Two Variants of Transport Corridors for the New Silk Road through
the Territory of Russia
I. I. Nazipov
Ural State University of Railway Transport (Perm Institute of Railway Transport), Perm, Russian Federation
Keywords: Hyperloop, transport corridor, new Silk Road, tunnel under the Bering Strait, movement of cargo flows,
world transport hub.
Abstract: In the past, for a millennium and a half, the main trade route in the world was the Great Silk Road. Great
geographical discoveries led to the fact that commodity flows moved to the oceans. The modern
development of land transport allows the main world flows of passengers and goods to return to land in the
XXI century. We are talking about using a safe and extremely fast Hyperloop transport. So the Great Silk
Road can be revived at a new level, but with the increase in the territory of the earth involved in world trade,
it will include America. Its main part of the routes will pass through the territory of Russia, because it is
geographically located between three world production centers and markets – North America, Europe, and
East Asia. It is through Russia that the land connection of Eurasia with America is possible, through the
tunnel under the Bering Strait. Potentially, the sea cargo traffic across the Pacific Ocean and a significant
part of it following the Indian and Atlantic, will move to the fast direct Hyperloop transport corridors
following through Russia.
1 INTRODUCTION
Since the II century BC, a system of caravan
overland tracks began to take shape across Eurasia,
from China to Europe. It is known in history as the
"Great Silk Road".
Silk on these caravan tracks was not the only
commodity. Caravans could go along this route
without silk at all. Moreover, the main number of
caravans did not move from the extreme point of the
path to another extreme point, but only on some part
of it.
At that time, luxury articles were goods - it made
sense to carry on camels for years only goods that
brought super-profits. These were precious metals,
horses, spices, furs, dried fruits, tea, indigo, precious
stones, porcelain. Religious and secular ideas,
scientific discoveries, cultural values and
achievements spread across Eurasia through this
path.
China, for example, exported horses from
Central Asia along this route – a military-strategic
commodity for the country in the absence of its own
horse breeding and constant military pressure from
the Mongolian steppes.
During the journey, goods, especially silk and
spices (because the most expensive goods were
carried over particularly long distances) changed
hands dozens of times. From Central Asia, part of
the Chinese silk, spices from India, and the goods of
their countries were transported by local merchants
to the west. Merchants of Central and Minor Asia,
Palestine, and the Volga region replaced each other.
Therefore, it is appropriate to talk about the travel of
goods and not people.
The Great Silk Road had one road only from
China to Central Asia, and further west, it had
several main routes. However, the route to Central
Asia had a split in the area of the Taklamakan desert
- it bypassed it from the north and from the south.
The main route went from Central Asia to the
west through Iran and Mesopotamia, to Palestine
and from there to Europe goods arrived by sea.
Alternatively, from Iran it was possible to follow not
to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, but to the
Southeastern coast of the Black Sea to the port of the
city of Trebizond. There was also a northern route –
from Central Asia through modern Kazakhstan and
the southern Russian steppes, overland caravans
went to the Italian ports on the coast of Crimea.
312
Nazipov, I.
Two Variants of Transport Corridors for the New Silk Road through the Territory of Russia.
DOI: 10.5220/0011584400003527
In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific and Practical Conference on Transport: Logistics, Construction, Maintenance, Management (TLC2M 2022), pages 312-318
ISBN: 978-989-758-606-4
Copyright
c
 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Having multiple path options was important. In
the Middle Ages, there were often wars, and
caravans bypassed the most dangerous areas.
There were many branches from the main path.
Through them, countries located to the north and
south of the main transport corridors – India,
Southern Iran, Egypt, Tibet, Arab tribes, etc. joined
trade along this route.
After the Great Geographical Discoveries, the
Great Silk Road lost much in importance and as a
path along its entire length ceased to exist. Because
the transportation of goods by sea was more
profitable than by camel.
Nowadays, the world is approaching a new cold
war – between China and the United States. China,
having become a global factory, sells industrial
products and buys energy resources by sea. The
American navy dominates the sea. China needs to
diversify its commodity flows at least within
Eurasia, and it is actively building railways to other
countries, including high-speed ones, in an effort to
revive the idea of the ancient "Great Silk Road".
One of the routes of the "Great Silk Road" went
through the territory of Kazakhstan and Russia. This
is natural given their intermediate position between
East Asia and Europe. With political instability in
Afghanistan and the Middle East, in our time, the
route of a new path through Russia or through
Kazakhstan and Russia is the best.
But the new, modern "Silk Road" should not be
limited to Eurasia. In ancient times, Eurasia was the
whole world for its population. Today, in order to
connect the whole world by trade routes, it is
necessary to connect America to this route as well.
Especially North America, given its importance as a
huge sales market and a major producer of goods.
This, again, can be done by land transport only
through Russia – with the help of a tunnel under the
Bering Strait.
The second feature of this path in order to
become effective and actively used – it must be very
fast and relatively inexpensive. This is possible only
if it will function exclusively on the basis of
Hyperloop technologies. The speed of Hyperloop
capsules is about 1200 kilometers per hour.
(Santageo, 2018) This will allow even bypassing the
Pacific Ocean, along its northern land borders, to
deliver goods ten times faster than crossing the
Pacific Ocean directly by sea. The high cost of port
infrastructure makes Hyperloop, after its creation,
much cheaper to operate than sea transport. What is
important in the perspective of decades and
centuries.
Probably, this way, like the ancient Great Silk
Road, will have branches to different countries and
their groups. For example, to Central Asia, to India,
to the Middle East.
For Russia, with its cold climate, snowfalls and
blizzards, the Hyperloop transport system is
convenient because the transport is, as it were,
isolated from the external natural environment in a
transport pipe, and that the pipe is suspended above
the ground on pylons. The adverse effects of
climate, weather, are reduced to zero here (Özbek,
2021), unlike all types of railway transport.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the article we have considered two variants of the
transport corridor of the new "Silk Road" with the
use of Hyperloop technologies in it.
The first option has advantages in that it passes
through the territory of Russia in the north, where
the density of settlements is not high. For this
reason, it will be able to remain an almost perfectly
straight route for thousands of kilometers, especially
west of the Yenisei, where the territory is flat.
The huge speed of Hyperloop transport makes
transport corridors not rational for it, in which, due
to turns bypassing cities, terrain irregularities, it will
be necessary to reduce speed. And also, in which
there will be frequent stops on the way. Also,
acceleration and deceleration will inevitably create
physical discomfort for passengers. (Almujibah,
2020)
The second option is attractive because in the
eastern part of the country, where there is a
mountainous terrain, it runs along the route of
already existing railway corridors. For this reason,
the Hyperloop highway will be easier to carry out
here, cheaper.
Strategically, for centuries, the first transport
corridor is more attractive. In an ideal straight line,
Hyperloop capsules in the distant future will
probably be able to move much faster than the 1200
kilometers per hour announced today, perhaps even
several times. The second corridor, due to the fact
that it is cheaper and uses an existing route, can be
built faster.
Probably, in the distant future, both of these
corridors will be needed, as different branches of the
new "Great Silk Road", and possibly one or more
additional branches.
At the moment, new technical solutions in the
field of Hyperloop and their patenting are rapidly
developing. The next stage in the development of
Two Variants of Transport Corridors for the New Silk Road through the Territory of Russia
313

Hyperloop transport, the embodiment of its
capabilities, is the development of the advantages of
high speed, long-distance transnational routes of this
type of transport. The most promising options for
these routes are proposed in the article. (Davydov,
2019)
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A section of the new "Silk Road" using Hyperloop
technologies connecting Eurasia and North America.
The new Silk Road, like the old one, will cross
Eurasia from west to east. The two path options have
different routes in this direction.
But the New Silk Road should also connect
Eurasia and North America. This segment of the
path will be common to both options.
The connection of Eurasia and North America is
possible only in the area of the Bering Strait. The
tunnel under the strait was planned at the beginning
of the XX century. Today it is not just possible, but
very profitable, because the speed of Hyperloop
transport dramatically reduces the inconvenience
associated with its remoteness from the main
transport routes, the locations of producers and
consumers of goods.
In Russia, it is possible to lay two routes to the
Bering Strait.
The first one is from Yakutsk. At the beginning
of the XX century, this route was proposed by
American transport companies in the event of an
agreement on the construction of a tunnel. Today
there is also a project of such a road from Yakutsk to
Magadan and further past it to the Bering Strait. It is
necessary to supplement the route by creating a
transport link between BAM and Yakutsk, and thus
with the Bering Strait. This could be the Hyperloop
highway following the route of the modern Amur-
Yakutsk highway.
The second is along the western shore of the Sea
of Okhotsk, from Primorsky Krai to Magadan and
Shelikhov Bay. The coastal area is mostly flat,
convenient for laying a transport route. Then, from
Shelikhov Bay, the highway will go to the Bering
Strait, also through relatively flat territories. Along
the western shore of the Shelikhov Bay to the
northeast of Magadan, lowland areas are located,
then this relief continues with a lowland between the
Kolyma and Koryak highlands almost to the Bering
Strait. This section of the route along flat sections
will be almost straight, which is convenient for
Hyperloop. Today there is a railway project on this
route – "Postyshevo-Magadan".
Both options can be used for diversification, with
their connection to the section of the path from west
to east of Eurasia. But of the two, the second option
is the most attractive. The reason is that in it, there
will be a convenient exit of the highway to the
countries of East Asia and to the ports of Russia on
the Sea of Okhotsk. This is very important for the
convenience of using the path by such industrial
countries as China, Japan, North Korea.
Japan will be able to connect to this branch of the
route, and through it to the branch going to Europe,
by conducting its Hyperloop highway from the
island of Hokkaido to Sakhalin by tunneling under
the La Perouse Strait (43 kilometers) and then
through the tunnel from Sakhalin to the Khabarovsk
Territory under the Nevelsky Strait (8 kilometers).
South Korea can connect to the described
transport route, bypassing North Korea, through
Japan. An underwater tunnel between these
countries has been discussed since 1917. Its length
along the shortest route (via the islands of Iki and
Tsushima) is 182 km. What was possible a hundred
years ago is both possible and rational today.
Especially if it ensures the connection of South
Korea to the Hyperloop high-speed route to Europe
and North America.
Thanks to the continuation of the transport route
from China to Southeast Asia, and further from
Indochina to India, the entire eastern part of Asia
will be "connected" to the new Silk Road. With the
ability to connect to the track, the ability to reload
from sea transport to Hyperloop using Chinese,
Japanese and Korean ports will be further enhanced.
Cargo will only travel to Europe and North America
via the new Great Silk Road, transiting through
Russia.
A section of the new "Silk Road" using
Hyperloop technology connecting Europe and East
Asia. The northern branch.
Hyperloop technologies exhibit all their high-
speed qualities with an ideally direct transport
corridor that preserves this quality over long
distances. There is an opportunity to lay such a
direct route through the northern part of Russia.
Along the entire length of the country from east to
west. To do this, you need to make a corridor
approximately 59.3 degrees north latitude.
This is the latitude of Magadan, Okhotsk in the
east and in the west just south of St. Petersburg (its
latitude is 59.57) and the port of Ust-Luga (59.4).
At latitude 59-60, there are relatively few
settlements that the highways would have to go
around, or disrupt the infrastructure by passing
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through them. There are no large lakes, reservoirs. In
the west, the highway would pass under Lake Peipsi.
From the east and from the west along this route,
the highway relies on seaports – in the east Magadan
and Okhotsk, in the west Ust-Luga and in general
the system of the port agglomeration of St.
Petersburg. This is important for connecting cargo
and passengers arriving by sea to the highway. But it
is especially important as the possibility of
continuing the Hyperloop transport pipelines to
Europe under the Baltic Sea.
The landscape along this route is favorable for
the construction of the highway. Basically, it will
pass through flat areas. Only in the eastern part from
the Aldan River to the city of Okhotsk will it be
necessary to punch tunnels in the Prilensky plateau.
The route from the point of view of the landscape is
easier than the BAM route. But modern technologies
are much ahead of those that were half a century ago
when the Baikal-Amur highway was built.
Currently, in the Russian Federation there is a
project of the "Lensko-Kamchatskaya railway line".
In it, from the village of Nepa on the Lower
Tunguska to Shelikhov Bay, a section is planned
along approximately the same route that is proposed
here as the eastern part of the highway across the
country at 59-60 degrees north latitude. This
indicates that the specified transport corridor in its
mountainous eastern part is possible and real.
Probably, it will be possible to make a highway
close to a perfectly straight line only from the
Yenisei and to the Baltic Sea coast. Across the West
Siberian and East European plains. It is more than
six thousand kilometers.
A section of the new "Silk Road" using
Hyperloop technology connecting Europe and East
Asia. The southern branch.
The southern section of the route could use the
existing Transsib and BAM transport corridors. On
these tracks, railways could be replaced by
Hyperloop pipeline transport systems.
But in the east, the Trans-Siberian Railway
follows along the border of Russia with Mongolia
and China, to Vladivostok. BAM from the transport
hub in the city of Tynda, follows parallel to the
Trans-Siberian Railway to Novy Urgal, and then,
through Postyshevo and Komsomolsk-on-Amur,
follows to the ports of the Tatar Strait of the Sea of
Japan - Vanino and Sovetskaya Gavan-Gorod. This
route leaves aside the very important Nevelsky
Strait, through a tunnel under which goods from
Japan and South Korea and countries that have
reloaded goods from ships to Hyperloop capsules in
Japanese ports would go to Russia and transit
through Russia. And also, this route is not connected
to the highway to the Bering Strait, which is the
main feature of the new Silk Road, given the
importance of the US economy for the world as a
whole. Therefore, it is important to connect the
highway running along the BAM route with the
Nevelsky Strait area and with the highway following
the Bering Strait and further to the USA. For
example, from Postyshevo, the highway could
follow not only to Komsomolsk-on-Amur, but also
to the Nevelsky Strait and to the city of Tugur in
order to connect with the highway along the coast of
the Sea of Okhotsk in the USA and become a single
system with it. The connection of transport hubs in
the cities of Verkhnezeisk (on the BAM) and
Chumikan (on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk)
could also shorten and make the connection between
highways along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and
along the BAM route more direct.
In the western part of the country, the Hyperloop
highway running along the Transsib route, from
Omsk, should follow the historical Transsib route to
Samara. Or, follow the Samara region and past it a
little from the south, focusing on 52.5-52.6 degrees
north latitude in a straight line, if possible, with
access here to a convenient place for crossing the
Volga, consisting of wide reservoirs. Let me remind
you that a straight line is the most favorable route
for Hyperloop transport, which in such conditions
will be able to maintain a constant speed of more
than 1200 kilometers per hour without slowing down
on turns. The meaning and advantages of this type of
transport, first of all, is in speed.
From Samara to the west, the highway should
move as straight as possible, approximately 52,2-
52,6 degrees north latitude. Beyond the territory of
Russia, it will pass through the cities of southern
Belarus Gomel, Kalinkovichi, Luninets and Brest,
along the route of the railway that exists today, to
Poland, and then to Germany.
A section of the continuation of the new Silk
Road in Europe, Asia and North America.
If we are talking about the Northern branch of
the highway crossing the territory of Russia, then
from the Ust-Luga area and St. Petersburg, the
Hyperloop pipeline transport highway could follow
to Germany under the waters of the Baltic Sea, like
the Nord Stream gas transmission system. In order to
diversify the route, as well as to exclude the use of a
dangerous underwater section for passenger
transportation, there should be a second route –
through the Baltic States to Poland and Germany.
Also, the third direction of the continuation of the
route outside of Russia is promising – the highway
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under water follows from the southern shore of the
Gulf of Finland to the northern shore, then to
Finland, and then to Sweden, Denmark and
Germany. Such a transport corridor already exists in
land transport projects. (Kupriyanovsky, 2020)
From Europe, the route could follow through the
Strait of Gibraltar to Africa. And through the
territory of Turkey to the Middle East and through
Egypt, as well as to Africa.
In Asia, the route from China should go south to
Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Burma and India.
Also, in the areas of the borders of Russia and
Kazakhstan, there will be branches from this route to
Central Asia and further to Iran and through Iran to
Pakistan and India, as well as through Iran to Arab
countries. Just as there were branches of the
historical Silk Road.
In North America, the route from Alaska should
follow eastward across the entire continent, drawing
the entire territory of Canada and the United States
into the sphere of transport coverage of the new Silk
Road. We also need a way from the USA to the
south, to the countries of Latin America.
But the main highway in the entire Hyperloop
world system will be the one that connects two of
the world's largest markets and manufacturers – East
Asia and North America through the territory of
Russia. The second and third routes in importance
are a connection through the territory of Russia,
Europe with North America and Europe with East
Asia.
Unprecedented capacity of the Hyperloop
intercontinental highway through Russia.
The described Hyperloop highway system,
connecting the main world markets through the
territory of Russia, is of great importance for any
highway capacity. But it has a real opportunity to
create a revolution in international transportation,
reducing the other modes of transport in quiet
transportation, almost to zero. Even sea transport can
practically disappear.
Hyperloop pipeline transport with long-term use
of constructed highways is relatively inexpensive.
This transport is quite safe, if you do not take into
account the terrorist attacks. It is eco-friendly, which
is important in the XXI century - this system uses
electricity as energy, and not hydrocarbons as sea
transport. But the main thing is that it is very fast.
Delivery of goods and passengers from China to
Europe will be carried out in transit without stops,
within 8-10 hours. From China to the USA and from
Europe to the USA – within a day.
Special studies were conducted on the
comparative effectiveness of modern modes of
transport for the Parliament of Canada (Loprespub,
2019) and for the NASA Research Center (Taylor,
2016). The conclusion turned out to be that
Hyperloop transport is the most efficient both in
terms of individual characteristics of transport
systems and in their sum.
Such a large-scale transport revolution, with the
transition to a new type of transport, was only in the
era of Great Geographical Discoveries, and this put
an end to the Great Silk Road overland. Now
everything can happen the other way around – the
new Silk Road will put an end to mass sea freight
and passenger traffic by sea, and at the same time by
air.
It will be possible to realize the transport super
revolution if the Hyperloop international highways
passing through the territory are powerful enough,
with a large capacity. These are dozens or even more
than a hundred transport pipes. They will not be
built in such numbers at once, but examples of the
benefits of transferring cargo flows via Hyperloop
on these routes will lead to the constant
modernization of transport corridors and the increase
of pipeline capacity on them.
It is assumed that the capacity of the Hyperloop
path is 840 passengers per hour, departing every 2
minutes. The potential to increase to 3,360
passengers per hour by increasing the frequency of
departure of capsules to every 30 seconds.
According to NASA estimates, such a capsule
launch frequency is possible, since technology
allows you to instantly stop in case of an emergency
stop in front of a moving capsule. (Taylor, 2016)
Accordingly, the capacity of the Hyperloop transport
pipe at the peak of the development and application
of technologies will allow 2,889 passenger capsules
to be sent per day for 28 passengers, and a total of
80,640 passengers per day. It should also be taken
into account that at night the number of capsules
sent will be less and the actual passenger traffic of
one passenger tube should be taken less in
calculations per day.
In cargo transportation, it is assumed that the
capsule will carry a sea container. Accordingly, it is
20-22 tons. With a speed of 2 capsules per minute,
and 2,889 capsules per day, this will allow 57,780
tons to be moved per day, or 20-21 million tons per
year. If it is not possible to load capsules at this
speed, then the speed will be lower.
The world container volume of cargo
transportation for export exceeds 200 million tons,
non-container cargo transportation is approximately
equal to 50 million tons. (Department of Transport
and Infrastructure of the EEC,
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http://www.eurasiancommission.org) The global
cargo transportation market will inevitably grow.
These figures are somewhat underestimated due to
the decline in business activity due to the pandemic.
Cargo transportation will also grow continuously
from year to year due to the global growth of
production and its globalization, orientation to world
sales markets. For each of the proposed directions of
Hyperloop super highways – Europe-Asia, America-
Asia, America-Europe – you need to have more than
ten parallel transport pipes. In order for the system
using the transport corridor to have a margin of
safety and ensure uninterrupted transportation of
goods even during the repair of some pipes. The
same applies to Hyperloop passenger systems.
Geographical movement of cities and enterprises,
on the "shores" of Hyperloop intercontinental
highways.
Cities located on highways traditionally have the
best prospects for growth and development, for
attracting investments, the population, and for
placing enterprises here. These highways provide the
supply of raw materials, and the movement of
finished products to the sales markets. The more
significant the transport highway on which the
enterprise is located, the better the conditions for its
growth, success, and competitiveness.
For example, in Russia, cities located on the
Trans-Siberian Railway successfully grew at the
beginning of the XX century. But the highway
provided weak opportunities for world trade, it was
important only to attract investment and resources
within the country. Full-fledged access to world
markets before the advent of Hyperloop
technologies was possible only for production
facilities located on the ocean non-freezing coast
with convenient deep-water harbors, a modern port.
This has never happened in Russia. Therefore, really
large investments in the country were impossible.
The country could not become a "second China".
But after the advent of Hyperloop technologies
and the passage of the main Hyperloop transport
routes through Russia, such an opportunity appears.
But enterprises in which large investments can be
made should be located on the "shores" of
Hyperloop transport corridors, which will give them
quick access to any of the world's main markets.
Probably, new industrial cities will appear "on
the shores" of the new "Silk Road", and financial
centers will appear next to industry. The geography
of the placement of labor and enterprises in the
country will change, as well as new enterprises will
be the most modern. They will also be very large,
because they will be focused on the sale of products
in the largest markets.
The architectural plan of the new cities will
probably also be new-looking, different from
modern cities. Logically, if located on the "shores"
of the transport highway, they will be "linear" along
this highway, with a linear technopark between the
linear city and the highway.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The emergence of new Hyperloop transport
technologies creates unprecedented opportunities for
Russia to enrich cargo transit and to develop its own
transport and production. The advantage of Russia is
geographical. It is Russia that has territories located
on the border of America and Eurasia. Secondly,
which is somewhat less important, there is a land
connection between Europe and Asia through
Russia. Russia is not unique in this, but having
access to the Bering Strait makes communication
through Asia and Europe through Russia more
attractive than through other countries, since at the
same time it is possible to carry out this transport
connection, and exit from Europe and Asia to North
America. The speed of Hyperloop capsules is so
great that Russia's long distances cease to be an
obstacle in order for its territory to become a
connecting element between the world's largest
markets – East Asia, North America, Europe.
Hyperloop highways through Russia will replace sea
and air transport.
Transit through Russia via Hyperloop highways
in the future promises to reorient almost the entire
world cargo and passenger traffic, and this will
enrich the country. Moreover, the "shores" of
Hyperloop transcontinental highways will
incorporate the advantages and functions of sea
coasts with ports. For world trade, large enterprises
will need to be located not on the seashores, but on
the "shores" of intercontinental Hyperloop. First of
all, in Russia. This can create an investment boom in
the country.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Russia is a country with vast territories and without
convenient access to the sea. It needs high-speed
ground transport like no other state. The article
shows that such transport is capable of
revolutionizing the entire development of the
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country. The projects outlined in the article will be
implemented, it's only a matter of time. In this
context, it is necessary to express gratitude to the
creators of the Hyperloop transport system, the
unwitting creators of one of the conditions for the
future strength and success of Russia.
In particular, these are: Robert Goddard, Elon
Musk, Sandeep Sovani, Dirk Alborn, Gwynne
Shotwell, Sherwin Pishevar, Joe Lonsdale, Peter
Diamandis, David Sachs.
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Department of the EEC.
http://www.eurasiancommission.org.
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