and easily presents itself.

These individuals are already a threat to society since

they isolate themselves from the mass of people and

develop asocial or antisocial informal groupings in

order to accomplish their objective (Orban-Lembrik,

2010). (in order to carry out various fraudulent

schemes in the Internet space, public places,

transportation, residential areas, etc.). Individuals that

are delinquent are criminals and their negative

behaviour in its severe manifestations constitutes a

criminal crime (Orban-Lembrik, 2010). Their

anomie, which are apathy and antipathy (a feeling of

malice and hostility) toward common social standards

and the surroundings, do not result from a lack of

knowledge of the law. Rather than that, psychologists

Iryna Vaschenko and Marianna Klyap claim, “by

awareness and rejection of it (Vashchenk and Klyap,

2013)”.

Human activities and motivations for behaviour

are impossible to understand without getting into the

subtleties of thought and the moral and psychological

nature of the individual. A person's social standing,

its choices and behaviour are all intimately related to

its personality traits, which can be used to evaluate

the individual's actions. The standard set of

biographical data is provided for the personality

characteristics. According to the authors,

understanding the specific motivations behind a

person's attitude requires identifying the factors that

influence on the ideas and behaviour of a marginal,

delinquent or dissocial person in general.

As it is known, a person's life path includes

several distinct phases: critical, active, creative. The

critical one falls into a phase of social regression,

degradation and stagnation, all of which have a

detrimental effect on an individual's fate. Modern

psychology proposes to emphasize the following

characteristics of the individual's socialization: the

socialization of a person who is in the stage of activity

during stable periods of society's development; the

socialization of a person who is in the stage of crisis

during stable periods of society's development; the

socialization of a person who is in the stage of ascent

but during unstable periods of society's development;

and the socialization of a person who is in the stage

of crisis during unstable periods of society's

development (Orban-Lembrik, 2010). The history of

Ukraine enables a comparison of Ukrainian society in

the ХХІ century with the 1920s and 1930s (or

“interwar era”) of the previous ХХ century, as well as

the years of the Second World War. There is no doubt

that a part of the ХХ century population went through

an unstable era of development. This is demonstrated

by repressions and political processes directed against

“enemies of the people,” the ongoing struggle against

“extremes”—manifestations of “bourgeois

nationalism” directed against Ukrainian intellectuals

and ideological persecution and punishment known

as” khvylovyzm,” “volobuevism,” and “shumskism.”

Ukrainian society has experienced multiple “purges,”

the Holodomors in 1921–1922 and 1932–1933,

collectivization, expropriation, resettlement and

Sovietization of Western Ukrainian territories. The

majority of citizens were socialized during life crises

and also during unstable periods of society's growth,

when an individual's value orientations and social

behaviour shifted in response to environmental

pressures.

Volodymyr Vyatrovich published the declassified

KGB archives kept in Ukraine's Security Service

Archives in 2014 (Vyatrovich, 2014). It is noteworthy

that, according to the authors, “Case No. 67 436 on

the charges of Kh.I. Sigala, aka K.M. Sigolenko, and

aka K.I. Kovalsky.” The historian V. Vyatrovich

presents this case under the title “Haim Sigal's

horrible disguise” (Vyatrovich, 2014). The case

demonstrates the tough life path of a person who, in a

short period of time - from the autumn of 1939 to

1951” - had changed not only his surname, but also

himself” due to a variety of events. Haim Sigal's fate

is incredibly harsh. He was born in 1904, is a Jew by

nationality, and is a native of the village of

Leshchatov in the Lviv region. He was deprived of a

full childhood due to the First World War. Following

his father's death, he and his older brother Enoch were

compelled to work in order to support a big family

(the family had eight children). Chaim did not

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abandon his urge to study; he graduated from the

teacher's gymnasium in 1928 and began teaching at a

private Jewish school. Despite his challenging

upbringing, he possessed positive identifying traits:

diligence, responsibility for his younger brothers and

sisters, and a passion to study, all of which he

demonstrated via his work and studies.

Simultaneously, following his father's death, he

became aware of his own limited options as a result

of his nationality, status and tiny stature, which

progressively generated in him complexes of

inferiority, alienation, isolation, some sort of

secondary importance and conformism. He was

already 35 years old during the outbreak of World

War II and the establishment of Soviet regime in

Western Ukraine. The impressions gained from

familiarity with the situation of Haim Segal are

unambiguous: the war ruined his life, as the lives of

millions of other individuals living in extreme

conditions. With the Red Army's entry and the

creation of Soviet regime, genuine professional

options opened for Haim. He started his career as a

police officer, then as an assistant detective in the city

of Lviv, before becoming chief of staff of the 8th

battalion of the 1st partisan regiment of the NKVD

soldiers at the outbreak of World War II (Vyatrovich,

2014). And then there's Hitler's incarceration,

collaboration with the enemy and escape for survival.

Cooperation as a translator with the Nazi occupiers.

Natural inventiveness and the ability to establish

rapport swiftly had always aided him. Then he was a

member of Ukraine's insurgent army, “Poliska sich.”

For a brief period between June and September 1941,

Khaim (aka Kirill) underwent such transformations.

“Taras Bulba” - Borovets officially dissolved

“Poliska sich.” in November 1941. Lieutenant Kirill

(Khaim) Sigolenko (Sigal) convenes the senior

council meeting. Once again, collaboration with the

adversary. There is the evidence in the criminal case

that Chaim rescued two Jewish women from

execution, Vera Reyblat, who worked for the

Gaidamak Newspaper and her sister. Simultaneously,

evidences point to Haim Segal's involvement mass

killings of the Jewish populace in winter and spring

1942. According to the criminal case, the Nazis

initiated the “ultimate solution to the Jewish

question” in early 1942. Haim Sigal, who had already

been appointed commandant of the district police in

Dubrovitsa in April 1942, chose to demonstrate his

allegiance to the Nazi invaders through his own anti-

Semitism: he personally participated in the

annihilation of his fellow tribesmen (Vyatrovich,

2014). He served in the gendarmerie near Bilostok

before joining the German security service as the

chief of security and deputy commandant of

Starosetsy town. In spring of 1945, Chaim's primary

concern was no longer his career, but his survival. He

is converted as Karl Kowalski, a Polish. Haim, a

previously peaceful and discreet teacher, now poses

as an official employee of the Soviet military

administration's navy office in Berlin, transforming

himself into a smuggler, an underground currency

dealer, a wealthy burgher and a ransom kidnap. Only

in 1951-1952 he was subjected to a criminal

investigation for his crimes: it was established that he

personally participated in the killings of Jewish

children and atrocities committed during detainee

questioning, ensured the Dubrovitsky ghetto's

protection, compelled its inhabitants to labour for

him, gather gold, pledging to transmit it to the

Germans in exchange for a guarantee of their safety.

On June 19, 1952, the court decided that capital

penalty was to be carried out. The tragic demise of a

traitor-collaborator: the former teacher, the former

Soviet policeman, the former chief of staff of the 8th

battalion of the 1st partisan regiment of the NKVD

troops, as well as the German translator and then the

partisan of “Poliska sich”, the ataman “Taras Bulba”-

Borovets, the cornet, the lieutenant, the propagandist,

and again Hitler's interpreter, the police officer, the

gendarme, the commandant and the executioner, the

speculator and the smuggler. As you can see, he was

able to “fight” among Red Army soldiers, Soviet

partisans, and Ukrainian nationalist soldiers, but

mostly with Nazi invaders. This man, in pursuit of his

own ambitious career aspirations, even abandoned

parental and marital responsibilities and purposefully

chose the path of a timeserver, traitor and

executioner. Social phenomena possess a

psychological component. General psychology

methods enable us to comprehend population social

behaviour, mental processes and the fundamental

principles governing human activity and behaviour

during turbulent eras of human social existence

(Rubinstein, 2002). The psychology of motivation

investigates the incentive variables that can sway

human behaviour in any direction under

circumstances. According to S. Zanyuk, a

psychologist, personal and situational elements both

determine and provoke a person's behaviour (Zanyuk,

2002). Any human behaviour can be motivated by a

variety of factors: self-realization, self-affirmation,

material incentives, social motivations or

identification with an idol, for example. According to

the motivational-active criterion, all individuals are

classified as highly motivated (those who have a high

level of success motivation) or low-motivated (those

who have a low level of achievement motivation and

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331

are dominated by the need to avoid failure) (Zanyuk,

2002).

Psychosocial theories of personality also enable

us to comprehend the root causes of such occurrences

as collaboration (or collaboration with an adversary),

assisting and so on. According to psychoanalytic

theory, personality is a complex structural

phenomenon that integrates both the individual and

collective unconsciousness and can actively influence

an individual's behaviour (Orban-Lembrik, 2010). In

the setting of a person's crisis or conflict in society,

positive desires and ideals are transformed into

negative ones, and this process becomes a typical

feature in the society, eventually leading to personal

assosialization. Thus, during the interwar period on

the territory of the USSR, during the repressions,

some segments of the people reported on their

neighbours, work colleagues, etc. in order to avoid

arrest. During the war under Nazi occupation, some

chose the route of cooperation with the enemy in

order to survive. Additionally, there were others who

switched voluntarily from a German institution to

punitive bodies - SD units that massacred people.

These individuals were humiliated by the occupation

regime's brutality. Psychologists claim that the

absence of a relationship between the “actual I” and

the “ideal I” frequently results in conflicts between an

individual and society (Orban-Lembrik, 2010).

Human behaviour is determined by the hierarchical

pattern of needs. Psychologists claim that the greatest

level needs - self-esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, and

self-realization - do not emerge until the lower level

needs - physiological security, emotional contact and

so on - are satisfied. Lack of chance to meet all human

wants, interests and values in some form results in

regression and decline, and if living conditions

conflict with the fulfilment of a life vocation, internal

conflict and even neurosis are likely (Orban-Lembrik,

2010; Zanyuk, 2002).

The doctrine of logotherapy or so-called

psychological theory of meaning, developed by

Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Viktor Frankl,

aids in understanding the causes of antisocial

behaviour among a certain segment of the population

during World War II, as well as how others avoided

it (Shvachko, 2002). During World War II, from 1942

to 1945, he was imprisoned in Nazi concentration

camps yet remained spiritually undefeated. His theory

was put to the ultimate test in the Nazi concentration

camp Auschwitz. Three years of struggle for survival

in the concentration camp taught the scientist the

primary motivations for human existence: according

to his observations, those who have a strong spirit and

represent the purpose of their own lives have the best

chances to survive under inhuman conditions, those

who can create their own inner world of spiritual

freedom and inner wealth and return to it with the help

of this “world” (Frankl, 2004). As the scientist

testified, the ability to maintain inner spiritual life

even under harsh situations, when it appeared

impossible to exist, provided him with a more

“intense approach to perceive the beauty of nature or

art” (Frankl, 2004). According to him, the existential

vacuum that a person finds himself in at a critical time

can be filled by internal freedom, without which no

person exists, as well as internal strength that enables

one to survive suffering, exorbitant work (feat), and

experience (firstly, love for relatives), all of which

together give a person the meaning of the struggle for

life; a person who loses the meaning of life—loses the

meaning of resistance, inner strength and quickly

self-destructs (Frankl, 2004).

Numerous examples throughout history

demonstrate the coexistence of virtue and evil in

every person and community. The study of

motivational contradictions in individual acts is

necessary and crucial for comprehending asocial

phenomena in society. The stability or instability of

society's growth has an impact on the individual

qualities of human development. Economic and

political crises create multivariate lines of behaviour

of individuals in society by recalibrating their social

reaction and thinking processes (Orban-Lembrik,

2010). An individual selects a course of action that is

consistent with his or her personal goals and ideals,

but being bound by the social, political, religious,

cultural, and ideological circumstances of life. The

values a person prefers is determined by its emotional

and mental states, which comprise his desires,

emotions, aspirations, experiences, emotions, will,

etc. According to psychologists, the will is the most

important factor in a person's life because it

predetermines a person's actions and deeds through

emotions and inclinations. To comprehend the roots

of asocial phenomena, the work of American

philosopher and psychologist W. James (Shvachko,

2002), who presented a formula for self-esteem, is

invaluable. The coefficient of self-esteem of an

individual will improve as the numerator, the

indicator of achievement, grows and as the

denominator, the level of requirements, drops. That

is, when a person rejects higher demands or value

orientations in specific circumstances of his life, it

enjoys psychological and bodily relief as a result of

adjusting to the external environment and living

situations. When a society is in crisis, when the

populace is faced with the question of how to

continue living, people cannot remain indifferent for

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an extended period of time. Eventually, the individual

must decide with whom it is. As a result, one either

perceives the new order, becomes opposed to it, or

attempts to reach a compromise. It is entirely

dependent on the individual's spiritual culture and

value orientations. During wars and revolutions, a

shift in value attitudes occurs, a fight between

positive and negative identities that might culminate

in a person's betrayal, a criminal act, or an interior

spiritual catastrophe. According to psychologist B. -

F. Skinner (Orban-Lembrik, 2010), asocial human

activity is capable of causing “operant” reflexes

produced automatically by the body in response to

changes in the external environment. Punishment or

reward can amplify or dampen these human

emotions. Such propaganda manipulation techniques

were aggressively used by the Nazi invaders. Such

propaganda manipulation techniques were

aggressively used by the Nazi invaders. Asocial

behaviours strewn throughout Ukrainian society,

incited enmity between nations and, conversely,

aided the occupiers in controlling the Ukrainian

population. According to Hitler's instructions, it was

intended to close local hospitals, to halt the fight

against typhus and tuberculosis, and to promote

immorality and hooliganism among the populace, if

this did not hurt the Germans (Kosyk, 1993; Lebed,

1993). Simultaneously, collaboration with the

occupiers guaranteed certain liberties and pecuniary

rewards to the populace. Individuals who are

influenced by the ideas or actions of others are, in

some way, seeking a state or solution that is beneficial

to them. This adaptation has unfavourable

consequences. Conformism is defined as the passive

and adaptive acceptance of group standards of

behaviour, the unconditional acceptance of current

orders and norms, regulations, and the unquestioning

admiration of authority and any force. According to

psychologist O. Shvachka (Shvachko, 2002),

conformism emerges in one form or another under a

totalitarian regime with its egoistic priorities. This

phenomenon occurs as a result of an individual's fear

of falling behind the rest of society. This behaviour

was characteristic of the majority of the Soviet

society population during the interwar period and

throughout the war, prompting some people to

collaborate with the Nazis during the occupation

years.

Inadequacy as a source of human behaviour

deviation and of antisocial conduct. An inadequate

personality distorts others' perceptions of itself,

impairing people's capacity to normalize connections

with it. Another source of delinquents, whose

negative behaviour culminates in criminal acts, are

the previously mentioned “marginals” - individuals

torn from their social structures and characterised by

internal social instability, a sense of loneliness, a

proclivity for immoral behaviour, and an ease with

which they come into conflict with the environment.

This quarrel has the potential to escalate into a

specific crime. Psychologists say that delinquent

persons who exhibit asocial behaviour are incapable

of adapting to social surroundings. There is a reason

for a person's distorted or inadequately developed

concept of itself, social ties and interpersonal contacts

to be warped or insufficiently developed. According

to psychologists, socio-psychological maladjustment

is a breach of the individual's active adaptation to the

conditions of the social environment that occurs as a

result of bodily and mental disorders, stress and

emotional experiences and, as a result, conflicts

(Orban-Lembrik, 2010). Socio-psychological

personality maladjustment can take non-pathological

or pathological forms (manifestations of violence,

sadness, etc.). Thousands of criminals were released

from Soviet jails on the eve of World War II, but they

were unable to swiftly adapt to society. We know

from archival sources that they acclimated to the

“new government” during the Nazi occupation

regime. The invaders appointed prefects, police

officers who participated in punitive actions against

the populace and partisans from this contingent.

Alienation theory, developed by E. Fromm, a

German-American psychologist and sociologist, also

explains the situation of a person who has lost contact

with society. He refers to this phenomenon as

“alienation” or “negative liberty” (Orban-Lembrik,

2010). Such “liberty” oppresses an individual because

it is unable to interact with society and is therefore

left alone with its issues. Individual “alienation”

occurs not just in expressions of conformism, but also

in sadism, aggressiveness, etc. This was evident in the

conduct of traitor collaborators who assisted the

Nazis in their punishing operations.

3 CONCLUSION

The socialization of an individual in society in the

context of negative sociopsychological and ethical

issues is a complicated and perplexing process.

Marginalism, deviant behavior, delinquency, anomie,

apathy, desocialization, aversion, and, eventually,

cooperation and collaboration of a segment of the

population are social, psychological and ethical

realities in society during times of crisis, war,

revolution, etc. These phenomena facilitated and

continue to facilitate the establishment of various

Delinquent and “Marginal” Personalities in Wartime: Reasons and Consequences of Deviant Behaviour for Modern Society

333

forms of collaboration and relations with Russia's

occupiers in Eastern Ukraine and Crimea. As it can

be seen, the Soviet legacy is effective because it left

behind the Ukrainian society that is highly

marganized. Asocial phenomena emerge are

triggered, activated, promoted and spread as a result

of the occupants' deliberate activation of universal

processes of social and psychological phenomena

such as imitation, suggestion, persuasion, infection

and intimidation. These sociopsychological and

moral phenomena are based on a broader integrative

psychological phenomenon known as the

motivational sphere. Inadequate opportunity to

satisfy a person's wants, interests, and values

gradually results in crisis, regression and

deterioration for both the person and the society. The

variations in society along the “stability-instability”

axis, as well as the individual qualities of people,

result in the development of diverse social behaviour

directions. The system of personal values evolves

throughout unstable periods of the development of

society and psychosocial catastrophes. In the

meantime, there is a fierce conflict between positive

and negative identities, which, under certain

circumstances, might result in an aberrant path of

personality development and illegal collaboration

with the adversary. These processes and phenomena

have a critical impact on the ability of society and the

economy to sustainable development.

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