The Use of Alternative Fuels in Construction as a Factor for
Increasing Technospheric Safety
Shamil Buzikov
a
, Olesya Buzikova
b
and Boris Degterev
c
Vyatka State University, Kirov, Russia
Keywords: Green technologies, technosphere safety, alternative fuel.
Abstract: Comparative characteristics of the impact on the atmospheric air of technical means operating on various
types of fuel is an urgent task of green energy. To assess the carbon balance of the biosphere and characterize
the technogenic load, a methodology has been developed for determining the level of technogenic risk by a
complex indicator of total atmospheric air pollution by construction equipment. The calculated value of the
complex total indicator of atmospheric air pollution by construction equipment indicates the effectiveness of
the use of alternative fuels in construction. In the case of using rapeseed oil instead of diesel fuel, the level of
pollution is reduced by almost 3 times. All this makes it possible to reduce the level of manufactured risk to
the environment and human health, which is a priority for any country in the framework of the strategy for
the development of green energy.
1 INTRODUCTION
The assessment of the risk of anthropogenic impact
from stationary sources is the key point in the studies
of many authors (Grzelak, 2021). The energy
development plan and transport policy of the Russian
Federation is aimed at revising existing technologies,
expanding the use of green energy, reducing carbon
emissions and improving energy efficiency and
environmental safety from the impact of various
technical means on it (Tsiakmakis, 2019; Alsultan,
2021).
This policy resonates with global demands to
reduce environmental pollution and improve the
quality of human life (Ismail, 2020).
Existing methods do not take into account many
indicators and do not give an accurate description of
the situation of pollutant emissions (Rito, 2021;
GOST ISO 8178-1-2013; Ministry of Transport of
Russia, 1998; Ministry of Natural Resources and
Ecology of the Russian Federation, 2019).
There is even less accurate information on
emissions of pollutants from technical equipment
operating on alternative fuels (Seo, 2021).
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3769-3253
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9462-2502
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0438-098X
Comparative characteristics of the impact on the
atmospheric air of technical means running on
alternative and traditional fuels is a priority and
urgent task of green energy (Gohil, 2020).
To assess the carbon balance of the biosphere and
characterize the technogenic load, a methodology was
developed for determining the level of technogenic
risk by a complex indicator of total atmospheric air
pollution for the transport of construction equipment
during its operation in the face.
Emission factors from vehicle activities, such as
warm-up emissions or idling emissions, can be
introduced into this methodology. In addition, this
technique takes into account the toxicity coefficient
of pollutants, which affects the quantitative values of
the complex indicator of pollution. The calculation
can be carried out taking into account annual
emissions, from the point of view of collecting
information for statistical information, or you can
consider working hours on any equipment using
different types of fuel.
All this expands the possibilities of using
standardized methods for assessing the impact of
technogenic factors on the environment, and refines
the results obtained taking into account the real
Buzikov, S., Buzikova, O. and Degterev, B.
The Use of Alternative Fuels in Construction as a Factor for Increasing Technospheric Safety.
DOI: 10.5220/0011555600003524
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Methods, Models, Technologies for Sustainable Development (MMTGE 2022) - Agroclimatic Projects and Carbon Neutrality, pages
109-113
ISBN: 978-989-758-608-8
Copyright
c
 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
109

situation, which is undoubtedly important for
monitoring the environment and assessing the risk of
the impact of negative factors on human health
(López-Martínez, 2021).
The main purpose of this work is to develop a
methodology for assessing the technogenic risk from
stationary sources of construction equipment, which
includes internal combustion engines running on
alternative fuels. To achieve this goal, several tasks
were solved. A methodology has been developed for
calculating the reduction of technogenic risk
according to a complex indicator of total atmospheric
air pollution from construction equipment operating
on alternative fuels. A calculation was made to reduce
the level of manufactured risk to the environment by
construction equipment. The decrease in the level of
technogenic impact on the environment from
construction equipment operating on alternative fuels
is estimated.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The proposed technique is the author's. A complex
indicator of total atmospheric air pollution, according
to the expression, determined the level of technogenic
safety:
,
1
i
C
m
cp i
i
q
I
MPC
=

=



(1)
where
I
- complex total indicator of atmospheric
air pollution;
m
- number of types of pollutants, pcs;
i
- pollutant number;
,cp i
q
- average gross emissions
of pollutants from transport, t/year;
MPC
- average
daily maximum allowable concentration of a
pollutant, mg/m3;
i
C
- dimensionless coefficient that
allows to bring the degree of harmfulness of the i-th
pollutant to the degree of harmfulness of sulfur
dioxide.
We determined the average gross emissions of
harmful substances from different construction
equipment during its operation in the face on different
types of fuel at a certain localization site, according
to the following expression:
,
,
1000
K
k i cm year
l
cp i
M T T
q

=

(2)
where
K
- the number of vehicles of one group,
pcs.;
l
- number of transport groups, pcs.;
cm
T
- shift
duration, h;
year
T
- number of work shifts per year,
cm;
,ki
M
- specific hourly mass emission of the i-th
pollutant of the engine, k-th type, kg/h, was
determined by the expression:
,
, , ,
ki
k i k i gas k mew
M u M q=  
(3)
where
,k igas
u
- the ratio of the densities of the i-
th pollutant in the exhaust gases of the k-th engine to
the density of the exhaust gases;
,ki
M
- relative mass
mole fraction of the i-th pollutant in the exhaust gases
of the k-th type engine;
,k mew
q
- mass hourly
emission of wet exhaust gases of the k-type engine,
kg/h.
The ratio of the densities of the i-th pollutant in the
exhaust gases of the k-th engine to the density of the
exhaust gases was determined:
,,
,
,
k i rgas
k i gas
ke
u


=
(4)
where
,,k i rgas

- density of the i-th pollutant of
the exhaust gases of the engine, k-th type, kg/m
3
;
,ke

- density of exhaust gases of the k-type engine,
kg/m
3
.
The density of the i-th pollutant of the exhaust
gases of the engine, the k-th type, was found:
,
,,
i rgas
k i rgas
rgas
M
V
 =
(5)
where
,i rgas
M
- molar mass of the i-th pollutant
of the exhaust gases of the engine, kg/mol;
rgas
V
-
molar volume of the i-th pollutant of the exhaust
gases of the engine, m
3
/mol.
The exhaust gas density of the k-th type engine
was determined by:
,
,
,
k mew
ke
k vew
q
q
 =
(6)
where
,k vew
q
- volumetric hourly emission of wet
exhaust gases of the engine, type k, m
3
/h.
The mass hourly emission of wet exhaust gases of
the k-th type engine was found:
, , ,k mew k maw k mf
q q q=+
(7)
where
,k maw
q
- mass hourly consumption of
MMTGE 2022 - I International Conference "Methods, models, technologies for sustainable development: agroclimatic projects and carbon
neutrality", Kadyrov Chechen State University Chechen Republic, Grozny, st. Sher
110

moist air by the engine, type k, kg/h;
,k mf
q
- mass
hourly fuel consumption by the engine, type k, kg/h.
The volumetric hourly emission of wet exhaust
gases of the k-th type engine was determined by:
, , , ,k vew k vaw k fw k mf
q q f q= + 
(8)
where
,k vaw
q
- volumetric hourly consumption of
moist air by the engine, type k, m
3
/h;
,k fw
f
- the total
additional volume of exhaust gases of the engine, k-
th type, which forms 1 kg of fuel during combustion,
m
3
/kg.
The mass hourly consumption of moist air by the
engine, k-th type, was found:
, , ,k maw k mad a k mad
q q H q= + 
(9)
where
,k mad
q
- mass hourly consumption of dry
air by the engine, type k, kg/h;
a
H
- absolute air
humidity, kg water/kg dry air.
The volumetric hourly consumption of moist air
by the engine, k-th type, was determined:
2
, , ,k vaw k vad k vH Oaw
q q q=+
(10)
where
,k vad
q
- volumetric hourly consumption of
dry air by the engine, type k, m
3
/h;
2
,k vH Oaw
q
-
volumetric hourly water consumption by the engine,
type k, contained in moist air, m
3
/h.
The volumetric hourly consumption of dry air by
the engine, k-th type, was found:
,
,
k mad
k vad
v
q
q

=
(11)
where
v

- dry air density, kg/m
3
.
The volumetric hourly consumption of water by
the engine, type k, contained in moist air was
determined:
2
2
2
,
,
k mad a mH O
k vH Oaw
rH O
q H V
q
M

=
(12)
where
2
mH O
V
- molar volume of water, m
3
/mol;
2
rH O
M
- molar mass of water, kg/mol.
After substituting expressions (11) and (12) into
(10), (13) into (8) and transforming, we got:
2
2
, , , ,
1
a mH O
k vew k mad k fw k mf
v rH O
HV
q q f q
M 


= + + 



(13)
Substituting expression (9) into (7) and
transforming, we found:
( )
, , ,
1
k mew k mad a k mf
q q H q= + +
(14)
After substituting expressions (13) and (14) into
(6), we determined:
( )
2
2
,,
,
, , ,
1
1
k mad a k mf
ke
a mH O
k mad k fw k mf
v rH O
q H q
HV
q f q
M


++
=


+ + 



(15)
The total additional volume of exhaust gases of
the k-type engine, which forms 1 kg of fuel during
combustion, is equal to:
2 2 2 2 2
,k fw H ALF C BET S GAM N DEL O EPS
f V W V W V W V W V W=  +  +  +  + 
(16)
where
2 2 2 2 2
, , , ,
H C S N O
V V V V V
- additional
volumes of gas formed during the oxidation of
hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen
contained in the fuel, m
3
/kg;
, , , ,
ALF BET GAM DEL EPS
W W W W W
- mass fractions of
hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen in 1 kg
of fuel.
Additional volumes of gases:
22
2
2
4
mH O mO
H
rH
VV
V
A
−
=
(17)
( )
2
2
2
3
2
mСO mСO
mO
C
rС rС
VV
V
V
AA
+
=−
(18)
22
2
mSO mO
S
rS
VV
V
A
−
=
(19)
( )
2
22
2
2
3
2
mNO mNO
mO mN
N
rN rN rN
VV
VV
V
A A M
+
= − +
(20)
2
2
2
mO
O
rO
V
V
M
=
(21)
where
2
mO
V
,
2
mN
V
,
2
mH O
V
,
mСO
V
,
mNO
V
,
2
mСO
V
,
2
mSO
V
,
2
mNO
V
- molar volumes of oxygen,
nitrogen and water, carbon monoxides and nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, sulfur and nitrogen, respectively,
m
3
/mol;
rH
A
,
rС
A
,
rS
A
,
rN
A
, - molar atomic mass
of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur and nitrogen,
respectively, kg/mol;
2
rN
M
,
2
rO
M
- molar mass of
nitrogen and oxygen molecules, respectively, kg/mol.
The relative mass mole fraction of the i-th
The Use of Alternative Fuels in Construction as a Factor for Increasing Technospheric Safety
111

pollutant in the exhaust gases of the k-th type engine
was determined:
,
,
,
ki
ri
re
M
M
M
=
(22)
where
,ri
M
- molar mass of the i-th pollutant
molecule, kg/mol;
,re
M
- molar mass of exhaust
gases, kg/mol, determined as:
,
,
1
1
1
m
re
a
ra
me
a
k
M
k
M
kk
H
+
=
+
+
+
(23)
where
m
k
- specific mass ratio coefficient, kg
fuel/kg air, found:
,
,
k mf
m
k maw
q
k
q
=
(24)
e
k
- the coefficient taking into account the
composition of the fuel used was determined as:
4 2 2
12,011 1,00794 15,9994 14,0067 32,065
e
k
  
    
++
=
+ + + +
(25)
where

,

,

,

,

- molar concentrations
of hydrogen H, carbon C, sulfur S, nitrogen N,
oxygen O relative to carbon, found as:
11,9164
ALF
BET
W
W
 =
(26)
1
BET
BET
W
W
 ==
(27)
0,37464
GAM
BET
W
W
 =
(28)
0,85752
DEL
BET
W
W
 =
(29)
0,75072
EPS
BET
W
W
 =
(30)
a
k
- coefficient taking into account air humidity,
kg water/kg dry air:
2 1,00794 15,9994
a
a
H
k =
+
(31)
,ra
M
- molar mass of air, kg/mol.
Using the proposed method, it is possible to
determine the level of technogenic safety by
calculating and evaluating emissions of pollutants
into the atmospheric air from construction equipment
operating on alternative fuels.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To perform the calculations, the construction site of
the R-176 "Vyatka" highway 29 km was selected,
passing within the boundaries of the municipality of
Kirov, Kirov region, Russian Federation, the category
of the considered highway is 1 a.
The results of a comparative assessment of the
calculated indicator of the complex indicator of
atmospheric air pollution are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Air pollution index values.
The calculated value of the complex total
indicator of atmospheric air pollution for construction
equipment operating on traditional diesel fuel
indicates a high level of pollution and is 64.57. In the
case of using an alternative fuel such as rapeseed
instead of diesel fuel, the level of pollution is reduced
by almost 3 times and amounts to 24.47.
In addition, the results show that the
characteristics of emissions of pollutants from the
transport of construction equipment during its
operation in the face on an alternative type of fuel and
on a traditional one differ significantly both in
quantitative indicators and in quality. The content of
nitrogen dioxide decreases, and sulfur dioxide
disappears from the composition of the exhaust gases.
The composition of emissions changes, which leads
to a change in the technogenic load in the study areas.
Thus, rapeseed oil is an environmentally friendly type
of fuel that has the best properties. This is a promising
MMTGE 2022 - I International Conference "Methods, models, technologies for sustainable development: agroclimatic projects and carbon
neutrality", Kadyrov Chechen State University Chechen Republic, Grozny, st. Sher
112

type of alternative fuel for internal combustion
engines, construction equipment.
All this makes it possible to reduce the level of
manufactured risk to the environment and human
health, which is a priority for any country in the
framework of the strategy for the development of
green energy.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Because of the research, a methodology was
developed for assessing the level of technogenic risk
from construction equipment operating on alternative
fuels.
The calculated values of the levels of technogenic
risk of atmospheric air during the operation of
construction equipment on clean diesel fuel 64.57 and
rapeseed oil 24.47 were obtained.
An assessment of the levels of technogenic risk of
atmospheric air during the operation of construction
equipment at a construction site using pure diesel fuel
compared to using rapeseed oil showed a decrease of
almost 3 times.
The practical significance of the research is to
obtain reliable information about the levels of
technogenic risks of their changes depending on
various factors, as well as reliability close to real
conditions. The main prospects for further research
are modeling the situation of technogenic risk
assessment depending on the composition of
construction equipment when they work in urban
conditions.
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