Does Kinesio Taping Functional Correction Technique Affect

Walking Plantar Pressures?

Dalibor Kiseljak

1,2 a

, Filip Bolčević

1,2 b

and Vladimir Medved

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, Zagreb, Croatia

University of Applied Health Sciences, Mlinarska cesta 38, Zagreb, Croatia

Keywords: Pedobarography, Kinesiotaping, Kinesiology, Biomechanics.

Abstract: The use of the Kinesio Taping (KT) method is widespread in sports, but current research on the ability of KT

to alter foot biomechanics is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of KT on walking

plantar pressures. Kinesio Taping Functional Correction Technique was applied on the transverse arch of the

foot. Twenty-two young healthy male adults, aged between 19 and 33 voluntarily participated in this study.

Plantar pressures for three functional segments (forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot) were recorded during walking

(with and without KT) by pedobarographic measurement using FDM 1.5 pressure measuring device. The

results show that KT Functional Correction Technique has an effect in reducing walking plantar pressures. It

was shown that maximal plantar pressures at the forefoot and hindfoot significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by

1.51 N/cm

and 0.9 N/cm

respectively, when KT was applied to the foot during walking. KT has the potential

for primary and secondary prevention of pathological manifestations in the mentioned area, but also in the

holistic postural context. Further research is needed to investigate clinical significance of KT.

1 INTRODUCTION

There are various kinematic and kinetic tasks of the

ankles and feet, from contact with the ground and

adaptation to different surfaces, through deceleration,

shock absorbing, to propulsion necessary for bipedal

locomotion. High forces are transmitted through the

most distal segments of the lower extremities. The

arches of the foot frequently participate in the

absorption and distribution of forces (Houglum and

Bertoti, 2012). In a normal foot the segments of the

lateral arch at full contact with the load of the foot

(closed kinetic chain) are always in contact with the

ground, while in a normally aligned foot the medial

arch is rather high. The third arch of the foot is

transverse, extending from medial to lateral through

the cuneiform bones to the cuboid bone. Together

with the longitudinal arches, it enables efficient load

absorption from the superior direction (body weight),

but also from the inferior one (ground reaction forces).

Along with the joint congruence of the middle part of

the foot, the transverse arch is maintained by the

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intrinsic muscles. Biomechanical integrity of the foot

is achieved through the alignment of bone and joint

segments, stabilization of plantar ligaments, support

of plantar fascia and by intrinsic and extrinsic

muscles. These structures act together to absorb the

ground reaction forces (Oatis, 2009).

Foot is functionally divided into three parts:

hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot. Hindfoot includes

talus and the first segment of contact with the ground

at the initial stance phase in the gait cycle - calcaneus.

Main midfoot function in the relationship between

stability and mobility is transfer of closed kinetic

chain movements and related forces through

tarsometatarsal joints to the forefoot, a segment

crucial for terminal stance and pre-swing which is

generally extremely adaptable to ground contact

through various forms of closed kinetic chain

(Houglum and Bertoti, 2012). Weight distribution in

the foot can affect the bearing line of the ankle, knee,

and hip (Guner and Alsancak, 2020).

Pedobarography is a modern technology enabling

the assessment of the locomotor system based on the

Kiseljak, D., Bol

cevi

c, F. and Medved, V.

Does Kinesio Taping Functional Correction Technique Affect Walking Plantar Pressures?.

DOI: 10.5220/0011379300003321

In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2022), pages 71-77

ISBN: 978-989-758-610-1; ISSN: 2184-3201

plantar pressure distribution. Also, this technique is

useful in the rehabilitation of various types of

dysfunctions of body movement (Lorkowski and

Gawronska, 2021). Therefore, in assessment of data

about feet structure and function kinetic and

kinematic pressure measurement devices (PMDs) are

used (Gruić et al., 2015). PMDs measure plantar

pressure distribution beneath the foot to quantify

pressure distribution, pressure magnitude and

progression of the centre-of-pressure (CoP) as the

participant walks barefoot over a force plate

embedded in a walkway (Jameson et al., 2008). In

contrast to motion capturing systems,

pedobarography can usually be completed in shorter

time and requires less specialized expertise to be

performed. Anyway, pedobarography is ideally used

with motion capture type analysis to provide

complementary information on foot dynamics.

However, when foot posture is the primary area of

interest, pedobarography may provide sufficient

information to answer clinical questions (Mudge et al.,

2020). In addition to clinical examination of the

patient, in this manner we get very useful information

about the state of foot and the type of load in certain

phases of walking. Data collection must be

standardized so that they can be analysed and follow

the results for each patient, as well as compare them

with certain standards. In diagnosis pedobarography

is used in case of walk disorders after surgery of the

hip and knee, stroke, or other neurological problems.

It is important to highlight the clinical application of

pedobarography in diabetology, sports medicine and

treatment of foot deformities and rehabilitation

(Skopljak et al., 2014). It is known that the plantar

surface of the foot is the most common place for

occurrence of foot ulcerations. During ordinary or

sport activities the foot is exposed to high static and

dynamic loading forces, which can lead to

disharmony of muscle strength and load which lead

to appearance of overuse injuries. Accordingly, there

are many strategies to reduce the maximal pressure

during walking through relief of total contact with

insoles or specifically prescribed foot and ankle

exercises (Choi et al., 2014). Kinesio Taping (KT) has

gained popularity in the treatment of musculoskeletal

pathologies (Griebert et al., 2016). Regarding the

prevention and rehabilitation of ankle and foot

dysfunction, this method has been widely used in

sports in recent years (Aguilar et al., 2016).

KT is an active, not a passive method; according

to Aktas and Baltaci (2011), Kinesio tape does not act

as an immobilizer, but through the improvement of

proprioception (de Oliveira et al., 2019) provides

active support to the musculoskeletal system.

Therefore, KT is significantly different from Athlet

Taping (AT) or orthoses. According to Yen et al.

(2018), KT is significantly superior to AT in order to

dynamically reduce foot inversion (or to increase foot

eversion) during early stance phase. Self-adhesive,

longitudinally elastic, cotton Kinesio tape is more

porous and waterproof than standard bandage tapes,

which allows it to be worn for 3 to 5 days after

application (Kase et al., 2013). There are no medical

substances on the Kinesio tape. The principle of its

action is based on mechanical properties, primarily on

elasticity (Kahanov, 2007) which is approximately

50% of the initial length, which is equivalent to the

elasticity of the skin (Kase et al., 2013). The tendency

towards active, mobilization, movement is contained

in the name of the method, which is derived from the

term "kinesiology", since the use of Kinesio tape

seeks to enable normal movement of the body and

body segments (Kase et al., 2013).

Optimization of muscle function and correction of

malaligned joints are the effects of KT (Kase et al.,

2013) which can be very useful for the purpose of

improving posture and movement even among

asymptomatic individuals. The neuromuscular basis

of KT application implies the ability to improve

proprioception (Kurt et al., 2016), a mechanism that

Aarseth et al. (2015) describe as an increase in muscle

pressure due to increased mechanoreceptor

stimulation in the skin, which affects joint mechanics.

According to Kase et al. (2013), the KT method can

be applied at any stage of the rehabilitation process,

but also in primary and/or secondary prevention

where, as interpreted by Lemos et al. (2015), KT can

be an input for solving a closed circle of pathological

and compensatory patterns of posture and movement.

Because the foot has a key function in absorbing and

transmitting forces throughout the body, structural

and functional postural deficiencies in the ankle and

foot area can create repercussions on other segments

of the kinetic chain, even those very distant. Thus, for

example, collapsed arch of the foot could cause neck

pain as a symptomatic manifestation of compensatory

changes of the cervical spine and vertebral column

and trunk, following the cause-and-effect relationship

(Page et al., 2010) of human posture. The results of

trial made by Aguilar et al. (2016) suggest that there

is some benefit in applying KT before intense

physical activity to change foot posture. According to

Griebert et al. (2016) KT can correct biomechanical

factors that may be associated with musculoskeletal

pathology. Yen et al. (2018) state that KT can be a

useful tool for correcting aberrant motion without

restricting natural movement in sports. On the other

hand, some researchers (Pérez-Soriano et al., 2014;

icSPORTS 2022 - 10th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

Cornwall et al., 2019; Guner and Alsancak, 2020)

conclude that despite its widespread use, current

research potential of KT to change foot posture and

movement is limited.

In the available literature, we did not find any

research on the effect of KT on walking plantar

pressures after application of the KT Functional

Correction Technique as a support on the transverse

arch of the foot. In their prospective cohort study

published in 2019, where the KT muscle facilitation

technique was applied, Cornwall and colleagues

emphasized that additional studies need to be

conducted, with respect to other KT application

methods, to change plantar pressures.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine

whether KT Functional Correction Technique on the

transverse arch of the foot can improve dynamic

posture through the modification of walking plantar

pressures. The hypothesis was that walking maximal

plantar pressures would be significantly reduced after

the intervention for all three parts of the foot (forefoot,

midfoot and hindfoot), which we consider a positive

effect of KT.

2 METHODS

2.1 Participants

The convenience sample comprised of 22 healthy

male university students, with a mean age of 23.2 ±

3.6 years (ranging from 19 to 33 years), body height

178.5 ± 5.4 cm (ranging from 169.5 to 188.5 cm), and

a mean body weight 80.6 ± 11.7 kg (ranging from

60.2 to 101.6 kg). Inclusion criteria were no pain and

no history of lower limb injuries in the last 12 months.

All subjects participated in the study voluntarily.

Before enrollment, everyone was given informed

consent, which they had to sign as a prerequisite for

participating in the research. The study was approved

by the ethics committee of the Faculty of

Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, and was carried

out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

2.2 Procedure

The research was performed in the Biomechanics

Laboratory of Faculty of Kinesiology, University of

Zagreb. Measurement protocol started from initial

standing position with participants being barefoot.

Each participant walked over the trackway 9.5 m long

to the end of the trackway, turned around and went

back for 6 times. During the gait, subject should be

instructed to develop and reach velocity normal for

aiming himself towards ordinary activity when there

are no disturbing aspects.

The initial measurement was performed without

KT, and the final with KT (within-group design).

After the initial measurements, KT was applied

according to the protocol of Kase et al. (2013), and

after 60 min the acute effects of the intervention were

examined. The 60-min interval between intervention

and final testing (as in Donec et al., 2012 and Voglar

and Sarabon, 2014) increased the potential that the

material would be successfully applied, as discussed

by Aktas and Baltaci (2011) and Ruggiero et al.

(2016).

2.2.1 Instrument

The instrument used in this study was Zebris FDM

1.5 (Germany) gait analysis system which was

centrally positioned on a 158 cm long and 60.5 cm

wide trackway platform. Measurements on platform

are supported by 11264 capacitive sensors with

density of 1.4 sensors/cm² with measuring range 1-

120 N and accuracy ± 5%. Sensor area is 149 x 54.2

cm (L x W) with sampling rate 100 Hz.

2.2.2 Pedobarographic Measurement

Measurement and evaluation was done on the

personal computer using the intuitive Zebris FDM

Software Suite. It synchronously evaluates the

measuring data of the ground reaction forces and the

video camera. After defining the left and right ground

contacts, an analysis of the measuring cycles is

automatically performed in the subsequent report that

displays the measured results. Reports offer 63

quantitative variables and graphics within

participants like pressure plots, gait parameters

(geometry, phases, timing), CoP analysis, force and

pressure parameters, and curves, and three foot zone

analysis.

Maximal plantar pressures within each foot region

(forefoot, midfoot, hindfoot) were recorded

bilaterally for further data analysis. Walking speed

(velocity) was also measured.

2.2.3 Kinesio Taping Application

KT interventions were conducted by one researcher,

the author of this paper (master physiotherapist with

14 years of experience, also a certified Kinesio

Taping practitioner (CKTP) and instructor (CKTI)

with 11 years of experience with the KT method),

always through the same, standardized procedure

recommended by Kase et al. (2013). The application

of Kinesio tape was preceded by cleaning the skin

Does Kinesio Taping Functional Correction Technique Affect Walking Plantar Pressures?

with alcohol and placing the subjects in the prone,

with ankle in neutral position. The same material

Kinesio Tex Gold FingerPrint Tape, Kinesio Holding

Company, Albuquerque NM, 5 cm wide, black, was

used for all participants in the study. The KT

application is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Kinesio Taping Functional Correction Technique

applied to the transverse arch of the foot.

Functional Correction Technique was chosen,

starting on lateral foot with no tension, then 75+ %

tension was applied across the arch (symbol + means

that tension is applied through movement). Finally,

end with no tension was applied on the medial aspect

of the foot. The adhesive on the tape was heat

activated by gently rubbing from the ends towards the

middle of the tape. KT Functional Correction

Technique is characterized by a “Spring-Assist or

Limit” mechanism that provides sensory stimulation

to either assist transverse arch and limit a motion

(arch collapse) by increasing stimulation to joint

receptors and mechanoreceptors.

2.3 Statistical Analysis

Data were analysed using the software package

STATISTICA v.13.5 (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK,

USA). Descriptive parameters were calculated, while

the main analysis comparing the condition without

KT (-) and the condition with KT (+) was performed

using the nonparametric Wilcoxon Matched Pairs

Test, with the timepoint as a dependent factor. The

level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.

3 RESULTS

The main descriptive results of the assessment of

walking plantar pressure according to foot segments

and timepoints are presented in Table 1. Among the

results we can notice a decrease in walking maximal

plantar pressure after the intervention in all parts of

the foot.

The results of the Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test

for the plantar pressure measured in this trial are

presented in Table 2. Statistically significant

differences (P < 0.05) were found for forefoot and

hindfoot walking maximal plantar pressures.

In order to check whether the walking speeds were

balanced according to the observed conditions (with

and without the KT), we applied Student’s t-test for

independent samples. The average walking speed of

the subjects in the condition with KT it was 4.5 ± 0.52

km/h, while in the condition without KT it was 4.57

± 0.42 km/h. No statistically significant differences in

walking speed (P = 0.592) were found between the

two conditions.

4 DISCUSSION

The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects

of KT on walking plantar pressures. The research

hypothesis was tested by checking the significance of

the dependent factor. It was shown that maximal

plantar pressures at the forefoot and hindfoot

significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 1.51 N/cm

and

0.9 N/cm

respectively, when KT Functional

Correction Technique was applied to the foot during

walking.

Table 1: Descriptive forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot walking maximal plantar pressure (N/cm

) parameters, without (-) and

with (+) KT.

Variable N M SD Min Max

forefoot - 44 46.90 9.34 21.50 64.30

forefoot + 44 45.39 9.10 22.80 66.00

midfoot - 44 14.45 6.99 5.50 37.30

midfoot + 44 14.41 6.96 6.10 32.50

hindfoot - 44 35.77 7.41 22.10 49.30

hindfoot + 44 34.87 7.22 22.20 48.30

icSPORTS 2022 - 10th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

Table 2: Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test for forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot walking maximal plantar pressure, for condition

without (-) and with (+) KT.

Pair of Variables N T Z P

- and + (forefoot) 44 234.50 2.87 0.003979

- and + (midfoot) 44 483.00 0.14 0.888627

- and + (hindfoot) 44 326.50 1.96 0.049250

The post-intervention manifestation of the

“Spring-Assist or Limit” mechanism may be

associated with the activation of the central generator

of segmental posture and movement pattern via

proprioceptors, through a stimulus that acts on the

principle of pre-stressing (Kase et al., 2013).

As a result of its proposed therapeutic effect (Kase

et al., 2013), KT can be useful to people with

excessive foot pronation to improve function. Several

studies (Luque-Suarez et al., 2014; Pérez-Soriano et

al., 2014; Aguilar et al., 2016; Griebert et al. 2016;

Yen et al., 2018; Cornwall et al., 2019; Guner and

Alsancak, 2020) investigated the effects of KT in the

ankle and foot dysfunctions prevention and/or

rehabilitation. Among the mentioned studies, our

results are most consistent with the findings of

Griebert et al. (2016) who found that KT significantly

decreases plantar pressures. They analysed subjects

with Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome, an overuse

injury typical for physically active. We also find an

association with our results in a study by Yen et al.

(2018) which included a kinematic assessment of the

gait of individuals with chronic ankle instability.

Researchers found less foot inversion when walking

with KT compared to walking without KT during the

loading response phase.

Our results contrast with those of Aguilar et al.

(2016) who concluded that the application of KT on

the arch of the foot in healthy individuals has no

short-term effect on the change of walking plantar

pressures. Contrary to us, Aguilar et al. (2016) used

the KT Mechanical Correction Technique with 75%

tape stretch. The same KT technique and principles of

application were used by Guner and Alsancak (2020),

although they assessed the static load and concluded

that immediately after the application KT does not

alter weight bearing on the foot. Just the load-bearing

line of the ankle joint changed. Researchers conclude

that KT may be of some benefit in short-term

correction of foot pronation, although their practical

suggestion is to combine KT with orthotic footwear.

Luque-Suarez et al. (2014) applied tape with 100%

stretch, but their static kinematic assessment did not

show any postural improvement 24 hours after KT

application, compared to sham KT (applied without

tension). Contrary to our findings, according to

research by Cornwall et al. (2019) and Pérez-Soriano

et al. (2014), application of KT did not result in a

change in plantar pressure in healthy individuals.

Cornwall et al. (2019) applied the KT Muscle

Facilitation Technique for posterior tibialis muscle.

However, they made a big mistake by repeated

measurements only 5-10 min post-interventional,

since it takes a minimum of 30 min (Kase et al., 2013)

for KT to be effective with respect to adhesive

activation and adaptation. Regardless of this

oversight, the fact is that the arch of the foot is

maintained by the shape of the bones and their

interrelationships, furthermore by non-contractile

soft tissues (e.g. plantar ligaments and fascia) and

contractile soft tissues (i.e. muscles), where non-

contractile tissues make a greater contribution to arch

maintenance than contractile (Oatis, 2009).

Therefore, the KT Functional Correction Technique,

in our opinion, was a better choice for reducing

walking plantar pressures than the KT Muscle

Facilitation Technique. Pérez-Soriano et al. (2014)

applied KT on peroneus and triceps surae muscles,

examining changes in walking plantar pressures

(unlike Cornwall et al. (2019) who examined static

plantar pressures). Pérez-Soriano et al. (2014) discuss

that the walking pattern in terms of plantar pressure

distribution is not affected by KT Muscle Facilitation

Technique. Given the great forces required to

maintain the arch of the foot, in which non-contractile

structures predominate (Oatis, 2009), the KT Muscle

Facilitation Technique indeed seems too weak to

change plantar pressures. This goal requires a

technique that will not rely on the recoil mechanism

(in which the elasticity of the tape causes tissue

decompression (Tu et al., 2016)), but on the spring

mechanism in the function of limiting unwanted

movement or unwanted changes in segmental foot

posture - and that is characteristic of KT Functional

Correction Technique.

Our findings could be clinically relevant because

KT is a common method that is widely used by

various practitioners (e.g. physiotherapists, medical

doctors and athletic trainers), to prevent and/or

rehabilitate neuro-musculoskeletal disorders.

Following the premise of Luque-Suarez et al. (2014)

on KT as a simple alternative to traditional taping in

people with overpronated feet, we also see the

practical implications in the perspective of

Does Kinesio Taping Functional Correction Technique Affect Walking Plantar Pressures?

alternatives to orthopaedic insoles that provide

passive support, while KT Functional Correction

Technique with its “Spring-Assist or Limit”

mechanism is active. To the best of our knowledge,

this is the first study on the use of KT Functional

Correction Technique in plantar pressures analysis.

One strength of this study is that it was conducted

by an experienced physiotherapist and Certified

Kinesio Taping Instructor. Guided by the idea that KT

research should focus on the impact of the KT method,

and not on testing the effect of Kinesio tape placed on

the subject’s skin, with an emphasis on who, how and

for what purpose applies the tape, we fully agree with

Stockheimer et al. (2016) commentary “Research

requires deep knowledge of the modality to be tested”,

with universal repercussions, emphasizing the need

for adequate theoretical and practical education (i.e.

with certificates, licenses) of researchers who, in this

case, apply Kinesio tape, or rather apply the KT

method. We used a within-group design since

differences between groups in subject characteristics

could potentially negatively influence the results.

Nonetheless, the absence of a sham-tape group can be

considered a lack of the research as the role of placebo

effect regarding the use of KT is not investigated.

Furthermore, limitations of the current study are that

only acute effects of KT were assessed, and

longitudinal arches were not supported, considering

that the medial longitudinal arch is crucial (Oatis,

2009) for a normally aligned foot. A key limitation of

pedobarography is its inability to detect a patient’s

habit of avoiding pressure in the area of pain that

leads to an antalgic gait. An altered gait pattern can

affect pressure scores and provide contradictory

information on areas of pain (Choi et al., 2014).

Therefore, in future research, kinematic

assessment could be included as well as to evaluate

the impact of KT on foot biomechanics in a clinical

sample. Jumps or some sport-specific movements that

are subject to perturbations (Briem et al., 2011) and

require good proprioception as a risk zone for ankle

and foot injuries, could also be studied. Regarding the

clinical significance of the research, we agree with

Yen et al. (2018) that due to the small magnitude of

acute positive change, the clinical significance of our

results in terms of reducing the risk of injury is

unclear and should be investigated in the future,

through randomized clinical trials including a larger

sample size.

5 CONCLUSION

This study showed that Kinesio Taping method has a

positive effect on walking plantar pressures of healthy

individuals. Application of the Functional Correction

Technique significantly reduced walking maximal

plantar pressures in forefoot and hindfoot.

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Does Kinesio Taping Functional Correction Technique Affect Walking Plantar Pressures?