Some Aspects of the Inventory of Emissions from Transport

Infrastructure Facilities

I. I. Gavrilin and S. V. Simanovich

Ural State University of Railway Transport, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Keywords: Environmental monitoring, transport infrastructure facility, emission of harmful and polluting substances,

emission source, inventory of stationary sources, instrumental method, instrument complex for remote

measurements.

Abstract: The article discusses some problematic aspects of the inventory of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere

by transport infrastructure facilities in the absence or difficult access to the source of emissions. Based on the

analysis of regulatory documentation, problematic aspects of the measurement of emission parameters using

methods approved by the current legislation are considered, their analysis is carried out for the objectivity and

reliability of obtaining data on measurements of the composition and parameters of emissions. Based on the

production practice and personal experience of the author of the article, the current problems arising from the

traditional technology of measurements at stationary facilities in conditions of difficult access to the emission

source are considered and analyzed, ways to improve the efficiency of experts and ensure their safety are

proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing ones are considered and an alternative to the

traditional technology is proposed using an instrument complex for remote measurements of the composition

and parameters of emissions based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

1 INTRODUCTION

Relations in the sphere of interaction between society

and nature arising from the implementation of

economic and other activities related to the impact on

the natural environment are regulated in the Russian

Federation by the Federal Law of January 10, 2002.

No. 7 FL "On Environmental Protection" and the

following number of federal laws defining the state

policy for the protection of atmospheric air, land and

subsoil, water, biological, forest, etc. resources.

These federal documents define the legal framework

that ensures a balanced solution to socioeconomic

problems, the preservation of a favorable

environment, biological diversity and natural

resources in order to meet the needs of present and

future generations, strengthen the rule of law in the

field of environmental protection and environmental

safety (On Environmental Protection: Federal Law

No. 7FL of January 10, 2002).

The priority concentration of efforts to protect the

environment is natural and is based on the

constitutional right of every citizen of the country to

a favorable environment and the responsibility of the

state to ensure this right (The Constitution of the

Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on

12.12.1993 (with amendments approved during the

allRussian vote on July 1, 2020). In the conditions of

the rapid growth of industry, in particular, transport

infrastructure, the negative load on the biosphere in

the form of emissions of harmful and polluting

substances as a result of industrial and economic

activity increases many times (On maximum

permissible emissions, temporarily permitted

emissions, maximum permissible standards of

harmful physical effects on atmospheric air and

permits for emissions of pollutants into atmospheric

air: Resolution of the Government of the Russian

Federation of 09.12.2020 No. 2055,

http://publication.pravo.gov.ru).

So, at present, the share of railway transport in the

Russian Federation accounts for about 80% of cargo

turnover, 40% of passenger turnover of all public

transport with 130,000 km of total length of the

operational length of the tracks. Such volumes of

work are associated with a large consumption of

natural resources and, accordingly, significant

emissions of harmful and polluting substances into

the biosphere. Only stationary sources of transport

infrastructure annually emit 197 thousand tons of

278

Gavrilin, I. and Simanovich, S.

Some Aspects of the Inventory of Emissions from Transport Infrastructure Facilities.

DOI: 10.5220/0011583800003527

In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Transport: Logistics, Construction, Maintenance, Management (TLC2M 2022), pages 278-285

ISBN: 978-989-758-606-4

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

pollutants into the atmosphere, including 53 thousand

tons of solids and 144 thousand tons of gases

(Populov, 2020). First of all, such facilities include

locomotive and car repair plants, boiler houses,

depots, fuel depots, sleeper impregnation workshops

and other facilities of railway transport enterprises

(On Transport Security: Federal Law No. 16FL of

09.02.2007 (as amended on 18.07.2011). These

stationary sources of emissions are included in the list

of objects of mandatory and continuous monitoring of

the state of the environment at various levels of the

executive power of the Russian Federation. The basis

of monitoring in the field of infrastructure facilities is

a mandatory inventory of industrial and economic

facilities, including the collection and ordering of all

necessary information about the distribution of

sources on the territory of the enterprise, the hazard

class of emission sources, the amount and

composition of emissions of harmful substances into

the atmosphere.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The inventory procedure for stationary objects that

have a negative impact on the environment is aimed

at determining the parameters of emissions for their

compliance with established standards. Norms of

MPE (maximum permissible emissions) and TAE

(temporarily agreed emissions) are strictly regulated

and developed for infrastructure facilities being

designed, built and put into operation by the

calculation method based on project documentation.

For existing facilities, such standards are determined

only by the results of a mandatory inventory no later

than 2 years after the issuance of a permit for

commissioning, using special techniques (methods)

through the implementation of approved technologies

based on measurements, indication and testing.

The order and content of the inventory work is

determined by the order of the Ministry of Natural

Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation No.

871 dated November 19, 2021 (On approval of the

procedure for conducting an inventory of stationary

sources and emissions of pollutants into the

atmospheric air, correcting its data, documenting and

storing data obtained as a result of such inventory and

adjustments: Order of the Ministry of Natural

Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation No.

871 dated November 19, 2021). According to the

approved procedure and rules, the determination of

the qualitative and quantitative composition of

emissions from the surveyed atmosphere pollution

sources (APS) can be carried out by instrumental or

computational methods. At the same time, the

applicability of a particular methodology is justified

by the developer by confirming the comparability of

the emission values obtained using the emission

calculation algorithm and the formulas for calculating

the emission values included in the methodology with

the values obtained as a result of measurements

performed in accordance with the legislation of the

Russian Federation.

The priority method of measuring the emission

indicators of stationary APS in accordance with the

current Rules is defined as instrumental, in the

implementation of which special technical means

(devices) with known metrological characteristics are

used as measuring instruments. This priority is

objective, since the direct sampling of emissions from

APS by special devices, being a direct measurement,

allows you to determine objective indicators of

pollution, eliminates errors in further calculations

while minimizing absolute errors (Markov, 2008).

At the same time, paragraphs 2628 of the Rules

define cases when a calculation method is allowed

during inventory, which is based on calculations of

atmospheric air pollution parameters based on the

design data of the enterprise, the material and raw

material balance of the technological process,

physicochemical patterns of emission generation

processes or indicators of specific emission values

from the same type of equipment. At the same time,

the materials of the justification of the applicability of

the calculation method should contain information

about the place of research, the technological

equipment under study, the operating modes of the

equipment during measurements, and more.

The calculation method is also allowed in cases

where the direct use of measuring instruments is

difficult or excluded due to the high temperature of

the gas air mixture of the APS, the high flow rate of

the exhaust gases, the ultralow or ultrahigh pressure

inside the APS flue. Basically, these are the cases

when it comes to the inventory of mobile or

unorganized APS.

However, the most common reason for using the

calculation method at facilities is, as stated in the

Rules, "the lack of practical possibility of sampling",

that is, difficult access or lack of access to APS. These

are the cases when the location of the APS excludes

the possibility of access to it by an expert with the

necessary instrumentation or access to it is difficult

due to complexity and (or) danger. Unfortunately,

such stationary objects include just those, emissions

from which make up the majority of the total volume

of atmospheric air pollution – highrise pipes of boiler

houses, depots, factory workshops, crowns of air

Some Aspects of the Inventory of Emissions from Transport Infrastructure Facilities

279

ducts with exits on roofs or vertical walls of buildings

located at a considerable height. Of course, the

justification for the applicability of the calculation

method in such cases is objective, but the final results

will not differ in a high degree of reliability. Thus, the

calculation method is considered applicable if the

emissions values compared by the calculated method

differ by an amount determined by the measurement

error used to justify the applicability of the

calculation method, including when obtaining the

initial information necessary for calculations; at the

same time, the difference in the values (indicators) of

emissions should be in the range of +/ 25% (On

approval of the Rules for the development and

approval of methods for calculating emissions of

harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric

air by stationary sources: Decree of the Government

of the Russian Federation No. 422 dated 16.05.2016).

At the same time, when implementing the calculation

method during the collection of information and its

processing, additional errors may appear dictated by

the human factor: starting from unintentional

distortion of information, ending with errors in

postprocessing of data, their incorrect interpretation.

Summarizing this, we can say with confidence that

the calculation method with such values of

normatively permissible and forced (random) errors

does not give an objective picture and is forced.

Thus, the instrumental method of conducting an

inventory of stationary objects remains the most

reliable in terms of obtaining objective data on

emissions of a particular object. This fact is

recognized by both domestic and foreign experts in

the field of environmental pollution monitoring.

Thus, the latter propose to use data on emissions of

harmful and polluting substances obtained from

orbiting satellites for the purpose of subsequent

modeling of their distribution. However, even in this

case, the data obtained with the help of satellites must

be constantly compared with the actual values of the

emission parameters obtained directly using

instrumental measurements. This is the only way it

becomes possible to calculate the correlation

coefficient, the use of which will allow to obtain a

model adjusted for reliability (Szymankiewicz,

2021).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Taking into account the priority of the instrumental

method for determining the qualitative and

quantitative composition of emissions from the

examined APS, expert organizations authorized by

executive authorities to conduct an inventory use

group of experts equipped with mobile laboratories.

At the same time, the mobile laboratory performs, in

fact, the function of a vehicle for the delivery of

experts and instruments to the territory of a stationary

facility. Actions to directly measure the parameters

and composition of emissions are carried out by an

expert on foot, for which he needs to perform a certain

algorithm of actions, which begins with moving to the

location of the APS and ends with returning to the

starting point. The practice of inventory shows that

problems occur already at the initial stage.

So, when measuring the emission of harmful and

polluting substances, a number of devices are used

that are quite complex in configuration, while some

of them have autonomous power sources: bellows

aspirator, indicator tubes, digital differential pressure

gauge, Pitot tube, PA300M2 aspirator with a battery

power supply, a special thermometer, tubes for

conducting sampling, filter kits, etc. At the same time,

the technology of measurement requires their use in a

complex, which involves their transportation to the

location of the APS, deployment and use directly at

the work site in the vast majority of cases by one

operator. Thus, the entire instrument complex,

consisting of 3 or more different items with a packing

box (case) and a belt (handle) for transportation, with

a total weight of up to 1012 kilograms, is carried by

the expert. With this load, he needs to get to the

located, sometimes at a considerable distance from

the laboratory, and sometimes at a considerable

height, from the laboratory, overcoming numerous

flights of stairs or using a vertical, sometimes without

a restrictive fence, ladder.

Arriving at the place of measurements, the expert

needs to deploy the instrument complex, connect it to

the power supply and measure the emission

parameters. After that, write down the parameters in

the logbook, put the instrument complex in the case

and return to the mobile laboratory.

Successful and safe execution of the entire

algorithm of actions in the case of work performed in

conditions of difficult access to APS will be ensured

by the fulfillment of a number of requirements and

conditions by all subjects of the inventory: the expert

organization, the management of the object to be

inventoried, the expert himself.

So, before the expert organization, in addition to

training experts with professional knowledge in the

field of measurements and skills of working with

equipment, there is a need to provide experts with

additional equipment. First of all, with a compact

universal container, which, accommodating all the

devices and equipment necessary for the work, is

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fixed on the back and leaves the expert's hands free.

This will allow the expert to comfortably and safely

overcome sections of the way to the object of

measurements, including stairs with vertical spans,

using his hands for insurance. The design of the

container should allow carrying devices complete

with the necessary attachments, connected to the

power supply and ready for operation, with access to

their controls. At the same time, the container must

have a flat surface area that will be used as a tablet for

recording measurement data in the registration log.

It should be noted that the author of the article,

taking into account personal experience, tried to

implement the above in practice: the container

perfection and ergonomic appearance, but meets all

the above requirements and has proven itself well in

practice.

The next element of the expert's equipment in

demand by practice is a personal fall arrest system.

This equipment must be used by the expert directly

when carrying out measuring work at the APS, if the

source is located at a significant height, on a plane

with a significant slope or an unequipped high-rise

site. Prior to the start of measurements, the kit is

placed in a compact case, which, in turn, is attached

to a container with instruments and equipment so as

not to interfere with the expert when moving to the

location of the APS.

Of course, the need to use such equipment implies

the expert's ability to use it correctly: training in this

should also be the responsibility of the expert

organization.

In turn, the management of the facility where the

inventory work is carried out is obliged to ensure safe

and maximally comfortable access of experts to all

APS of the production facilities subject to

measurements of emission parameters. In addition, it

is necessary to equip a work site directly at the point

of work, which will allow the expert to place himself

at the APS, place devices, make measurements and

subsequent records of parameters in compliance with

safety and labor protection standards.

The work on determining the qualitative and

quantitative composition of emissions from the

examined APS in conditions of difficult access to

them imposes additional requirements on the

professional competencies of the expert. Along with

practical skills in using safety equipment and the

ability to comply with safety rules when working at

height, psychological readiness to perform work in

dangerous and difficult situations, the expert must

have a sufficient level of physical fitness in order to

successfully perform the entire algorithm of the above

actions. Often, when the features of the location of

APS require the help of a partner, the ability to work

in pairs is required.

Of course, compliance with the above

requirements and conditions, the solution of all tasks

for additional outfit and equipment requires certain

organizational and managerial decisions, additional

time and material costs for all inventory subjects.

Summing up the above, we can draw the

following conclusions:

⎯ the instrumental method of measuring

emissions from the APS is the most objective and in

demand, since it provides reliable data during the

inventory of a stationary object with measurement

errors not exceeding the error of the device, provided

that the operator (expert) is sufficiently qualified;

⎯ numerous cases of the application of the

calculated method of measuring emissions from APS

in conditions of difficult access or lack of access to

them require the search and development of new

technologies and engineering solutions in the field of

inventory of stationary objects by the instrumental

method.

An alternative to the traditional technology of

measuring in conditions of difficult access to the

emission point is the equipment of facilities with

automatic industrial emission control systems

(AIECS) similar to automatic systems for controlling

emissions and discharges of hazardous substances to

be installed at Category I facilities in accordance with

the requirements of Article 67 of the Federal Law "On

Environmental Protection". Such systems are

installed and operate in accordance with the

requirements of legislation to ensure the uniformity

of measurements and transmit data on emissions and

discharges in accordance with the approved data

transmission format. The error is established within

the framework of approved standards, and measuring

instruments must have pattern approval certificates of

measuring instruments.

The requirements for automatic systems, the rules

for their creation and operation are established by the

relevant regulations of the Government of the Russian

Federation (On the organization and implementation

of production control over compliance with industrial

safety requirements at a hazardous production

facility: Decree of the Government of the Russian

Federation No. 263 dated 10.03.99; On approval of

the rules for the creation and operation of an

automatic control system for emissions of pollutants

and (or) discharges of pollutants: Decree of the

Government of the Russian Federation No. 262 dated

March 13, 2019). At the heart of the operation of the

AIECS is the receipt of reliable information about the

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281

composition and parameters of emissions from an

APS object by stationary automatic means of

measuring and recording indicators, means of

recording and transmitting information to the register

of objects that have a negative impact on the

environment.

The main advantage of the AIECS is the

continuous monitoring of emissions into the

environment and the objectivity of the data inherent

in the instrumental measurement method. This

ensures an increase in the efficiency of regulating

technological processes in order to reduce emissions

and ensures the effectiveness of state environmental

supervision over the fulfillment of the conditions of

an integrated environmental permit. Along with this,

there is no need for the management of facilities

equipped with AIECS to undergo a mandatory

inventory with the involvement of an external expert

organization.

However, there are a number of problems that

complicate the use of automatic systems.

AIECS, like any other, needs maintenance,

verification and repair, which requires annual access

to the services of third-party service metrological

organizations. Moreover, the procedure of

maintenance and verification of the system is not only

expensive, but also long (standard – up to 28 days),

as it requires a stop of production (production line).

The process of equipping facilities with AIECS is

very expensive. Category I facilities constitute a

relatively small group on a national scale and are, as

a rule, large industrial facilities with valid

environmental documentation: draft standards for

maximum permissible emissions, draft standards for

waste generation and limits on their placement, etc.

The management of such serious facilities has

sufficient resources and capabilities, therefore it has

the opportunity to install AIECS (especially since it

is regulated by law).

In addition, a full cycle of work on equipping

emission sources with automatic measuring and

accounting indicators, subsequent examination of

documentation and obtaining a certificate of entry

into the state register of measuring instruments takes

a lot of time. It is no coincidence that according to the

current Rules the term of creation of such systems is

up to 4 years from the date of receipt or revision of

the integrated environmental permit (On

Environmental Protection: Federal Law No. 7FL of

January 10, 2002).

Along with all of the above, it should be noted that

the introduction and use of the AIECS imposes on the

management of facilities an additional measure of

administrative responsibility, determined from

December 2021 by a separate article 8.51 of the Code

of Administrative Violations of the Russian

Federation (On Amendments to the Code of

Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation:

Federal Law No. 427FL of 21.12.2021).

Of course, the solution of the abovementioned

problematic issues will be very difficult, and

sometimes impossible for industrial facilities and

transport infrastructure facilities, which are

significantly inferior in terms of production scale and

financial capabilities to large industrial facilities.

In these conditions, the most promising from our

point of view is the development of an instrument

complex for remote measurements based on an

unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for use by an

organization carrying out mandatory inventory of

objects.

Nowadays, the introduction of UAVs (drones,

quadrocopters, flight platforms) into various spheres

of life is growing rapidly. So, at present,

quadrocopters are on duty on Anapa beach, capable

of delivering a special inflatable buoy to a drowning

person in the shortest possible time with high speed

and accuracy even in stormy wind conditions

(Yurkova, 2021). Some well-known companies

(Amazon online store, DHL delivery service) are

developing and testing technologies for targeted

cargo delivery using drones, and the development of

domestic unmanned aircraft systems for monitoring

overhead power lines is actively underway (The

possibilities of using unmanned aircraft systems for

monitoring overhead power lines,

https://russiandrone.ru/).

Practice shows that existing technologies make it

possible to design and very effectively use

quadrocopters or so-called flight platforms in various

spheres of human activity: in military affairs, in

agriculture, in the field of nature protection, in the

interests of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc.

Moreover, the useful weight that the flight platform is

able to lift and move targetedly for 3040 minutes,

controlled by the operator and with average flight

characteristics from those already quite available, is

56 kilograms (Carrying capacity of the quadcopter,

https://rclike.ru/).

The developed complex for carrying out

inventory of stationary objects in conditions of

difficult or lack of access to APS involves placing a

set of measuring instruments on an operator

controlled drone and conducting measurements

remotely, with the control of the complex and

transmitting data to the operator via the appropriate

software in real time (online).

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The main advantage of the complex is the ability

to measure emissions at any points that are practically

inaccessible when using traditional technology, and

there is no need for direct contact of the expert with

the APS. This feature makes it possible to remove a

number of the problems discussed above and

eliminate the need for a variety of organizational and

economic decisions by all subjects of the inventory.

In general, the absolute advantages of the complex

include:

⎯ high time savings and efficiency in carrying

out measurements, obtaining results, processing them

and obtaining final data;

⎯ ensuring complete safety for the expert and no

need for special outfit and equipment for the expert to

ensure his safety and training to work with them;

⎯ the absence of the need for equipment costs for

access paths to the APS and equipment of sites for the

work of an expert from the management of the

facility;

⎯ reliability, simplicity and long service life;

⎯ a relatively short-term training course for the

operator of the complex operation;

⎯ relatively low costs for the acquisition of the

complex (complexes) by the organization carrying

out the inventory, and its (their) maintenance.

4 CONCLUSIONS

A preliminary summary analysis of the economic

efficiency and technical solutions for the use of the

developed instrument complex based on UAVs

allows us to conclude that the introduction of such a

complex into the practice of inventory of stationary

objects has a number of advantages over the existing

(traditional) technology of measuring by the

instrumental method and allows solving a number of

problems with significant economic benefits.

The introduction of the inventory of stationary

objects of the developed instrument complex into

practice will certainly require the solution of a

number of additional organizational issues and

certain costs.

The first and mandatory issue is the training of

experts in the management and use of the base of the

instrument complex – the flight platform. This

requires additional costs and time, but it is assumed

that it will be available and possible for an expert

organization authorized to conduct an inventory of

objects: the cost of services of professional

development centers for training UAV pilots

currently does not exceed 100 thousand rubles with a

training program of 6070 hours (UAV pilot courses

in Yekaterinburg, https://proficpr.ru/).

At the same time, the instrument complex, in

accordance with the current legislation, requires

mandatory registration and, accordingly, registration

of a standard flight permit in accordance with the

procedure established by the Administrative

Regulations of the Federal Air Transport Agency (On

Approval of the Administrative Regulations of the

Federal Air Transport Agency for the Provision of

State Services for the State Registration of Civil

Aircraft and the Maintenance of the State Register of

Civil Aircraft of the Russian Federation: Order of the

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation No.

457 dated December 5, 2013). In accordance with the

latest amendments to the current legislation, this can

be done through a Multifunctional center for the

provision of state and municipal services (MFC,

which are available in almost every municipality in

any region of Russia). At the same time, if the flight

height of the measuring platform does not exceed 150

meters, there is no need to obtain a permit in the

Unified Air Traffic Management System (Federal

Law No. 462FL dated December 30, 2015 "On

Amendments to the Air Code of the Russian

Federation regarding the Use of Unmanned Aircraft",

http://www.consultant.ru/; Decree of the Government

of the Russian Federation No. 74 dated February 3,

2020 "On Amendments to the Federal Rules for the

Use of the Airspace of the Russian Federation",

https://base .garant.ru/). It is assumed that the

execution of such documents for an expert

organization will not be a big problem.

The issue of coordination between the inventory

subjects for permission to use the complex over the

inspected objects also needs to be resolved, since

most of them are included in the list of standard

prohibited zones for any air transport, including

unmanned, in the interests of information and

antiterrorist security. Such zones, along with military

facilities, include industrial facilities, transport

infrastructure, residential areas, nature reserves and

protected natural areas, recreation areas, and border

zones. In addition, it is prohibited to use

quadrocopters and flight platforms over operating

airfields (closer than 5 kilometers from uncontrolled

airfields), over public events and private property

objects without the permission of the municipal

authorities.

To overcome such a ban, the inspecting

organization, which is essentially a user of the

airspace, must first obtain permission from the

management of the enterprise in whose interests the

flight restriction zone is established to use the

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283

instrument complex over the territory of the facility

for inventory purposes (Order of the Ministry of

Transport of the Russian Federation No. 6 dated

January 16, 2012 "On Approval of Federal Aviation

Regulations "Organization of Planning for the Use of

the Airspace of the Russian Federation".

https://base.garant.ru/70153546/?).

The solution of the above issues, of course,

requires prior approval, the implementation of certain

management decisions and time costs. However, the

author of the article assumes that in the conditions of

rapid improvement of information and

communication technologies and informatization of

society, while the priorities of environmental

conservation and public health conservation remain

unchanged, the developed instrument complex seems

to be the most promising both in terms of application

efficiency and in terms of economic benefits.

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